EN 62459:2011

Sound system equipment - Electroacoustic transducers - Measurement of suspension parts

IEC 62459:2010(E) applies to the suspension parts of electroacoustic transducers (for example, loudspeakers). It defines the parameters and measurement method to determine the properties of suspension parts like spiders, surrounds, diaphragms or cones before being assembled in the transducer. The measurement results are needed for engineering design purposes and for quality control. Furthermore, this method is intended to improve the correlation of measurements between suspension-part manufacturers and loudspeaker manufacturers. The measurement methods provide parameters based on linear and nonlinear modelling of the suspension part and uses both static and dynamic techniques. It cancels and replaces IEC/PAS 62459 published in 2006. It constitutes a technical revision. The main changes are: - descriptions of the methods of measurement are adjusted to the state of the technology; - addition of Clauses 5 to 13; - integration of Annex A in the main body of the standard; - overall textual review.

Elektroakustische Geräte - Elektroakustische Wandler - Messung der Aufhängungsteile

Equipements pour systèmes électroacoustiques - Transducteurs électroacoustiques - Mesure des pièces de suspension

L'IEC 62459:2010 s'applique aux pièces de suspension des transducteurs électroacoustiques (haut-parleurs, par exemple). Elle définit les paramètres et la méthode de mesurage pour déterminer les propriétés des pièces de suspension comme les spiders, les suspensions périphériques, les diaphragmes ou les cônes, avant leur assemblage dans le transducteur. Les résultats de mesurage sont nécessaires pour la conception technique et le contrôle qualité. En outre, cette méthode a pour objet d'améliorer la corrélation des mesures entre les fabricants de pièces de suspension et de haut-parleurs. Les méthodes de mesurage fournissent des paramètres déterminés par une modélisation linéaire et non linéaire de la pièce de suspension; elles reposent sur des techniques statiques et dynamiques. L'IEC 62459:2010 annule et remplace l'IEC/PAS 62459 parue en 2006. Elle constitue une révision technique. Les principales modifications sont les suivantes: – la description des méthodes de mesurage a été adaptée à l'état de la technologie; – les Articles 5 à 13 ont été ajoutés; – l'Annexe A "Code de pratique" a été intégrée à la partie principale de la norme; – le texte a été revu dans son intégralité.

Oprema zvokovnega sistema - Elektroakustični pretvorniki - Meritve obesnih delov (IEC 62459:2010)

Ta mednarodni standard velja za obesne dele elektroakustičnih pretvornikov (na primer zvočniki). Določa parametre in metode merjenja za določevanje lastnosti obesnih delov, kot so pajki, ogrodja, diafragme ali stožci, vgrajeni v pretvornike. Rezultati merjenja so potrebni za tehnično projektiranje in za nadzor kakovosti. Poleg tega je ta metoda namenjena izboljšavi korelacije meritev med proizvajalci obesnih delov in proizvajalci zvočnikov. Merilne metode zagotavljajo parametre, zasnovane na linearnem in nelinearnem modeliranju obesnih delov ter uporabljajo statične in dinamične tehnike.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 24-Mar-2011
• Withdrawal Date: 01-Feb-2014
• ICS: 33.160.50 - Accessories
• Technical Committee: CLC/TC 100X - Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment and related sub-systems
• Drafting Committee: IEC/TC 100 - IEC_TC_100
• Parallel Committee: IEC/TC 100 - IEC_TC_100
• Current Stage: 6060 - Document made available - Publishing
• Start Date: 25-Mar-2011
• Completion Date: 25-Mar-2011
• Ref Project: SIST EN 62459:2011 - Sound system equipment - Electroacoustic transducers - Measurement of suspension parts (IEC 62459:2010)

Relations

• Corrected By: EN 62459:2011/AC:2015 - Sound system equipment - Electroacoustic transducers - Measurement of suspension parts
• Effective Date: 23-Jan-2023

Overview

EN 62459:2011 (adopting IEC 62459:2010) specifies standardized methods to measure the mechanical properties of suspension parts used in electroacoustic transducers (for example, loudspeakers). The standard covers pre-assembly measurement of components such as spiders, surrounds, diaphragms and cones, providing repeatable parameters needed for engineering design and quality control. It replaces IEC/PAS 62459 (2006) and harmonizes static and dynamic measurement approaches to improve correlation between suspension-part manufacturers and loudspeaker makers.

