EN ISO 16371-2:2017

Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05)

ISO 16371-2:2017 specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on the fundamental theory of the subject and tests measurements. ISO 16371-2:2017 specifies the general rules for industrial computed X-rays and gamma radiography for flaw detection purposes, using storage phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general principles for radiographic examination of metallic materials on the basis of films, as specified in ISO 5579. The basic set-up of radiation source, detector and the corresponding geometry are intended to be applied in accordance with ISO 5579 and corresponding product standards such as ISO 17636 for welding and EN 12681 for foundry.
ISO 16371-2:2017 does not lay down acceptance criteria of the imperfections. Computed radiography (CR) systems provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated on basis of a computer only. This practice describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but not the main focus of ISO 16371-2:2017.
The procedure it specifies provides the minimum requirements and practice to permit the exposure and acquisition of digital radiographs with a sensitivity of imperfection detection equivalent to film radiography and as specified in ISO 5579. Some application standards, e.g. EN 16407, can require different and less stringent practice conditions.

Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Phosphor-Speicherfolien - Teil 2: Grundlagen für die Prüfung von metallischen Werkstoffen mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen (ISO 16371-2:2017)

In diesem Teil von ISO 16371 werden grundlegende Techniken für die Computer-Radiographie mit dem Ziel festgelegt, auf wirtschaftliche Art und Weise zufrieden stellende und wiederholbare Ergebnisse zu erreichen. Die Techniken basieren sowohl auf den grundlegenden Theorien als auch auf Testmessungen. Für die industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlung zum Nachweis von Werkstofffehlern unter Anwendung von Phosphor-Speicherfolien (en: imaging plate, IP) werden in diesem Teil von ISO 16371 allgemeine Regeln festgelegt. Sie beruht auf den allgemeinen Grundlagen für die radiographische Untersuchung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Hilfe von Filmen, wie in ISO 5579 festgelegt. Die grundlegende Einstellung von Strahlenquelle, Detektor und geeigneten geometrischen Bedingungen soll nach ISO 5579 sowie nach den entsprechenden Produktnormen durchgeführt werden, z. B. ISO 17636 für Schweißverbindungen und EN 12681 für Anwendungen im Gießereiwesen.
In diesem Teil von ISO 16371 werden keine Zulässigkeitsgrenzen für Unregelmäßigkeiten festgelegt. Computer-Radiographiesysteme (CR-Systeme) liefern ein digitales Grauwertbild, das nur mittels Computer betrachtet und ausgewertet werden kann. Diese Anwendungsnorm legt das empfohlene Vorgehen für die Detektorauswahl und die radiographische Anwendung fest. Die Auswahl von Computer, Software, Monitor, Drucker und Betrachtungsbedingungen ist zwar wichtig, aber nicht das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Norm.
In dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren werden die minimalen Anforderungen und die Anwendung festgelegt, um digitale Durchstrahlungsbilder mit einer der Film-Radiographie äquivalenten Empfindlichkeit für die Erkennung von Unregelmäßigkeiten, wie in ISO 5579 spezifiziert, zu belichten und zu erhalten. Einige Anwendungsnormen, z. B. EN 16407, können andere und weniger strenge Vorgehensweisen verlangen

Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec écrans photostimulables à mémoire - Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017)

L'ISO 16371-2:2017 spécifie les techniques fondamentales de radiographie numérique permettant d'obtenir des résultats satisfaisants et reproductibles de façon économique. Les techniques sont basées sur la théorie fondamentale en la matière et sur des mesurages d'essai. Le présent document spécifie les règles générales pour la radiographie industrielle numérisée par rayons X et gamma à des fins de détection de défauts, à l'aide d'écrans photostimulables à mémoire (IP). Il est basé sur les principes généraux de l'examen radiographique des matériaux métalliques au moyen de films, comme spécifié dans l'ISO 5579. Il est prévu que la disposition de base de la source de rayonnement, du détecteur et la géométrie correspondante soient appliquées conformément à l'ISO 5579 et aux normes de produits correspondantes telles que l'ISO 17636 pour les assemblages soudés et l'EN 12681 pour la fonderie.
L'ISO 16371-2:2017 ne fixe pas les critères d'acceptation des imperfections. Les systèmes de radiographie numérique (CR) fournissent une image constituée de valeurs de gris qui peut être visualisée et évaluée uniquement à l'aide d'un ordinateur. Cette pratique décrit le mode opératoire recommandé pour la sélection du détecteur et les pratiques radiographiques. Le choix de l'ordinateur, des logiciels, de l'écran, de l'imprimante et des conditions de visualisation est important mais n'est pas le sujet principal du présent document.
Le mode opératoire spécifié par le présent document fournit les exigences et les pratiques minimales permettant l'exposition et l'acquisition des radiographies numériques avec une sensibilité pour la détection des imperfections équivalente à la radiographie avec films et telle que spécifiée dans l'ISO 5579. Certaines normes d'application, telles que l'EN 16407, peuvent requérir des conditions pratiques différentes et moins strictes.

