EN 14475:2006

Execution of special geotechnical works - Reinforced fill

1.1   This European Standard establishes general principles for the construction of reinforced fill.
1.2   This European Standard covers engineered fills that are reinforced by the inclusion of horizontal or sub-horizontal reinforcement placed between layers of fill during construction.
1.3   The scope of reinforced fill applications considered in this European Standard includes (Figure 1):
¾   earth retaining structures, (vertical, battered or inclined walls, bridge abutments, bulk storage facilities), with a facing to retain fill placed between the reinforcing layers;
¾   reinforced steep slopes with a facing, either built-in or added or wrap-around, reinforced shallow slopes without a facing, but covered by some form of erosion protection without a facing, reinstatement of failed slopes;
¾   embankments with basal reinforcement and embankments with reinforcement against frost heave in the upper part.
Principles for the execution of other special geotechnical works using soil nails, bored piles, displacement piles, micro piles, sheet pile walls, diaphragm walls, grouting or jet grouting are established in other European Standards.
Reinforcement of road pavements is not covered by this Standard.

Ausführung von besonderen technischen Arbeiten (Spezialtiefbau) - Bewehrte Schüttkörper

1.1   Diese Europäische Norm legt die allgemeinen Grundsätze zur Ausführung bewehrter Schüttkörper fest.
1.2   Diese Europäische Norm umfasst ingenieurmäßig hergestellte Schüttkörper, die durch Einlage von horizontalen oder nahezu horizontalen Bewehrungen zwischen die Schichten der Schüttung errichtet werden.
1.3   Der Anwendungsbereich von bewehrten Schüttkonstruktionen nach dieser Europäischen Norm umfasst (siehe Bild 1):
-   Erdstützkonstruktionen (senkrechte, abgestufte oder geneigte Wände, Brückenwiderlager, Schüttgutlager) mit einer Frontausbildung zur Rückhaltung des Schüttmaterials, das zwischen den Bewehrungs-lagen eingebaut wird;
-   bewehrte Steilböschungen mit Frontausbildung, entweder im Schüttkörper integriert oder ihm vorgesetzt oder als Polsterwände, flache bewehrte Böschungen ohne Frontausbildung, aber mit oberflächigem Erosionsschutz und die Wiederherstellung gerutschter Böschungen;
-   Dämme mit Sohlbewehrung und Dämme mit Bewehrungen zur Verhinderung von Frosthebungen im oberen Bereich.
Grundsätze der Ausführung anderer spezieller geotechnischer Arbeiten unter Verwendung von Vernagelungen, Bohrpfählen, Verdrängungspfählen, Kleinbohrpfählen, Spundwänden, Schmaldichtwänden, Injektionen und Düsenstrahlverfahren werden in anderen Europäischen Normen geregelt.

Exécution de travaux géotechniques spéciaux - Remblais renforcés

1.1   La présente Norme européenne établit les principes généraux pour la construction des ouvrages en remblai renforcé.
1.2   La présente Norme européenne s’applique aux remblais techniques renforcés par l’inclusion de renforcements horizontaux ou sub-horizontaux placés entre les couches du remblai au cours de leur construction.
1.3   Le domaine d’application des remblais renforcés examinés dans la présente Norme européenne comprend (Figure 1) :
-   les ouvrages de soutènement (murs verticaux, murs peu ou très inclinés, culées de pont, structures de stockage en vrac), comportant un parement qui permet de retenir le remblai placé entre les lits de renforcement ;
-   les talus renforcés très inclinés avec un parement, soit intégré, soit rapporté, ou bien enveloppant les couches de remblai, les talus renforcés peu inclinés, sans parement, mais recouverts d’une simple protection contre l’érosion, et la réparation des glissements de talus ;
-   les remblais renforcés à la base, et les remblais renforcés en partie supérieure contre les soulèvements provoqués par le gel.
1.4   Les principes relatifs à l’exécution d’autres travaux géotechniques spéciaux tels que le clouage des sols, les pieux forés, les pieux avec refoulement du sol, les micropieux, les rideaux de palplanches, les parois moulées, les injections et les colonnes de sol-ciment réalisées par jet sont traités dans d’autres normes européennes.
Le renforcement des chaussées routières n’est pas couvert par la présente norme.