Key topics and technical requirements

EN 62459:2011 defines terminology, test conditions and measurement methods, including both linear and nonlinear modelling. Main technical topics include:

• Test conditions and clamping: guidance on clamping position, destructive vs non-destructive measurement and reporting of clamping conditions.
• Static measurements: static displacement x(F) and static stiffness K(x) at defined test conditions.
• Dynamic measurements: full and incremental dynamic methods to determine dynamic stiffness Kac(x) and frequency-dependent behavior.
• Resonance and dynamic response: measurement of the lowest cone resonance frequency (f0) and normalized transfer functions.
• Nonlinear characterization: coefficients of the power-series expansion of K(x) for modeling nonlinearity at larger amplitudes.
• Derived parameters: effective stiffness (Keff), mechanical resistance (R) and presentation formats for engineering use.
• Measurement techniques: static, quasi-static, pneumatic or vibratory excitation and both small- and large-amplitude procedures to account for visco‑elastic behavior.

Applications and who uses it

This standard is essential for:

• Suspension-part manufacturers - to certify component performance and provide standardized data sheets.
• Loudspeaker and transducer designers - to integrate measured suspension properties into mechanical and acoustic models.
• R&D and test laboratories - for repeatable characterization of spider, surround and diaphragm behavior.
• Quality assurance teams - to implement acceptance testing and production control using comparable metrics. Practical benefits include improved reproducibility, clearer supplier–OEM communication, better correlation of lab results across organizations, and more reliable input data for simulation and product validation.

Related standards

• IEC 62459:2010 (original international text adopted as EN 62459:2011)
• IEC 60268-1 (Sound system equipment – Part 1: General) - normative reference for broader sound system testing context

Using EN 62459:2011 ensures consistent, comparable measurement of suspension parts, supporting robust loudspeaker design and improved manufacturing quality control.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2011
2SUHPD]YRNRYQHJDVLVWHPD(OHNWURDNXVWLþQLSUHWYRUQLNL0HULWYHREHVQLKGHORY
,(&
Sound system equipment - Electroacoustic transducers - Measurement of suspension
parts (IEC 62459:2010)
Elektroakustische Geräte - Elektroakustische Wandler - Messung der Aufhängungsteile
(IEC 62459:2010)
Equipements pour systèmes électroacoustiques - Transducteurs électroacoustiques -
Mesure des pièces de suspension (CEI 62459:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 62459:2011
ICS:
17.140.50 Elektroakustika Electroacoustics
33.160.50 Pribor Accessories
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 62459
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2011
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 33.160.50
English version
Sound system equipment -
Electroacoustic transducers -
Measurement of suspension parts
(IEC 62459:2010)
Equipements pour systèmes Elektroakustische Geräte -
électroacoustiques - Elektroakustische Wandler -
Transducteurs électroacoustiques - Messung der Aufhängungsteile
Mesure des pièces de suspension (IEC 62459:2010)
(CEI 62459:2010)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2011-01-02. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels

