ISO/TR 14232-2:2017
(Main)Thermal spraying — Powders — Part 2: Comparison of coating performance and spray powder chemistry
Thermal spraying — Powders — Part 2: Comparison of coating performance and spray powder chemistry
ISO/TR 14232-2:2017 gives guidelines for selecting the powder chemistry or composition for obtaining an objective coating performance. It provides comparisons of coating performance for wear resistance (Table 1) and corrosion resistance (Table 2) to spray powder chemistry/composition. The wear types shown in Table 1 are abrasive, adhesive, chemical, erosion, fretting, impact, rolling and sliding. The corrosion types shown in Table 2 are acid/alkaline/salt, atmospheric, biochemical, biological, chemical agent, chemicals in food, combustion gas, sea water, fresh water, molten metal, molten salt, non-aqueous solution, soil, steam and miscellaneous. The tables give the coating chemistries and describe the composition of spray powder of metals/alloys, ceramics and cermets. The guidelines have been produced on the basis of academic literature, in particular the Journal of Thermal Spray Technology and the Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference.
Projection thermique — Poudres — Partie 2: Comparaison de enduire performance et poudre chimie
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Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 14232-2
First edition
2017-07
Thermal spraying — Powders —
Part 2:
Comparison of coating performance
and spray powder chemistry
Projection thermique — Poudres —
Partie 2: Comparaison de enduire performance et poudre chimie
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Comparison table of wear resistance and spray powder chemistry .1
5 Comparison table of corrosion resistance and spray powder chemistry .4
Bibliography .10
Foreword
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URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings.
This first edition of ISO 14232-2, together with ISO 14232-1:2017, cancels and replaces ISO 14232:2000,
which has been technically revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 14232 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The performance of a sprayed coating is one of the major factors for its industrial application. However,
the chemical composition or chemistry of the sprayed powder is not always the key information for the
actual coating application. Understanding the relationship between the chemical composition/chemistry
of the sprayed powder and the resulting coating performance allows for the most effective selection of
powder to obtain the required coating performance.
This document provides technical information describing the comparison of spray powder chemistry
and coating performance. Spray coating performances are extremely diverse. This document examines
the performances of wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Other performance categories are in
preparation.
The ISO 14232 series consists of two parts. ISO 14232-1 examines the characterization of spray powders.
This document is a technical report that examines how technical literature describes the application of
powders.
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14232-2:2017(E)
Thermal spraying — Powders —
Part 2:
Comparison of coating performance and spray powder
chemistry
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for selecting the powder chemistry or composition for obtaining an
objective coating performance.
It provides comparisons of coating performance for wear resistance (Table 1) and corrosion resistance
(Table 2) to spray powder chemistry/composition. The wear types shown in Table 1 are abrasive,
adhesive, chemical, erosion, fretting, impact, rolling and sliding. The corrosion types shown in
Table 2 are acid/alkaline/salt, atmospheric, biochemical, biological, chemical agent, chemicals in food,