Izvedba posebnih geotehničnih del – Armirano polnilo

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 17-Jan-2006
• Withdrawal Date: 30-Jul-2006
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 288 - Execution of special geotechnical works
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 288/WG 9 - Soil nailing (TG1) - Reinforcd fills (TG2)
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 01-Jul-2022
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Ref Project: SIST EN 14475:2006 - Execution of special geotechnical works - Reinforced fill

Relations

• Corrected By: EN 14475:2006/AC:2006 - Execution of special geotechnical works - Reinforced fill
• Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Overview - EN 14475:2006 (Reinforced fill)

EN 14475:2006 is a CEN European Standard that establishes general principles for the execution of reinforced fill in special geotechnical works. It covers engineered fills that include horizontal or sub‑horizontal reinforcement layers placed between compacted fill during construction. Typical applications addressed include earth retaining structures (walls and abutments), reinforced steep and shallow slopes, basal reinforcement of embankments and reinforcement to mitigate frost heave. The standard does not cover pavement reinforcement and other special techniques (soil nails, bored piles, jet grouting, etc.), which are treated in other standards.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope and definitions: clear terms for fill, reinforced fill, reinforcement, facing systems, design life classes (temporary/permanent).
• Information for construction: contractual reporting procedures, monitoring/observational methods, site access and environmental restrictions, survey controls and tolerances.
• Geotechnical investigations: requirements aligned with EN 1997‑1 (Eurocode 7) to determine ground, groundwater and fill properties needed for safe construction and temporary works design.
• Materials and products:
  • Fill material: selection criteria include workability, particle size, drainage, frost susceptibility, internal friction/cohesion and aggressivity toward reinforcement/facing.
  • Reinforcement: strips, grids, rods, meshes and geosynthetics; compatibility and documented source of supply are required.
  • Facing systems: classifications (hard, deformable, soft; rigid/semi‑flexible/flexible) and guidance on discrete vs full‑height facing units.
• Design and execution: principles for placement, compaction, layer thickness, protection against erosion and construction sequencing.
• Supervision, testing and records: on‑site supervision, acceptance testing, monitoring and documentation of materials and installation.

Practical applications and users

EN 14475:2006 is intended for practical use in:

• Geotechnical and civil engineers specifying reinforced fill solutions
• Contractors and site supervisors performing installation, compaction and facing works
• Designers preparing contract documents and construction drawings
• Asset owners, infrastructure managers and consultants assessing long‑term performance and maintenance needs

Its guidance supports safer, more consistent execution of reinforced‑soil walls, abutments, reinforced slopes and embankments-particularly where facing behavior, reinforcement durability and site investigation govern performance.

Related standards (select)

• EN 1997‑1 (Eurocode 7) - Geotechnical design
• EN 206‑1 - Concrete specification
• EN 13251 and EN ISO 12957‑1 - Geotextiles and geosynthetics testing and properties

Keywords: EN 14475:2006, reinforced fill, geotechnical works, fill reinforcement, facing system, engineered fill, geosynthetics, site investigation.

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Execution of special geotechnical works - Reinforced fillExécution de travaux géotechniques spéciaux - Remblais renforcésAusführung von besonderen technischen Arbeiten (Spezialtiefbau) - Bewehrte Schüttkörper93.020Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod zemljoEarthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground worksICS:SIST EN 14475:2006enTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14475:200601-junij-2006SIST EN 14475:2006SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14475January 2006ICS 93.020 English VersionExecution of special geotechnical works - Reinforced fillExécution de travaux géotechniques spéciaux - RemblaisrenforcésAusführung von besonderen technischen Arbeiten(Spezialtiefbau) - Bewehrte SchüttkörperThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 November 2005.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14475:2006: E