© 2011 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 62459:2011 E
Foreword
The text of document 100/1625/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62459, prepared by IEC TC 100, Audio,
video and multimedia systems and equipment, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was
approved by CENELEC as EN 62459 on 2011-01-02.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
(dop) 2011-10-02
national standard or by endorsement
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
(dow) 2014-01-02
with the EN have to be withdrawn
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62459:2010 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________
- 3 - EN 62459:2011
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 60268-1 - Sound system equipment - HD 483.1 S2 -
Part 1: General
IEC 62459 ®
Edition 1.0 2010-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Sound system equipment – Electroacoustical transducers – Measurement of
suspension parts
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
R
ICS 33.160.50 ISBN 978-2-88910-734-6
– 2 – 62459 © IEC:2010(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
INTRODUCTION.6
1 Scope.7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Test conditions .10
5 Clamping of the suspension part .10
5.1 General .10
5.2 Destructive measurement.10
5.3 Non-destructive measurement .10
5.4 Clamping position.10
5.5 Guiding the inner clamping part.11
5.6 Reporting the clamping condition.11
6 Methods of measurement .11
6.1 Static measurement.11
6.2 Quasi-static measurement.11
6.3 Incremental dynamic measurement .11
6.4 Full dynamic measurement.11
7 Static displacement x (F ) .12
static dc
7.1 Characteristic to be specified .12
7.2 Method of measurement .12
7.2.1 General .12
7.2.2 Test equipment.12
7.2.3 Procedure.12
7.2.4 Presentation of results.13
8 Static stiffness K (x ) .13
static static
8.1 Characteristic to be specified .13
8.2 Method of measurement .13
8.3 Presentation of results .13
9 Lowest cone resonance frequency, f .13
9.1 Characteristic to be specified .13
9.2 Method of measurement .14
9.2.1 General .14
9.2.2 Test equipment.14
9.2.3 Procedure.14
9.2.4 Presentation of results.15
10 Dynamic stiffness K(x ) .15
ac
10.1 Characteristic to be specified .15
10.2 Method of measurement .15
10.2.1 General .15
10.2.2 Test equipment.15
10.2.3 Procedure.16
10.2.4 Presentation of results.17
11 Coefficients of the power series expansion of K(x).17
11.1 Characteristics to be specified.17

62459 © IEC:2010(E) – 3 –
11.2 Presentation of results .17
12 Effective stiffness K (x ).17
eff peak
12.1 Characteristic to be specified .17
12.2 Method of measurement .17
12.3 Presentation of results .18
13 Mechanical resistance R .18
13.1 Characteristic to be specified .18
13.2 Method of measurement .18
13.3 Presentation of results .18
Bibliography.19

Figure 1 – Measurement of static displacement .12
Figure 2 – Measurement of lowest cone resonance f .14
Figure 3 – Pneumatic excitation of the suspension part.16
Figure 4 – Magnitude response of the normalized transfer function, H(f)/H(0), versus
frequency, f.17

– 4 – 62459 © IEC:2010(E)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SOUND SYSTEM EQUIPMENT –
ELECTROACOUSTICAL TRANSDUCERS –
MEASUREMENT OF SUSPENSION PARTS

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
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in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62459 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 100: Audio,
video and multimedia systems and equipment.
This first edition cancels and replaces the IEC/PAS 62459 published in 2006. It constitutes a
technical revision. The main changes are listed below:
– descriptions of the methods of measurement are adjusted to the state of the technology;
– addition of Clauses 5 to 13;
– integration of Annex A “Code of practice” at the main part of the standard;
– overall textual review.
62459 © IEC:2010(E) – 5 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
100/1625/FDIS 100/1648/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.

– 6 – 62459 © IEC:2010(E)
INTRODUCTION
The properties of the suspension parts such as spiders and surrounds have a significant
influence on the final sound quality of the loudspeaker. This International Standard defines
measurement methods and parameters required for development and quality-assurance by
suspension-part manufacturers and loudspeaker manufacturers.
Static and dynamic methods have been developed for measuring the suspension parts at
small and high amplitudes. Due to the visco-elastic properties of the suspension material
(fabric, rubber, foam, paper) the measurement results depend on the measurement conditions
and are not comparable between different methods. For example, the properties measured by
static method significantly deviate from the dynamic behaviour of the suspension material
when excited by an audio signal. This standard defines the terminology, the characteristics
which should be specified and the way the results should be reported. The goal is to improve
the reproducibility of the measurement, to simplify the interpretation of the results and to
support the communication between manufacturers of suspension parts and complete drive
units.
62459 © IEC:2010(E) – 7 –
SOUND SYSTEM EQUIPMENT –
ELECTROACOUSTICAL TRANSDUCERS –
MEASUREMENT OF SUSPENSION PARTS

