IEC 61675-1:1998

Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

Specifies terminology and test methods for declaring the characteristics of positron emission tomographs. Positron emission tomographs detect the annihilation radiation of positron emitting radionuclides by coincidence detection. It is intended that the test methods be carried out by the manufacturers, thereby enabling them to declare the characteristics of positron emission tomographs. So, the specifications given in the accompanying documents shall be in accordance with this standard.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 23-Jun-2008
• ICS: 11.040.50 - Radiographic equipment
• Technical Committee: SC 62C - Equipment for radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation dosimetry
• Drafting Committee: WG 2 - TC 62/SC 62C/WG 2
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Completion Date: 25-Sep-2013

Relations

• Amended By: IEC 61675-1:1998/AMD1:2008 - Amendment 1 - Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 1: Positron emission tomographs
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revised: IEC 61675-1:2013 - Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 1: Positron emission tomographs
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL
IEC
STANDARD
61675-1
First edition
1998-02
Radionuclide imaging devices –
Characteristics and test conditions –
Part 1:
Positron emission tomographs
Dispositifs d’imagerie par radionucléides –
Caractéristiques et conditions d’essai –
Partie 1:
Tomographes à émission de positrons
Reference number
Numbering
As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the 60000 series.
Consolidated publications
Consolidated versions of some IEC publications including amendments are available. For example, edition
numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the base publication incorporating
amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating amendments 1 and 2.
Validity of this publication
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC, thus ensuring that the content
reflects current technology.
Information relating to the date of the reconfirmation of the publication is available in the IEC catalogue.
Information on the revision work, the issue of revised editions and amendments may be obtained from
IEC National Committees and from the following IEC sources:
• IEC Bulletin
• IEC Yearbook
On-line access*
•
Catalogue of IEC publications
Published yearly with regular updates
(On-line access)*
Terminology, graphical and letter
symbols
For general terminology, readers are referred to IEC 60050: International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).
For graphical symbols, and letter symbols and signs approved by the IEC for general use, readers are referred to
publications IEC 60027: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology, IEC 60417: Graphical symbols for use
on equipment. Index, survey and compilation of the single sheets and IEC 60617: Graphical symbols for diagrams.
IEC publications prepared by the same
technical committee
The attention of readers is drawn to the end pages of this publication which list the IEC publications issued by the
technical committee which has prepared the present publication.
* See web site address on title page.

INTERNATIONAL
IEC
STANDARD
61675-1
First edition
1998-02
Radionuclide imaging devices –
Characteristics and test conditions –
Part 1:
Positron emission tomographs
Dispositifs d’imagerie par radionucléides –
Caractéristiques et conditions d’essai –
Partie 1:
Tomographes à émission de positrons
 IEC 1998 Droits de reproduction réservés  Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo- including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in
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Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue

– 2 – 61675-1 © IEC:1998(E)
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . 3
Clause
1 General . 4
1.1 Scope and object . 4
1.2 Normative reference . 4
2 Terminology and definitions . 4
3 Test methods. 10
3.1 SPATIAL RESOLUTION . 10
3.2 RECOVERY COEFFICIENT . 13
3.3 Tomographic sensitivity. 14
3.4 Uniformity . 16
3.5 COUNT RATE CHARACTERISTIC . 16
3.6 Scatter measurement. 19
3.7 ATTENUATION correction. 21
4ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS . 23
Table 1 – RADIONUCLIDES to be used in performance measurements . 25
Figures
1 Cylindrical head phantom. 26
2 Cross-section of body phantom . 27
3 Arm phantom . 27
4 Phantom insert with hollow spheres . 28
5 Phantom insert with holders for the scatter source . 29
6 Phantom insert for the evaluation of ATTENUATION correction . 30
7 Phantom configuration for COUNT RATE measurements according to 3.5.3.1.2
(cardiac imaging) . 31
8 Scheme of the evaluation of COUNT LOSS correction. 31
9 Evaluation of ATTENUATION correction. 32
10 Evaluation of SCATTER FRACTION. 32
11 Evaluation of FWHM . 33
12 Evaluation of EQUIVALENT WIDTH (EW) . 34
Annex A (informative) Index of defined terms. 35

61675-1 © IEC:1998(E) – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –
Part 1: Positron emission tomographs
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61675-1 has been prepared by subcommittee 62C: Equipment for
radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation dosimetry, of IEC technical committee 62:
Electrical equipment in medical practice.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
62C/205/FDIS 62C/214/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
In this standard, the following print types are used:
– TERMS DEFINED IN CLAUSE 2 OF THIS STANDARD OR LISTED IN ANNEX A: SMALL CAPITALS.
The requirements are followed by specifications for the relevant tests.
Annex A is for information only.
A bilingual version of this standard may be issued at a later date.