page Foreword.3 1 Scope.4 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.8 4 Information needed for construction.10 5 Geotechnical investigations.10 6 Materials and products.11 7 Design considerations.17 8 Execution.20 9 Supervision, testing and monitoring.27 10 Records.27 11 Specific requirements.28 Annex A (informative)
Typical use of fill types depending on application, reinforcement and facing.29 Annex B (informative).30 Annex C (informative)
Facing units and systems.32 Annex D (informative)
Some typical reinforcement forms.49 Annex E (informative)
Steel reinforcement.52 Annex F (informative)
Recommendations for facing units.54 Bibliography.56

a) Walls b) Abutments c) Mixed abutments
d) Reinforced slopes
e) Basal reinforcement f) Basal mattress Key Key 1 Reinforcement 2 Soft deposit 1 Thin soft layer 2 Firm layer

g) Piled embankments with basal reinforcementh) Reinforcement over areas prone to subsidence Key Key 1 Reinforcement 2 Piles 1 Reinforcement 2 Potential weak zones or voids
i) Reinforcement in areas prone to frost heave j) Offshore Basal Reinforcement Key Key 1 Reinforcement 2 Ice lenses 1 Reinforcement 2 Lake or sea 3 Soft seabed Figure 1 — Some reinforced fill applications 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 206-1, Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity. EN 1990, Eurocode – Basis of structural design. EN 1991, Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures. EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

- Part 1: General rules EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels. EN 10025-4, Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. EN 10079, Definition of steel products. EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable reinforcing steel - General EN 10218-1, Steel wire and wire products – General - Part 1 : Test methods. EN 10218-2, Steel wire and wire products - General - Part 2 : Wire dimensions and tolerances. EN 10223-3, Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 3 : Hexagonal steel wire netting for engineering purposes. EN 10223-4, Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 4 : Steel wire welded mesh facing.
EN 10244-1, Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 1: General principles. EN 10244-2, Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 2: Zinc or zinc alloy coatings.
EN 10245-1, Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on steel wire – Part 1: General rules.
EN 10245-2, Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on steel wire – Part 2: PVC finished wire.
EN 10245-3, Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on steel wire – Part 3: PE coated wire. EN 10326, Continuously hot-dip coated strip and sheet of structural steels – Technical delivery conditions.
EN 12224, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products – Determination of the resistance to weathering. EN 12225, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products – Method for determining the microbiological resistance by a soil burial test.
EN 13251, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Characteristics required for use in earthworks, foundations and retaining structures. EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999) EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles - Specifications and test methods (ISO 1461:1999) EN ISO 2063, Thermal spraying - Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Zinc, aluminium and their alloys (ISO 2063:2005) EN ISO 10320, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products – identification on site (ISO 10320:1999). ENV ISO 10722-1, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Procedure for simulating damage during installation - Part 1: Installation in granular materials (ISO 10722-1:1998)

3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 fill natural or man made material formed of solid particles, including certain rocks, used to construct engineered fill 3.2 reinforcement generic term for reinforcing inclusions placed within fill 3.3 engineered fill fill which is placed and compacted under controlled conditions 3.4 reinforced fill engineered fill incorporating discrete layers of soil reinforcement, generally placed horizontally, which are arranged between successive layers of fill during construction 3.5 fill reinforcement reinforcement which enhances stability of the reinforced fill mass by mobilising the axial tensile strength of the fill reinforcement by soil interaction over its total length NOTE It is typically in the form of a strip, sheet, rod, grid or mesh and is usually placed in discrete layers. 3.6 geosynthetics for the purpose of this European standard “geosynthetics” stands for “geotextiles and geotextile related products” 3.7 facing covering to the exposed face of a reinforced fill structure which retains the fill between layers of reinforcement and protects the fill against erosion 3.8 foundation foundation of a reinforced fill structure is the total area of the surface upon which the lowest layer of reinforcement is installed 3.9 discrete facing unit partial height facing unit used to construct incrementally a reinforced fill structure