1 Scope
This International Standard applies to the suspension parts of electroacoustic transducers (for
example, loudspeakers). It defines the parameters and measurement method to determine the
properties of suspension parts like spiders, surrounds, diaphragms or cones before being
assembled in the transducer. The measurement results are needed for engineering design
purposes and for quality control. Furthermore, this method is intended to improve the
correlation of measurements between suspension-part manufacturers and loudspeaker
manufacturers.
The measurement methods provide parameters based on linear and nonlinear modelling of
the suspension part and uses both static and dynamic techniques.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60268-1, Sound system equipment – Part 1: General
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
suspension part
surround of the cone made of rubber, foam, paper and fabric and the spider which is usually
made out of impregnated fabric
3.2
displacement
x
perpendicular direction at the inner rim of the suspension part
3.3
peak displacement
x
peak
peak value of the displacement occurring during a dynamic measurement at resonance
frequency
3.4
driving force
F
total effect of the restoring force, friction and inertia of both the suspension part and the inner
clamping parts at the neck of the suspension

– 8 – 62459 © IEC:2010(E)
3.5
transfer function
H(f)
amplitude response given by
(1)
X()jω
Hf() =
F()jω
between the displacement spectrum X(jω) = FT{x(t)} and the force spectrum F(jω) = FT{F(t)}
3.6
dynamic stiffness
K(x )
ac
reciprocal of the dynamic compliance C(x ); it is the ratio of instantaneous force F to
ac ac
instantaneous displacement x for an a.c. excitation signal at point x , given by the
ac, ac
following equation
(2)
1 F
ac
Kx==
()
ac
Cx() x
ac ac
NOTE The dynamic stiffness K(x ) corresponds to the secant between origin and working point defined by x in
ac ac
the force-displacement curve.
3.7
incremental stiffness
K (x )
inc dc
reciprocal of the incremental compliance C (x ); it is the ratio of a small a.c. force F to the
inc dc ac
small a.c. displacement x produced by it at working point x under steady-state condition as
ac dc
given by the following equation
(3)
1 F
ac
Kx==
()
inc dc
Cx() x
inc dc ac
NOTE The incremental stiffness K (x ) corresponds to the gradient at the working point defined by x in the
inc dc dc
force-deflection curve.
3.8
static stiffness
K (x )
static dc
reciprocal of the static compliance C (x ); it is the ratio of a d.c. force F and the d.c.
static dc dc
displacement x produced by it at the working point x under steady-state condition; the
dc dc
static stiffness K (x ) corresponds to the secant between origin and working point in the
static dc
force-displacement curve, given by the following equation
(4)
1 F
dc
Kx==
()
static dc
Cx() x
static dc dc
3.9
moving mass
m
defined by
(5)
mm=+δ m
sc
where
m is the mass of the suspension part,
s
m is the additional mass of the inner clamping parts,
c
δ is the clamping factor (with 0 < δ ≤ 1), describing the fraction of the suspension which
contributes to the moving mass.

62459 © IEC:2010(E) – 9 –
NOTE If factor δ is not known, the moving mass is approximated by using the total weight of the suspension part
(δ = 1) and ensuring that the mass, m , of the inner clamping part dominates the moving mass, m (m >> m ).
c c s
3.10
resonance frequency
f
R
frequency of an a.c. displacement x at which the restoring force, F = K(x )x of the
ac K ac ac
suspension part equals the inertia of the moving mass, m, given by the following equation

(6)
d x
ac
F = K(x )x = m
K ac a
...