combustion gas, sea water, fresh water, molten metal, molten salt, non-aqueous solution, soil, steam and
miscellaneous. The tables give the coating chemistries and describe the composition of spray powder
of metals/alloys, ceramics and cermets. The guidelines have been produced on the basis of academic
literature, in particular the Journal of Thermal Spray Technology and the Proceedings of the International
Thermal Spray Conference.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
4 Comparison table of wear resistance and spray powder chemistry
Table 1 — Comparison of wear resistance and spray powder chemistry
Type of
Metals Ceramics Cermet
wear
[6][8][16][74][77][80]
Al2O3
[75] [77][80]
Abrasive 316L Al2O3-Ni
[93][96]
[9] [24][64][99] [10]
Amorphous ferrochromes Al2O3-TiO2 Al-SiC
[100] [80] [9]
Co-based self-fluxing alloy Al2O3-ZrO2 Carbide cermet
[8][54][73][74][75][93] [37][42][52][55][62][73][74]
Cr2O3 Cr3C2-NiCr
[9]
Cobalt alloys
[94][99] [75][85][99][69]
[30] [6][28][54][96] [67]
Fe-13Cr-7Ni-4B-5W-0,2C TiO2 Cr3C2-NiCr-SFA
[31] [6][54] [70]
Fe-40Al-0,05Zr ZrO2-Y2O3 FeNiAlCr-TiC-Al2O3
Table 1 (continued)
Type of
Metals Ceramics Cermet
wear
[87] [92]
FeCrMoWMnBCSi Ni-based cermet
[99] [60]
FeCrNi Ni 60
[9] [99]
Fusible NiCrSiB-WC-Co
[55] [60]
Inconel 625 NiWC25
[9] [60]
Mo alloys NiWC35
[29] [57]
Ni-21Cr-8,3Mo-5Fe-1,2Nb-Ti SiC cermet
[51] [56]
NiCr TiC-SFA
[11][50][75][99][107] [74]
NiCrSiB VC-WC-CoCr
[50] [61]
Stellite 6 WC cermet
[1][3][5][11][15][17][22][37][48]
WC-Co
[42] [49][63][65][66][68][69][74][75][85][99]
Stellite-21
[101][104]
[15][42][48][49][55][58][69][73]
WC-CoCr
[74]
[84][85][99]
[69]
WC-Ni
[34] [74][98] [97]
Adhesive Fe-0,8C Al2O3 Al2O3-Al
[34] [74][81][103] [37][74][103]
Fe-19Cr- 0,1C-1,6B Cr2O3 Cr3C2-NiCr
[88] [28] [102]
FeCrMoWMnBCSi TiO2 FeB-BN
[59]
MoS2 cermet
[74]
VC-WC-CoCr
[5][37][74][89]
WC-Co
[41][74][103]
WC-CoCr
[55] [64] [55][85]
Chemical Inconel 625 Al2O3-TiO2 Cr3C2-NiCr
[85]
WC-Co
[41][55][85]
WC-CoCr
[34] [94] [52][55][62][69]
Erosion Fe-0,8C Cr2O3 Cr3C2-NiCr
[34] [28] [67]
Fe-19Cr-0,1C-1,6B TiO2 Cr3C2-NiCr-SFA
[31] [4] [70]
Fe-40Al-0,05Zr ZrO2-5CaO FeNiAlCr-TiC-Al2O3
[88] [4][18][82] [60]
FeCrMoWMnBCSi ZrO2-Y2O3 Ni60
[55] [60]
Inconel 625 NiWC25
[11] [60]
NiCrSiB NiWC35
[21] [57]
NiCrSiFeB SiC cermet
[56]
TiC-SFA
[61]
WC cermet
[3][4][5][11][21][22][38][49][63]
WC-Co
[69][95]
[21][49][55][58][69]
WC-CoCr
[21]
WC-CoFe
[69]
WC-Ni
[91] [69]
Fretting CuNiIn Cr3C2-NiCr
[69][89]
WC-Co
[69]
WC-CoCr
[69]
WC-Ni
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
Type of
Metals Ceramics Cermet
wear
[9] [9]
Impact Amorphous ferrochromes Carbide cermet
[9] [42]
Cobalt alloys Cr3C2-NiCr
[34] [21]
Fe-0,8C WC-Co
[34] [21][42]
Fe-19Cr-0,1C-1,6B WC-CoCr
[9] [21]
Fusible WC-CoFe
[9]
Mo alloys
[21]
NiCrSiFeB
[42]
Stellite-21
[83] [61]
Rolling AlSnCuNi WC cermet
[68]
WC-Co
[25] [16][74][98] [97]
Sliding Al-20Sn-1Cu Al2O3 Al2O3-Al
[25] [32][64][106][111] [110]
Al-20Sn-1Cu-2Ni Al2O3-TiO2 Cr3C2-CoNiCrAlY
[25] [40] [7][13][71][74][103][110]
Al-20Sn-1Cu-7Si Al2O3-ZrO2 Cr3C2-NiCr
[26] [2][13][32][74][103] [67]
Co-28Mo-17Cr-3Si Cr2O3 Cr3C2-NiCr-SFA
[90] [43] [102]
CoMoCrSi Cr2O3-TiO2 FeB-BN
[79] [18][32][78] [27]
CuWZn ZrO2-Y2O3 MoCoB-CoCr
[36] [20]
Fe-15Cr-14Mo-15C-6B-2Y Mo-FEP-Al2O3-TiO2
[31] [59]
Fe-40Al-0,05Zr MoS2 cermet
[45] [60]
FeCrB Ni60
[109] [86]
FeCrNiBC NiCrWB-50Al2O3
[35] [79]
FeCrWBMoMn Ni-TiC
[23] [60]
Mo-(Cu-10Sn)-(Al-12Si) NiWC25
[29] [60]
Ni-21Cr-8,3Mo-5Fe-1,2Nb-Ti NiWC35
[33][105] [57]
Ni-3Al SiC cermet
[33][105] [56]
NiCr TiC-SFA
[112] [7]
NiCrSiB TiC-Ti
[2] [74]
Stainless steel VC-WC-CoCr
[7] [39]
Ti WC-(W/Cr)2C-Ni
[7][12][13][14][17][19][38][39][44]
WC-Co
[46][53][63][68][72][74][76][86][110]
[12][14][19][20][32][41][44][46]
WC-CoCr
[53][58][74][103][108]
[47]
WC-Co-NiCrSiB
[44][110]
WC-Cr3C2-Ni
[20]
WC-Ni
5 Comparison table of corrosion resistance and spray powder chemistry
Table 2 — Comparison of corrosion resistance and spray powder chemistry
Type of
Environment and effects Materials Ref. no.