Neporušitveno preskušanje - Industrijska računalniška radiografija s hranjenjem na fosfornih ploščah - 2. del: Splošna načela za preskušanje kovinskih materialov z uporabo rentgenskih žarkov in žarkov gama (ISO 16371-2:2017, popravljena verzija 2018-05)

Ta evropski standard določa temeljne tehnike računalniške radiografije z namenom omogočanja zadovoljivih in ponovljivih rezultatov, ki so stroškovno ugodni. Te tehnike temeljijo na osnovni teoriji subjekta in preskusnih meritev. Ta dokument določa splošna pravila za industrijsko računalniško radiografijo z rentgenskimi in gama žarki za namene zaznavanja napak s hranjenjem na fosfornih slikovnih ploščah (IP). Temelji na splošnih načelih za radiografski pregled kovinskih materialov na podlagi filma (ISO 5579). Osnovna priprava vira sevanja, detektorja in ustrezne geometrije naj se uporabi skladno s standardom ISO 5579 ter ustreznimi standardi za izdelke, na primer standard ISO 17636 za varjenje in standard EN 12681 za livarstvo. Ne določa kriterijev sprejemljivosti za nepopolnosti. Digitalni detektorji zagotavljajo digitalno sivinsko sliko, ki jo je mogoče prikazati in oceniti samo prek računalnika. Ta praksa opisuje priporočen postopek za izbiro detektorja in radiografsko prakso. Izbira računalnika, programske opreme, monitorja, tiskalnika in pogojev prikaza je pomembna, vendar ni ključni del tega standarda. Postopek, določen v tem standardu, podaja minimalne zahteve in prakso, ki omogočajo izpostavljenost in pridobivanje digitalnih rentgenskih slik z občutljivostjo zaznavanja napak, enako kot pri radiografskem filmu in kot to določa standard ISO 5579.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Nov-2017
• Withdrawal Date: 30-May-2018
• ICS: 19.100 - Non-destructive testing
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 138 - Non-destructive testing
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 138/WG 1 - Ionizing radiation testing
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 15-Nov-2017
• Due Date: 11-Nov-2017
• Completion Date: 15-Nov-2017
• Ref Project: SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018 - Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05)

