ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008
(Main)Information technology — Security techniques — Key management — Part 3: Mechanisms using asymmetric techniques
Information technology — Security techniques — Key management — Part 3: Mechanisms using asymmetric techniques
ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008 defines key management mechanisms based on asymmetric cryptographic techniques. It specifically addresses the use of asymmetric techniques to achieve the following goals. Establish a shared secret key for a symmetric cryptographic technique between two entities A and B by key agreement. In a secret key agreement mechanism, the secret key is the result of a data exchange between the two entities A and B. Neither of them can predetermine the value of the shared secret key. Establish a shared secret key for a symmetric cryptographic technique between two entities A and B by key transport. In a secret key transport mechanism, the secret key is chosen by one entity A and is transferred to another entity B, suitably protected by asymmetric techniques. Make an entity's public key available to other entities by key transport. In a public key transport mechanism, the public key of entity A must be transferred to other entities in an authenticated way, but not requiring secrecy. Some of the mechanisms of ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008 are based on the corresponding authentication mechanisms in ISO/IEC 9798-3. ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008 does not cover aspects of key management such as key lifecycle management, mechanisms to generate or validate asymmetric key pairs, mechanisms to store, archive, delete, destroy, etc. keys. While ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008 does not explicitly cover the distribution of an entity's private key (of an asymmetric key pair) from a trusted third party to a requesting entity, the key transport mechanisms described can be used to achieve this. A private key can in all cases be distributed with these mechanisms where an existing, non-compromised key already exists. However, in practice the distribution of private keys is usually a manual process that relies on technological means like smart cards, etc. ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008 does not cover the implementations of the transformations used in the key management mechanisms.
Technologies de l'information — Techniques de sécurité — Gestion de clés — Partie 3: Mécanismes utilisant des techniques asymétriques
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 11770-3
Second edition
2008-07-15
Information technology — Security
techniques — Key management —
Part 3:
Mechanisms using asymmetric
techniques
Technologies de l'information — Techniques de sécurité — Gestion de
clés —
Partie 3: Mécanismes utilisant des techniques asymétriques
Reference number
ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2008
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 6
5 Requirements . 8
6 Key derivation functions. 8
7 Cofactor multiplication. 9
8 Key commitment. 10
9 Key confirmation. 10
10 Secret key agreement. 12
10.1 Key agreement mechanism 1 . 12
10.2 Key agreement mechanism 2 . 13
10.3 Key agreement mechanism 3 . 14
10.4 Key agreement mechanism 4 . 16
10.5 Key agreement mechanism 5 . 17
10.6 Key agreement mechanism 6 . 18
10.7 Key agreement mechanism 7 . 20
10.8 Key agreement mechanism 8 . 22
10.9 Key agreement mechanism 9 . 23
10.10 Key agreement mechanism 10 . 24
10.11 Key agreement mechanism 11 . 25
11 Secret key transport . 27
11.1 Key transport mechanism 1. 27
11.2 Key transport mechanism 2. 28
11.3 Key transport mechanism 3. 30
11.4 Key transport mechanism 4. 31
11.5 Key transport mechanism 5. 33
11.6 Key transport mechanism 6. 35
12 Public key transport . 37
12.1 Public key distribution without a trusted third party . 37
12.2 Public key distribution using a trusted third party . 39
Annex A (informative) Properties of key establishment mechanisms. 41
Annex B (informative) Examples of key derivation functions . 43
Annex C (informative) Examples of key establishment mechanisms. 51
Annex D (informative) Examples of elliptic curve based key establishment mechanisms. 57
Annex E (informative) Key transport . 69
Annex F (normative) ASN.1 module . 74
Bibliography . 82
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
ISO/IEC 11770-3 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 27, IT Security techniques.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 11770-3:1999), and ISO/IEC 15946-3:2002,
which have been merged and updated to present a uniform standard on key management.
ISO/IEC 11770 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Security
techniques — Key management:
⎯ Part 1: Framework
⎯ Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric techniques
⎯ Part 3: Mechanisms using asymmetric techniques
⎯ Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO/IEC 11770 defines schemes that can be used for key agreement and schemes that can be
used for key transport.
Public key cryptosystems were first proposed in the seminal paper by Diffie and Hellman in 1976. The security
of many cryptosystems is based on the presumed intractability of solving the discrete logarithm problem over
a finite field. Other cryptosystems such as RSA are based on the difficulty of the integer factorization problem.