– 4 – 61675-1 © IEC:1998(E)
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –
Part 1: Positron emission tomographs
1 General
1.1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 61675 specifies terminology and test methods for declaring the characteristics
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS OSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS ANNIHILATION
of . P detect the
RADIATION of positron emitting RADIONUCLIDEs by COINCIDENCE DETECTION.
The test methods specified in this part of IEC 61675 have been selected to reflect as much as
possible the clinical use of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS. It is intended that the test
methods be carried out by manufacturers, thereby enabling them to declare the characteristics
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS ACCOMPANYING
of . So, the specifications given in the
DOCUMENTS shall be in accordance with this standard. This standard does not imply which tests
will be performed by the manufacturer on an individual tomograph.
No test has been specified to characterize the uniformity of reconstructed images, because all
methods known so far will mostly reflect the noise in the image.
1.2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of IEC 61675. At the time of publication, the edition indicated
was valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this part of IEC 61675 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent edition of the normative document indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60788:1984, Medical radiology – Terminology
2 Terminology and definitions
For the purpose of this part of IEC 61675, the definitions given in IEC 60788 (see annex A) and
the following definitions apply.
Defined terms are printed in small capitals.
2.1 TOMOGRAPHY (see annex A)
2.1.1
TRANSVERSE TOMOGRAPHY
in TRANSVERSE TOMOGRAPHY the three-dimensional object is sliced by physical methods, for
example collimation, into a stack of OBJECT SLICES, which are considered as being two-
dimensional and independent from each other. The transverse IMAGE PLANES are perpendicular
to the SYSTEM AXIS.
61675-1 © IEC:1998(E) – 5 –
2.1.2
EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (ECT)
imaging method for the representation of the spatial distribution of incorporated RADIONUCLIDEs
in selected two-dimensional slices through the object
2.1.2.1
PROJECTION
transformation of a three-dimensional object into its two-dimensional image or of a two-
dimensional object into its one-dimensional image, by integrating the physical property which
determines the image along the direction of the PROJECTION BEAM
NOTE – This process is mathematically described by line integrals in the direction of projection (along the LINE OF
RESPONSE) and called Radon-transform.
2.1.2.2
PROJECTION BEAM
determines the smallest possible volume in which the physical property which determines the
image is integrated during the measurement process. Its shape is limited by SPATIAL
RESOLUTION in all three dimensions.
NOTE – The PROJECTION BEAM mostly has the shape of a long thin cylinder or cone. In POSITRON EMISSION
TOMOGRAPHY, it is the sensitive volume between two detector elements operated in coincidence.
2.1.2.3
PROJECTION ANGLE
angle at which the PROJECTION is measured or acquired
2.1.2.4
SINOGRAM
two-dimensional display of all one-dimensional PROJECTIONs of an OBJECT SLICE, as a function
of the PROJECTION ANGLE. The PROJECTION ANGLE is displayed on the ordinate, the linear
PROJECTION coordinate is displayed on the abscissa.
2.1.2.5
OBJECT SLICE
slice in the object. The physical property of this slice, that determines the measured
information, is displayed in the tomographic image.
2.1.2.6
IMAGE PLANE
a plane assigned to a plane in the OBJECT SLICE
NOTE – Usually the IMAGE PLANE is the midplane of the corresponding OBJECT SLICE.
2.1.2.7
SYSTEM AXIS
axis of symmetry, characterized by geometrical and physical properties of the arrangement of
the system
NOTE – For a circular POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPH, the SYSTEM AXIS is the axis through the centre of the detector
ring. For tomographs with rotating detectors it is the axis of rotation.
2.1.2.8
TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME
juxtaposition of all volume elements which contribute to the measured PROJECTIONs for all
PROJECTION ANGLES
– 6 – 61675-1 © IEC:1998(E)
2.1.2.8.1
TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW
dimensions of a slice through the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME, perpendicular to the SYSTEM AXIS. For
a circular TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW, it is described by its diameter
NOTE – For non-cylindrical TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUMES the TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW may depend on the axial position
of the slice.
2.1.2.8.2
AXIAL FIELD OF VIEW
dimensions of a slice through the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME, parallel to and including the SYSTEM
AXIS. In practice, it is s
...