Relations

• Replaces: EN 14784-2:2005 - Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022
• Revised: EN 15305:2008 - Non-destructive Testing - Test Method for Residual Stress analysis by X-ray Diffraction
• Effective Date: 21-Jan-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2018
1HSRUXãLWYHQRSUHVNXãDQMH,QGXVWULMVNDUDþXQDOQLãNDUDGLRJUDILMDVKUDQMHQMHP
QDIRVIRUQLKSORãþDKGHO6SORãQDQDþHOD]DSUHVNXãDQMHNRYLQVNLKPDWHULDORY
]XSRUDERUHQWJHQVNLKåDUNRYLQåDUNRYJDPD,62
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging
plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Phosphor-
Speicherfolien - Teil 2: Grundlagen für die Prüfung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Röntgen-
und Gammastrahlen (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec plaques-images au
phosphore - Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16371-2:2017
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 16371-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 14784-2:2005
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography
with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General
principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-
numérisée avec écrans photostimulables à mémoire - Radiographie mit Phosphor-Speicherfolien - Teil 2:
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique Grundlagen für die Prüfung von metallischen
des matériaux métalliques au moyen de rayons X et Werkstoffen mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen (ISO
gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017) 16371-2:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 September 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16371-2:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 16371-2:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-
destructive testing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, in collaboration with Technical
Committee ISO/TC 135 “Non-destructive testing”.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14784-2:2005.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16371-2:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16371-2:2017 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16371-2
First edition
2017-09
Non-destructive testing — Industrial
computed radiography with storage
phosphor imaging plates —
Part 2:
General principles for testing of
metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays
Essais non destructifs — Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec
écrans photostimulables à mémoire —
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma
Reference number
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
5 Personnel qualification . 6
6 Classification of computed radiographic techniques and compensation principles .6
6.1 Classification . 6
6.2 Compensation principles, CP I and CP II . 6
7 General . 7
7.1 Protection against ionizing radiation . 7
7.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 7
7.3 Identification of radiographs . 7
7.4 Marking . 7
7.5 Overlap of phosphor imaging plates . 7
7.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators and IQI values . . 8
8 Recommended techniques for making computed radiographs . 9
8.1 Test arrangements . 9
8.2 Choice of X-ray tube voltage and radiation source . 9
8.2.1 X-ray equipment . 9
8.2.2 Other radiation sources .10
8.3 CR systems and screens .11
8.3.1 Minimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio .11
8.3.2 Metal screens and shielding .11
8.4 Maximum unsharpness and basic spatial resolution for CR system selection .13
8.4.1 System selection .13
8.4.2 Compensation principle II .13
8.5 Alignment of beam .15
8.6 Reduction of scattered radiation .15
8.6.1 Metal filters and collimators .15
8.6.2 Interception of back scattered radiation .15
8.7 Source to object distance .15
8.7.1 General requirements .15
8.7.2 Testing of planar objects and curved objects with flexible IPs .15
8.7.3 Testing of curved objects with IPs in cassettes . .16
8.7.4 Exceptions for panoramic projection exposures with the source in the
centre of the pipe .16
8.8 Maximum area for a single exposure .18
8.9 Erasure of imaging plates .19
8.10 Data processing .19
8.10.1 Image processing .19
8.10.2 Monitor, viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs .19
9 Test report .19
detector
Annex A (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution, SR .
b
Annex B (normative) Determination of normalized SNR from SNR .26
N measured
Annex C (normative) Determination of minimum grey value .28
Bibliography .
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2018
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 14784-2:2005
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Industrijska računalniška radiografija s hranjenjem
na fosfornih ploščah - 2. del: Splošna načela za preskušanje kovinskih materialov
z uporabo rentgenskih žarkov in žarkov gama (ISO 16371-2:2017, popravljena
verzija 2018-05)
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging
plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Phosphor-
Speicherfolien - Teil 2: Grundlagen für die Prüfung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Röntgen-
und Gammastrahlen (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec plaques-images au
phosphore - Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16371-2:2017
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 16371-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 14784-2:2005
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography
with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General
principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-
05)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-
numérisée avec écrans photostimulables à mémoire - Radiographie mit Phosphor-Speicherfolien - Teil 2:
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique Grundlagen für die Prüfung von metallischen
des matériaux métalliques au moyen de rayons X et Werkstoffen mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen (ISO
gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017) 16371-2:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 September 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16371-2:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 16371-2:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-
destructive testing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, in collaboration with Technical
Committee ISO/TC 135 “Non-destructive testing”.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14784-2:2005.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16371-
2:2017 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16371-2
First edition
2017-09
Corrected version
2018-05
Non-destructive testing — Industrial
computed radiography with storage
phosphor imaging plates —
Part 2:
General principles for testing of
metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays
Essais non destructifs — Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec
écrans photostimulables à mémoire —
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma
Reference number
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
© ISO 2017
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
5 Personnel qualification . 6
6 Classification of computed radiographic techniques and compensation principles .6
6.1 Classification . 6
6.2 Compensation principles, CP I and CP II . 6
7 General . 7
7.1 Protection against ionizing radiation . 7
7.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 7
7.3 Identification of radiographs . 7
7.4 Marking . 7
7.5 Overlap of phosphor imaging plates . 7
7.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators and IQI values . . 8
8 Recommended techniques for making computed radiographs . 9
8.1 Test arrangements . 9
8.2 Choice of X-ray tube voltage and radiation source . 9
8.2.1 X-ray equipment . 9
8.2.2 Other radiation sources .10
8.3 CR systems and screens .11
8.3.1 Minimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio .11
8.3.2 Metal screens and shielding .11
8.4 Maximum unsharpness and basic spatial resolution for CR system selection .13
8.4.1 System selection .13
8.4.2 Compensation principle II .13
8.5 Alignment of beam .15
8.6 Reduction of scattered radiation .15
8.6.1 Metal filters and collimators .15
8.6.2 Interception of back scattered radiation .15
8.7 Source to object distance .15
8.7.1 General requirements .15
8.7.2 Testing of planar objects and curved objects with flexible IPs .15
8.7.3 Testing of curved objects with IPs in cassettes . .16
8.7.4 Exceptions for panoramic projection exposures with the source in the
centre of the pipe .16
8.8 Maximum area for a single exposure .18
8.9 Erasure of imaging plates .19
8.10 Data processing .19
8.10.1 Image processing .19
8.10.2 Monitor, viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs .19
9 Test report .19
detector
Annex A (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution, SR .
b
Annex B (normative) Determination of normalized SNR from SNR .26
N me
...