The second form of cryptography discussed in this part of ISO/IEC 11770 is based on elliptic curves. The
security of such a public key system depends on the difficulty of determining discrete logarithms in the group
of points of an elliptic curve. This problem is, with current knowledge, much harder than the factorization of
integers or the computation of discrete logarithms in a finite field. Indeed, since V. Miller and N. Koblitz in 1985
independently suggested the use of elliptic curves for public key cryptographic systems, no substantial
progress in tackling the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem has been reported. In general, only
algorithms that take exponential time are known to determine elliptic curve discrete logarithms. Thus, it is
possible for elliptic curve based public key systems to use much shorter parameters than the RSA system or
the classical discrete logarithm based systems that make use of the multiplicative group of some finite field.
This yields significantly shorter digital signatures and system parameters and allows for computations using
smaller integers.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document may involve the use of patents.
ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of these patent rights.
The holders of these patent rights have assured ISO and IEC that they are willing to negotiate licences under
reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world. In this respect,
the statements of the holders of these patent rights are registered with ISO and IEC. Information may be
obtained from:
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 Standing Document 8 (SD 8).
SD 8 is publicly available at http://www.jtc1sc27.din.de/sce/sd8.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights other than those identified above. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
Information technology — Security techniques — Key
management —
Part 3:
Mechanisms using asymmetric techniques
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 11770 defines key management mechanisms based on asymmetric cryptographic
techniques. It specifically addresses the use of asymmetric techniques to achieve the following goals.
1) Establish a shared secret key for a symmetric cryptographic technique between two entities A and B by
key agreement. In a secret key agreement mechanism, the secret key is the result of a data exchange
between the two entities A and B. Neither of them can predetermine the value of the shared secret key.
2) Establish a shared secret key for a symmetric cryptographic technique between two entities A and B by
key transport. In a secret key transport mechanism, the secret key is chosen by one entity A and is
transferred to another entity B, suitably protected by asymmetric techniques.
3) Make an entity's public key available to other entities by key transport. In a public key transport
mechanism, the public key of entity A must be transferred to other entities in an authenticated way, but
not requiring secrecy.
Some of the mechanisms of this part of ISO/IEC 11770 are based on the corresponding authentication
mechanisms in ISO/IEC 9798-3.
This part of ISO/IEC 11770 does not cover aspects of key management such as
⎯ key lifecycle management,
⎯ mechanisms to generate or validate asymmetric key pairs,
⎯ mechanisms to store, archive, delete, destroy, etc. keys.
While this part of ISO/IEC 11770 does not explicitly cover the distribution of an entity's private key (of an
asymmetric key pair) from a trusted third party to a requesting entity, the key transport mechanisms described
can be used to achieve this. A private key can in all cases be distributed with these mechanisms where an
existing, non-compromised key already exists. However, in practice the distribution of private keys is usually a
manual process that relies on technological means like smart cards, etc.
This part of ISO/IEC 11770 does not cover the implementations of the transformations used in the key
management mechanisms.
NOTE To achieve authenticity of key management messages, it is possible to make provisions for authenticity within
the key establishment protocol or to use a public key signature system to sign the key exchange messages.
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10118 (all parts), Information technology — Security techniques — Hash-functions
ISO/IEC 14888 (all parts), Information technology — Security techniques — Digital signatures with appendix
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
asymmetric cryptographic technique
cryptographic technique that uses two related transformations, a public transformation (defined by the public
key) and a private transformation (defined by the private key), and has the property that given the public
transformation, it is computationally infeasible to derive the private transformation
NOTE A system based on asymmetric cryptographic techniques can either be an encipherment system, a signature
system, a combined encipherment and signature system, or a key agreement system. With asymmetric cryptographic
techniques there are four elementary transformations: sign and verify for signature systems, encipher and decipher for
encipherment systems. The signature and the decipherment transformation are kept private by the owning entity, whereas
the corresponding verification and encipherment transformations are published. There exist asymmetric cryptosystems
(e.g. RSA) where the four elementary functions can be achieved by only two transformations: one private transformation
suffices for both signing and decrypting messages, and one public transformation suffices for both verifying and encrypting
messages. However, since this does not conform to the principle of key separation, throughout this part of ISO/IEC 11770,
the four elementary transformations and the corresponding keys are kept separate.