facing system assemblage of facing units used to produce a finished reinforced fill structure 3.15 rigid facing system facing system with no capacity to accommodate vertical differential settlement between fill and facing. (See Annex C for guidance) 3.16 semi-flexible facing system facing system with some capacity to accommodate differential settlement between fill and facing 3.17 flexible facing system pliant, articulated, facing system with capacity to accommodate differential settlement between fill and facing 3.18 green facing vegetative cover or infill used without facing units or as an adjunct to reinforced fill structures constructed using
facing units 3.19 cladding false facing added in front of the facing to improve the aesthetics of a finished reinforced fill structure 3.20 design life service life, in years, required by the design 3.21 temporary structures structures with a design life of 1 - 5 years (Class 1) 3.22 permanent structures structures with a design life of more than 5 years (Class 2 – 5)

 workability, in accordance with 6.2.2;  aggressiveness against the reinforcements or the facing, in accordance with 6.2.8;  internal friction and cohesion, in accordance with 6.2.10. 5.4 A geotechnical investigation, in accordance with 6.2.8.1 to 6.2.8.3, shall be provided, when relevant, to determine the aggressiveness of:
 foundation material which can be in contact with the reinforcement or facing;

6.2.3 Function and environment of the structure and long term behaviour 6.2.3.1 Some types of structure have a critical function where post construction settlement is very important. e.g. bridge abutments, walls supporting railway tracks and buildings, or high earth retaining structures etc. In these cases fill material which is easy to compact and which will have subsequent low compressibility shall be selected. (see Annex A for guidance). 6.2.3.2 Where a structure is exposed to flooding and subsequent rapid drawdown the drainage properties of the fill shall be checked for compatibility with the design assumptions. 6.2.3.3 The behaviour of some fine grained soils, shall be considered with regard to the design life, long term performance and function of the reinforced soil structure. Degradable fill materials and friable soils shall not be used unless specific studies are carried out to validate their use. In particular the properties of materials which are susceptible to break down shall be assessed from trial tests, or tests performed on the material after compaction. 6.2.4 Fill layer thickness and maximum particle size 6.2.4.1 The maximum particle size should allow an acceptably even surface to be formed and be compatible with the compacted layer thickness. The maximum particle size can also be a function of the spacing of the layers of reinforcement and, where relevant, of the size of the facing units. 6.2.4.2 The maximum particle size will also be determined by the choice of reinforcement in order to keep the construction damage within the specified design limits. See 6.2.8.4. 6.2.4.3 The compaction equipment used close to the facing of the structure is generally required to be lighter than within the body of the fill (unless specified otherwise by the soil reinforcement system). This may result in thinner compacted layers, to achieve the required fill density. 6.2.4.4 Unsuitable fills such as organic soils, soluble materials and strongly swelling materials shall not be used. 6.2.5 Facing technology 6.2.5.1 The compatibility of compaction induced settlement and post construction settlement with the facing system used shall be considered when the fill is selected. See Annex A and C for guidance. 6.2.6 Vegetation 6.2.6.1 When a vegetative cover on the facing (greened surface) is planned, the fill material placed near the front of the construction shall meet specified requirements for vegetative cover.

6.4.1.2 All facings systems and facing units, including connections between facings and reinforcement and jointing materials, when these are needed, shall conform with the specification for the works and exhibit the long term properties required by the design. 6.4.1.3 The facing system shall enable construction within specified tolerances of vertical and horizontal alignment and should perform within specified tolerances of vertical and horizontal alignment over the design life. 6.4.1.4 The facing system should be able to sustain differential settlements required by the design without structural damage to the facing. 6.4.1.5 When vegetation is to be used the face shall provide a suitable medium for the establishment and continued growth of the vegetation. 6.4.1.6 For a vegetated face several interrelated aspects need to be considered, including, the climate, site location, aspect, altitude, amount and frequency of precipitation, exposure, form of facing, erosion resistance capability. 6.4.1.7 Any open joint between the facing units shall be either filled, overlaid with a continuous filler or cover joint, or protected in some other way so as to prevent any leakage of the fine particles of the fill material at the back of the facing. The jointing material shall be pervious unless otherwise required by the specification for the works. 6.4.1.8
Guidance. Examples of facing systems are described in Annex C. 6.4.2 Prefabricated concrete units (Concrete panel, segmental block wall) 6.4.2.1 Care shall be taken with the selection of the materials used in the production of the facing units and the precision with which they are manufactured, since they affect the performance of those facing units, in terms of achievable construction tolerances and durability 6.4.2.2 All units shall be free of cracks or defects that would interfere with the proper placing of the unit or significantly impair the strength or permanence of the structure. Concrete panels shall conform to EN 1992 or EN 1990, Section 5, if based on tests. 6.4.2.3 Compressibility of filler or bearing pads should be consistent with the compressibility of the retained fill.
6.4.2.4 Guidance. Specifications for typical examples of widely used concrete units are considered in Annex F, for guidance.