corrosion
Acid/alkaline/
Galvanic Al on Ni-20Cr [196]
salt
Al2O3, Cr2O3 [129]
Fe-based alloy [178]
Fe-17Cr-38Mo-4C alloy [124]
Inconel 625 [289]
Inconel 690 [202]
Many kinds of materials [190]
NiCrMoB [210]
Stainless steel [184]
316L [183]
Ternary coating system involving
[209]
aluminium, zinc and magnesium
Twin-wire electric arc spraying of zinc
[188]
and aluminium coatings
Mechanical Al2O3, Cr2O3, Al2O3-ZrO2 [205]
Metallographic Al2O3-TiO2 [160], [261]
Fe-10Cr-10Mo containing a large
amount of [121]
carbon and/or boron
Fe-based alloy [168]
Hastelloy C-22 [145]
Ni-Ti composite [169]
WC, NiCrMo [243]
WC-Co [239]
Mechanical Cr2O3, WC-12%Co, Ni-11%P, Al-2%Zn [123]
Uniform Al, Al+Al2O3, Al+Al2O3+Zn [174]
Al2O3, Al2O3-Cr2O3 [295]
Al2O3-TiO2 [270], [273]
Al-Al2O3 [272]
Cr3C2–20NiCr [267]
TM
Fe-Cr-based Armacor C coating [194]
Fusible Ni-B-Si alloys with a variety of
[191]
alloy additions (Cr, Mo, Cu, etc.)
Inconel 625 [279]
Ni, Ni-20Cu, Ni-20Cr, Ni-20Cr+50Al2O3,
[161]
Ni-20Cr+30WC-CoCr
Ni-20Cr [116]
NiCrBSi [282]
SM 8625, Inconel 625, SM8276,
Hastelloy276, Deloro Stellite 21, Mo [294]
wire
316L [193]
Ta [271]
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 2 (continued)
Type of
Environment and effects Materials Ref. no.
corrosion
[164], [192],
Ti
[269], [278]
TiO2 [165]
WC-10Co4Cr, Cr3C2–25NiCr, Sanicro28 [283]
YSZ [167]
Zn, Al, Zn-15Al [266]
Galvanic Al-5%Mg [171]
Fe-10Cr-13P-7C [127]
Fe-based amorphous alloys [138]
IN 625 [139]
Ni-50%Cr mixed with NbC, TaC, TiC,
[125]
WC, Cr3C2, or VC
Ni-based amorphous alloys [135]
NiCr, NiCrSiB, NiCrMoFeCuBSi,
NiCrMoNb, CoNiCrMoBSi, WC-Co, [204]
CrC-NiCr
WC-Co, WC-Co-Cr, WC-NiMoCrFeCo,
WC-FeCrAl, WC-SS316L, WC-FeNiCr
[285]
alloy, Cr3C2-NiCr, Cr3C2-NiCrMoNb,
FeCrC-Ni
Mechanical TiO2 [149]
Metallographic Cr3C2-NiCr [156]
WC-CoCr [170]
Atmospheric
Galvanic Zn [119], [120]
corrosion
High
CrC-NiCr [232]
temperature
MCrAlY [247]
NiCrAlY [288]
YSZ [128]
YSZ, CaO-SiO2-ZrO2 [122]
Environmental
Cr3C2-NiCr [148]
embrittlement
Cr3C2-NiCr, WC [154]
Mechanical Uniform Al2O3, CrNi-steel, CrMo-steel [224]
Metallographic Al, Zn, NiAl, NiCrBSi [233]
Uniform CrMo-steel, TiC-Ni-Ti [226]
AlSi/Graphite, AlSi/hBN [216]
Environmental
Zn [252]
embrittlement
Galvanic Zn [220]
High temperature Al, FeCrNi, FeCrNiSiB [140]
Metallographic CrC-NiCr [228]
Ethylene methacrylic acid and ethylene
Biochemical Uniform [195]
tetrafluoroethylene
Biological Metallographic Ti [177]
Table 2 (continued)
Type of
Environment and effects Materials Ref. no.