3.2
asymmetric encipherment system
system based on asymmetric cryptographic techniques whose public transformation is used for encipherment
and whose private transformation is used for decipherment
3.3
asymmetric key pair
pair of related keys where the private key defines the private transformation and the public key defines the
public transformation
3.4
certification authority
CA
centre trusted to create and assign public key certificates
3.5
decipherment
reversal of a corresponding encipherment
[ISO/IEC 11770-1:1996]
3.6
digital signature
data unit appended to, or a cryptographic transformation of, a data unit that allows a recipient of the data unit
to prove the origin and integrity of the data unit and protect the sender and the recipient of the data unit
against forgery by third parties, and the sender against forgery by the recipient
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
3.7
distinguishing identifier
information which unambiguously distinguishes an entity
[ISO/IEC 11770-1:1996]
3.8
encipherment
(reversible) transformation of data by a cryptographic algorithm to produce ciphertext, i.e. to hide the
information content of the data
[ISO/IEC 9797-1:1999, ISO/IEC 11770-1:1996, ISO/IEC 18033-1:2005]
3.9
entity authentication
corroboration that an entity is the one claimed
[ISO/IEC 9798-1:1997]
3.10
entity authentication of entity A to entity B
assurance of the identity of entity A for entity B
3.11
explicit key authentication from entity A to entity B
assurance for entity B that entity A is the only other entity that is in possession of the correct key
NOTE Implicit key authentication from entity A to entity B and key confirmation from entity A to entity B together imply
explicit key authentication from entity A to entity B.
3.12
forward secrecy with respect to entity A
property that knowledge of entity A’s long-term private key subsequent to a key agreement operation does not
enable an opponent to recompute previously derived keys
3.13
forward secrecy with respect to both entity A and entity B individually
property that knowledge of entity A’s long-term private key or knowledge of entity B’s long-term private key
subsequent to a key agreement operation does not enable an opponent to recompute previously derived keys
NOTE This differs from mutual forward secrecy in which knowledge of both entity A’s and entity B’s long-term private
keys do not enable recomputation of previously derived keys.
3.14
hash-function
function which maps strings of bits to fixed-length strings of bits, satisfying two properties:
1) it is computationally infeasible to find for a given output, an input which maps to this output;
2) it is computationally infeasible to find for a given input, a second input which maps to the same output
NOTE 1 The literature on this subject contains a variety of terms which have the same or similar meaning as hash-
function. Compressed encoding and condensing function are some examples.
NOTE 2 Computational feasibility depends on the user’s specific security requirements and environment.
3.15
implicit key authentication from entity A to entity B
assurance for entity B that entity A is the only other entity that can possibly be in possession of the correct key
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
3.16
key
sequence of symbols that controls the operation of a cryptographic transformation (e.g. encipherment,
decipherment, MAC function computation, signature calculation, or signature verification)
[ISO/IEC 11770-1:1996]
3.17
key agreement
process of establishing a shared secret key between entities in such a way that neither of them can
predetermine the value of that key
NOTE By “predetermine” it is meant that neither entity A nor entity B can, in a computationally efficient way, choose a
smaller key space and force the computed key in the protocol to fall into that key space.
3.18
key commitment
process of committing to use specific keys in the operation of a key agreement scheme before revealing the
specified keys
3.19
key confirmation from entity A to entity B
assurance for entity B that entity A is in possession of the correct key
3.20
key control
ability to choose the key or the parameters used in the key computation
3.21
key derivation function
function that outputs one or more shared secrets, used as keys, given shared secrets and other mutually
known parameters as input
3.22
key establishment
process of making available a shared secret key to one or more entities, where the process includes key
agreement and key transport
3.23
key token
key management message sent from one entity to another entity during the execution of a key management
mechanism
3.24
key transport
process of transferring a key from one entity to another entity, suitably protected
3.25
message authentication code
MAC
string of bits which is the output of a MAC algorithm
NOTE A MAC is sometimes called a cryptographic check value (see, for example, ISO 7498-2).
3.26
message authentication code (MAC) algorithm
algorithm for computing a function which maps strings of bits and a secret key to fixed-length strings of bits,
satisfying the following two properties:
1) for any key and any input string the function can be computed efficiently;
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
2) for any fixed key, and given no prior knowledge of the key, it is computationally infeasible to compute the
function value on any new input string, even given knowledge of the set of input strings and corresponding
function values, where the value of the i th input string may have been chosen after observing the value of the
first i − 1 function values
3.27
mutual entity authentication
entity authentication which provides both entities with assurance of each other’s identity
3.28
mutual forward secrecy
property that knowledge of both entity A’s and entity B’s long-term private keys subsequent to a key
agreement operation does not enable an opponent to recompute previously derived keys
3.29
one-way function
function with the property that it is easy to compute the output for a given input, but it is computationally
infeasible to find for a given output an input which maps to this output
3.30
prefix free representation
representation of a data element for which concatenation with any other data does not produce a valid
representation
3.31
private key
key of an entity’s asymmetric key pair which can only be used by that entity
NOTE In the case of an asymmetric signature system, the private key defines the signature transformation. In the
case of an asymmetric encipherment system, the private key defines the decipherment transformation.