Steel reinforcement (in panel) EN 10080/ EN 1992-1-1
Dimension tolerances a a
Compressive strength at installation a a
Surface quality a a
a
Steel quality
EN 10079/ EN 10080 EN 10218-1&2 EN 10223-3 EN 10025-2 a Galvanizing quality
EN ISO 1461 EN 10244-1&2 EN ISO 1461
Organic coating quality
EN 10245-1,2&3
a: Requirements are needed but no relevant standard is available

When some latitude is left in the selection of the materials or systems to be used, the design brief should emphasise the particular requirements of the project that shall influence the final selection decision. 7.1.7
Possible consequences of failure, in terms of risk to life, potential economic losses and inconvenience including disruption of services, shall be taken into account early in the design stage, in accordance with the categories given in EN 1997-1. 7.2 Additional Design Considerations 7.2.1 Loading conditions, including accidental loads and transient loads during construction, climatic effects and hydraulic conditions, shall be taken into account for both permanent and temporary reinforced fill structures. This also includes seismic loads in seismically active areas. 7.2.2 The effects of permanent and temporary reinforced fill structures on any adjacent structures shall be taken into account. 7.2.3 Hydraulic conditions shall include the effects of hydraulic loading and effects on durability arising from any contact with water or contaminants. 7.2.4 Consideration shall be given to the ability of the reinforced fill structure to tolerate anticipated magnitudes of total and differential settlement, frost heave, deformation and movement. Where necessary, such settlements, deformations and movements of reinforced fill structures shall be monitored as the construction progresses, for comparison with the predictions (see 7.4.5). 7.2.5 Where appropriate special consideration shall be given to drainage during the construction phase. 7.2.6 Consideration shall be made of any restrictions on construction such as environmental conditions, including noise and vibration, tidal working, climatic conditions and any phasing of construction. 7.2.7 Where the origin and properties of the fill materials to be used are not known at the design stage the design assumptions shall be stated in the design documents.

plan view
typical cross sections
elevation with layout
Drainage
Construction phases
Monitoring
Level of control
Construction tolerances
Climatic condition Retained fill Physical properties :
- unit weight ;
- particle size distribution (Dmax, Uniformity Coefficient)
- friction angle and cohesion at design stress levels ;
- water content ;
- water and frost susceptibility, where appropriate. Selected fill Physical properties:
- maximum and minimum unit weight, Proctor density ;
- particle size distribution and / or friction angle and cohesion at design stress levels ; Electrochemical, chemical and biological properties ;
- minimum soil resistivity ;
- minimum/maximum pH ;
- maximum chloride and sulphate contents ;
- maximum organic and sulphide contents.
Frost susceptibility, where appropriate ;
Placement requirements ;
- maximum dry density ;
- moisture content ;
- layer thickness ;
- installation method. Reinforcement All types of reinforcement :
- type and configuration, laying direction, seams and connections ;
- short term design strength ;
- long term design strength ;
- fill/reinforcement interaction ;
- mechanical damage related to fill particle size and angularity ;
- structural layout ;
- installation of test samples ;
Steel reinforcement
- grade ;
- type of coating.
Geosynthetic reinforcement
- creep behaviour in accordance with EN ISO 13431. Facing and connections Type and shapes
Aesthetic requirements
Performance level of facing
Performance level of reinforcement/facing connection
Maximum wind speed for erection of large panels Top soil for greened faces Physical properties :
- particle size distribution ;
- contents of organic material.
Chemical properties :
- minimum/maximum pH
Hydraulic properties :
- capacity of water retention.

NOTE Mass concrete m
...