corrosion
High
Chemical agent Fe-Al, Incoloy 800H [213]
temperature
In 625 [254]
Environmental
SFA [152]
embrittlement
SFA, In 625 [153]
Mechanical Hastelloy C276, SUS316L [115]
Chemicals in
Mechanical NiCr [219]
food
Combustion High
304, Al [245]
gas temperature
CoNiCrAlY [114]
Cr-based alloy [225]
Cr-Ni-2,5Mo-1Si-0,5B (55 % and 58 %
[118]
Cr)
Fe-Cr-Si [276]
In 625 [254]
MCrAlY, YSZ [131]
MoSi [179]
Ni-20Cr [173]
Ni-50Cr [151], [211]
NiAl, WC [246]
Nickel and cobalt-based self-fluxing
alloys, iron-based amorphous alloy and [176]
chromium carbide cermet coatings
Phosphoric acid sealed ceramic coatings [182]
Sol-gelled 8YZ [181]
Y2O3-ZrO2 [144]
YSZ [180], [234]
YSZ, NiAl [136]
Environmental
Cr3C2NiCr [148]
embrittlement
Cr3C2NiCr, WC [154]
SFA [152]
SFA, In 625 [153]
Metallographic Ni-5Al [113]
Sea water Galvanic Al [249]
Al, Zn, ZnAl [253]
AlSn, AlSnCu [203]
Al-Zn [286]
FeCrNiMo stainless steel [217]
Inconel 625 [289]
Inconel 690 [202]
Many kinds of off-shore application [189]
Ni-based 16C, Co-based Stellite 6 [207]
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 2 (continued)
Type of
Environment and effects Materials Ref. no.
corrosion
NiCr+Mo, laser alloy [198]
Stainless steel [184]
Ti [291], [297]
TiC+NiTi, (Ti, W)C+Ni, WC-Co,
[200]
WC-CoCr, CrC-NiCr, Inconel
WC-Co, Inconel [215]
WC-CoCr, NiCrSiB [201]
Zn, Zn-Al [260]
Zn, ZnAl, ZnSnAl, ZnMgAl, ZnCr5 [293]
ZnAl [264]
Uniform Al [287]
Al2O3+sealants [133]
Al-Cu, Al-Zn, Zn [275]
AlSi/Graphite, AlSi/hBN [216]
Polymer [235]
Ta, Ti [126]
Ti [134]
Ti [281]
WC-CoCr [187]
WC-CoCr/HVOF, Sealing [166]
Zn, Zn-15Al, Al, Al-5Si, Al-12Si,
Cu-7Al-0,5Fe, Cu-9Al-4Ni-4Fe-1,5Mg,
[162]
60Cu-40Zn-0,7Sn-0,05Pb, 420 stainless
steel, 316 stainless steel
ZnNi-Al2O3, ZnCu-Al2O3, Zn-Al-Al2O3 [284]
Environmental
Al [130]
embrittlement
Zn [197]
Galvanic Al, Al+Al2O3, Al+Al2O3+Zn [292]
WC-Co, Ni [137]
WC-Co, WC-Co-Cr, WC-NiMoCrFeCo,
WC-FeCrAl, WC-SS316L, WC-FeNiCr
[285]
alloy, Cr3C2-NiCr, Cr3C2-NiCrMoNb,
Fe-CrC-Ni
WC-CoCr, WC-NiCr, WC-CoCrMo,
[208]
WC-CrMoNi
Zn, Al, Zn15Al, Al5Mg [199]
Zn, Al [242]
Zn [220]
High
Al, FeCrNi, FeCrNiSiB [140]
temperature
Mechanical PEEK [230]
TiO2 [149]
WC-Co, WC-CoCr, Cr2O3, NiCrSiB [212]
Metallographic Cr3C2-NiCr [156], [228]
WC-CoCr [251]
Table 2 (continued)
Type of
Environment and effects Materials Ref. no.