3.32
public key
key of an entity’s asymmetric key pair which can be made public
NOTE In the case of an asymmetric signature system, the public key defines the verification transformation. In the
case of an asymmetric encipherment system, the public key defines the encipherment transformation. A key that is
“publicly known” is not necessarily globally available. The key can be available only to all members of a pre-specified
group.
3.33
public key certificate
public key information of an entity signed by the certification authority and thereby rendered unforgeable
3.34
public key information
information containing at least the entity’s distinguishing identifier and public key, but which can include other
static information regarding the certification authority, the entity, restrictions on key usage, the validity period,
or the involved algorithms
3.35
secret key
key used with symmetric cryptographic techniques by a specified set of entities
3.36
sequence number
time variant parameter whose value is taken from a specified sequence which is non-repeating within a certain
time period
[ISO/IEC 11770-1:1996]
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
3.37
signature system
system based on asymmetric cryptographic techniques whose private transformation is used for signing and
whose public transformation is used for verification
3.38
time stamp
data item which denotes a point in time with respect to a common time reference
3.39
time stamping authority
trusted third party trusted to provide evidence which includes the time when the secure time stamp is
generated
[ISO/IEC 13888-1:2004]
3.40
time variant parameter
TVP
data item used to verify that a message is not a replay, such as a random number, a sequence number, or a
time stamp
NOTE If time stamps are used, secure and synchronized time clocks are required. If sequence numbers are used,
the ability to maintain and verify bilateral counters is required.
3.41
trusted third party
security authority, or its agent, trusted by other entities with respect to security related activities
[ISO/IEC 10181-1:1996]
4 Symbols and abbreviations
A, B distinguishing identifiers of entities
BE enciphered data block
BS signed data block
CA certification authority
Cert entity A’s public key certificate
A
D entity A’s private decipherment transformation
A
d entity A’s private decipherment key
A
2 3 m
E An elliptic curve, either given by an equation of the form Y = X + aX + b over the field F(p ) for
2 3 2 m
p>3, by an equation of the form Y + XY = X + aX + b over the field F(2 ), or by an equation of
2 3 2 m
the form Y = X + aX + b over the field F(3 ), together with an extra point O referred to as the
E
m m m
point at infinity. The elliptic curve is denoted by E/F(p ), E/F(2 ), or E/F(3 ), respectively.
E entity A’s public encipherment transformation
A
e entity A’s public encipherment key
A
F the key agreement function
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
F(h,g) the key agreement function using as input a cofactor h and a common element g
G a point on E with order n
g the common element shared publicly by all the entities that use the key agreement function F
H set of elements
hash hash-function
h entity A’s private key agreement key
A
j the cofactor used in performing cofactor multiplication
K a secret key for a symmetric cryptosystem
KT key token
KT entity A’s key token
A
KT the key token sent by entity A after processing phase i
Ai
K a secret key shared between entities A and B
AB
NOTE In practical implementations, the shared secret key should be subject to further processing
before it can be used for a symmetric cryptosystem.
kdf a key derivation function
l a supplementary value used in performing cofactor multiplication
M a data message
MAC Message Authentication Code
MAC (Z) The output of a MAC algorithm when using as input the secret key K and an arbitrary data string
K
Z
MQV Menezes-Qu-Vanstone
n a prime divisor of the order (or cardinality) of an elliptic curve E over a finite field
O the elliptic curve point at infinity
E
P a point on an elliptic curve E
P the x-coordinate of a point P
X
PKI entity A’s public key information
A
parameters parameters used in the key derivation function
p entity A’s public key agreement key
A
m
q a prime power p for some prime p ≠ 3 and some integer m ≥ 1
r a random number generated in the course of a mechanism
r a random number issued by entity A in a key agreement mechanism
A
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ISO/IEC 11770-3:2008(E)
S set of elements
S entity A’s private signature transformation
A
s entity A’s private signature key
A
TVP time-variant parameter such as a random number, a time stamp, or a sequence number
Texti i th optional text, data or other information that may be included in a data block, if desired
V entity A’s public verification transformation
A
v entity A’s public verification key
A
w one-way function
#E The order (or cardinality) of an elliptic curve E
|| concatenation of two data elements
⎡x⎤ the smallest integer greater than or equal to the real number x
∑ the digital signature
/2 /2
⎡ρ ⎤ ⎡ρ ⎤
π(P) (P mod 2 ) + 2 where ρ = ⎡log n⎤ and P is the x-coordinate of the point P
X 2 X
NOTE 1 No assumption is made on the nature of the signature transformation. In the case of a signature system with
message recovery, S (m) denotes the signature ∑ itself. In the case of a signature system with
...
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