IEC 61675-1
Edition 1.1 2008-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions –
Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

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IEC 61675-1
Edition 1.1 2008-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions –
Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
CM
ICS 11.040.50 ISBN 2-8318-9780-7

– 2 – 61675-1 © IEC:1998+A1:2008(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3
INTRODUCTION (to amendment 1).5
1 General.6
1.1 Scope and object.6
1.2 Normative reference.6
2 Terminology and definitions .6
3 Test methods.12
3.1 SPATIAL RESOLUTION.12
3.2 RECOVERY COEFFICIENT .15
3.3 Tomographic sensitivity .16
3.4 Uniformity.18
3.5 COUNT RATE CHARACTERISTIC.18
3.6 Scatter measurement.21
3.7 ATTENUATION correction .23
4 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS .25

Annex A (informative) Index of defined terms .38

Figure 1 – Cylindrical head phantom.28
Figure 2 – Cross-section of body phantom.29
Figure 3 – Arm phantom.29
Figure 4 – Phantom insert with hollow spheres .30
Figure 5 – Phantom insert with holders for the scatter source .31
Figure 6 – Phantom insert for the evaluation of ATTENUATION correction .32
Figure 7 – Phantom configuration for COUNT RATE measurements according to 3.5.3.1.2
(cardiac imaging) .33
Figure 8 – Scheme of the evaluation of COUNT LOSS correction.33
Figure 9 – Evaluation of ATTENUATION correction.34
Figure 10 – Evaluation of SCATTER FRACTION.34
Figure 11 – Evaluation of FWHM .35
EQUIVALENT WIDTH (EW).36
Figure 12 – Evaluation of
Figure 13 – Phantom position and location of screws for abdominal imaging (see 3.5.3.1.3).37

Table 1 – RADIONUCLIDES to be used in performance measurements.27

61675-1 © IEC:1998+A1:2008(E) – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –

Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61675-1 has been prepared by subcommittee 62C: Equipment for
radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation dosimetry, of IEC technical committee 62:
Electrical equipment in medical practice.
This consolidated version of IEC 61675-1 consists of the first edition (1998) [documents
62C/205/FDIS and 62C/214/RVD] and its amendment 1 (2008) [documents 62C/419/CDV and
62C/432/RVC].
The technical content is therefore identical to the base edition and its amendment and has
been prepared for user convenience.
It bears the edition number 1.1.
A vertical line in the margin shows where the base publication has been modified by
amendment 1.
– 4 – 61675-1 © IEC:1998+A1:2008(E)
In this standard, the following print types are used:
– TERMS DEFINED IN CLAUSE 2 OF THIS STANDARD OR LISTED IN ANNEX A: SMALL CAPITALS.
The requirements are followed by specifications for the relevant tests.
Annex A is for information only.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendments will
remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date,
the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this standard may be issued at a later date.

61675-1 © IEC:1998+A1:2008(E) – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
(to amendment 1)
Further developments of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS allow most of the tomographs to be
operated in fully 3D acquisition mode. To comply with this trend, this amendment describes test
conditions in accordance with the acquisition characteristic. It is the intention to simulate 3D
imaging without introducing new phantoms or new acquisition or processing protocols. The test
does simulate more realistically count rate characteristics for whole body imaging.
Measurement of SCATTER FRACTION is not intended with this test. Certain parts of the standard
are amended as stated below.
– 6 – 61675-1 © IEC:1998+A1:2008(E)
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –

Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

1 General
1.1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 61675 specifies terminology and test methods for declaring the characteristics
of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS detect the ANNIHILATION
RADIATION of positron emitting RADIONUCLIDEs by COINCIDENCE DETECTION.
The test methods specified in this part of IEC 61675 have been selected to reflect as much as
possible the clinical use of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS. It is intended that the test
methods be carried out by manufacturers, thereby enabling them to declare the characteristics
of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS. So, the specifications given in the ACCOMPANYING
DOCUMENTS shall be in accordance with this standard. This standard does not imply which tests
will be performed by the manufacturer on an individual tomograph.
No test has been specified to characterize the uniformity of reconstructed images, because all
methods known so far will mostly reflect the noise in the image.
1.2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of IEC 61675. At the time of publication, the edition indicated
was valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this part of IEC 61675 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent edition of the normative document indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60788:1984, Medical radiology – Terminology
2 Terminology and definitions
For the purpose of this part of IEC 61675, the definitions given in IEC 60788 (see annex A) and
the following definitions apply.
Defined terms are printed in small capitals.
2.1 TOMOGRAPHY (see annex A)
2.1.1
TRANSVERSE TOMOGRAPHY
in TRANSVERSE TOMOGRAPHY the three-dimensional object is sliced by physical methods, for
example collimation, into a stack of OBJECT SLICES, which are considered as being two-
dimensional and independent from each other. The transverse IMAGE PLANES are perpendicular
SYSTEM AXIS.
to the
61675-1 © IEC:1998+A1:2008(E) – 7 –
2.1.2
EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (ECT)
imaging method for the representation of the spatial distribution of incorporated RADIONUCLIDEs
in selected two-dimensional slices through the object
2.1.2.1
PROJECTION
transformation of a three-dimensional object into its two-dimensional image or of a two-
dimensional object into its one-dimensional image, by integrating the physical property which
dete
...