corrosion
WC-NiCr, CrC-NiCr, TiC-NiCr [229]
ZnAl [132]
Metallographic 316L [238]
316L, Hastelloy C [236]
Al, Zn, NiAl, NiCrBSi [233]
Fe-based [257]
Hasrelloy C [240]
Inconel 625 [237]
NiCrMoNb [241]
NiCrWBSi [143]
316 [263]
Ti [158]
WC-CoCr [244]
WC-CoCr, WC-Co [146]
Galvanic WC-Co [227]
Uniform NiCrMoSiB [141]
Mechanical Al2O3 [214]
Al2O3, Cr2O3, Al2O3-Cr2O3 [206]
NiCrMoSiB [142]
WC-CoCr, WC-NiCr, WC-CoCrMo,
Galvanic [218]
WC-CrMoNi
High
SUME SOL, Mo, WC-CoCr [223]
temperature
Uniform Al2O3, CrNi-steel, CrMo-steel [224]
Environmental
Stainless steel [147]
embrittlement
Zn, Al [268]
Environmental
Fresh water Stainless steel wire [147]
embrittlement
Galvanic Al, Zn, ZnAl [253]
Metallographic Stainless steel [250]
Uniform Stainless steel [155]
Mechanical WC-Co, SFA, Cr2O3, Al2O3 [221]
Environmental
Zn [252]
embrittlement
Molten metal Galvanic WC-Co, WC-CoCr, MoB-CoCr [163]
Metallographic WC, Cr3C2-cermet [258]
High
Molten salt Cr3C2-NiCr [157]
temperature
Cr-Ni-2,5Mo-1Si-0,5B (55 % and 58 %
[118]
Cr)
Ni-20Cr [274]
Ni-5Al, NiCrAl [262]
Nickel and cobalt-based self-fluxing
alloys, iron-based amorphous alloy and [176]
chromium carbide cermet coatings
8 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 2 (continued)
Type of
Environment and effects Materials Ref. no.
corrosion
NiCr [159]
WC-Co [265]
WC-NiCrFeSiB [255]
YSZ, CaO-SiO2-ZrO2 [122]
Metallographic Cr [248]
Uniform Ni-20Cr [290]
Metallographic Ni-20Cr [298]
Non-aqueous
Galvanic Al [256]
solution
High
CaZrO3 [172]
temperature
CoNiCrAlY [175]
Ni-Cr, NiCrAlY [277]
Soil corrosion Mechanical Ni-based [259]
High
Steam Ni-50Cr [151]
temperature
Environmental
Mullite/YSZ [280]
embrittlement
High
Miscellaneous FeCrAl, NiAl [296]
temperature
Mechanical Slurry erosion test [185]
WC-(Co/Cr/Mo/Ni) erosion-corrosion [186]
Metallographic Titanium-manganese alloy [117]
Uniform Metallographic WC-CoCr [251]
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of plasma-and detonation gun-sprayed alumina coatings using Taguchi experimental design.
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coatings. JTST. 10 (1), pp. 118–125, WC-Co
[18] Guilemany J.M., Armada S., Miguel J.M. Evaluation of wear damage in zirconia plasma-sprayed
coatings using scanning white light interferometry. JTST. 10 (1), pp. 142–146, ZrO2-Y2O3
10 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
[19] Savarimuthu A.C., Taber H.F., Megat I., Shadley J.R., Rybicki E.F., Cornell W.C. Sliding wear
behavior of tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings for replacement of chromium electroplate
in aircraft applications. JTST. 10 (3), pp. 502−510, WC-Co, WC-CoCr
[20] Marple B.R., & Voyer J. Improved wear performance by the incorporation of solid lubricants
during thermal spraying. JTST. 10 (4), pp. 626–636, “WC-Ni, WC-CoCr, Mo-FEP-Al2O3-TiO2”
[21] Kulu P., & Pihl T. Selection criteria for wear resistant powder coatings under extreme erosive
wear conditions. JTST. 11 (4), pp. 517–522, “WC-Co, WC-CoCr, WC-CoFe, NiCrSiFeB”
[22] Dent A.H., DePalo S., Sampath S. Examination of the wear properties of HVOF sprayed
nanostructured and conventional WC-Co cermets with different binder phase contents. JTST. 11
(4), pp. 551–558, WC-Co
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blend coatings. JTST. 14 (2), pp. 251–257, “Mo-(Cu-10Sn)-Al-12Si)”
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nanostructured TiO2 in comparison to air plasma-sprayed conventional Al2O3-13TiO2. JTST. 14
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thermally sprayed Al-Sn-based alloys for plain bearing application. JTST. 15 (4), pp. 634–639,
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(1), pp. 32–33, MoCoB-CoCr
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high-pressure acid-leach application. JTST. 16 (1), pp. 34–39, nano-TiO2
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resistance applied on municipal solid-waste incinerators. JTST. 17 (2), pp. 254–262, “Ni-21Cr-
8.3Mo-5Fe-1.2Nb-Ti”
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Al2O3-13TiO2, Cr2O3, WC-CoCr”
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of diesel engines. JTST. 19 (5), pp. 866–872, “Fe-0.8C, Fe-19Cr-0.1C-1.6B”
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12 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
[53] Savarimuthu A.C., Megat I., Taber H.F., Shadley J.R., Rybicki E.F., Emery W.A. Sliding Wear
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14 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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