ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008
(Main)Information technology — Learning, education and training — Collaborative technology — Collaborative learning communication — Part 1: Text-based communication
Information technology — Learning, education and training — Collaborative technology — Collaborative learning communication — Part 1: Text-based communication
ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008 specifies the Data Model for text-based expressions. It provides a standardized way of isolating and describing textual expressions composed and communicated by collaborative group members.
Technologies de l'information — Apprentissage, éducation et formation — Technologie collaborative — Communication d'apprentissage collaboratif — Partie 1: Communication à base de texte
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 19780-1
First edition
2008-05-01
Information technology — Learning,
education and training — Collaborative
technology — Collaborative learning
communication —
Part 1:
Text-based communication
Technologies de l'information —Apprentissage, éducation et
formation — Technologie collaborative — Communication
d'apprentissage collaboratif —
Partie 1: Communication à base de texte
Reference number
ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2008
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
0 Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
1.1 Statement of scope. 1
1.2 Excluded subjects and aspects . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Abbreviations and acronyms . 2
5 Text-based communication data model .3
5.1 Overview . 3
5.2 Expression data model specification . 3
5.3 Supplemental information for the expression data model. 9
6 Conformance. 12
Annex A (informative) Use cases. 13
Annex B (informative) Alphabetical list of terms . 15
Bibliography . 16
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 19780-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 36, Information technology for learning, education and training.
ISO/IEC 19780 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Learning,
education and training — Collaborative technology — Collaborative learning communication:
⎯ Part 1: Text-based communication
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
0 Introduction
0.1 Collaborative communication in general
Collaborative learning that is supported with information and communication technologies (ICTs) can involve
the use of a range of media, including audio (e.g. IP telephony), video (e.g. video over IP), graphics
(e.g. shared whiteboard) and text (e.g. chat, computer conferencing). Combinations of these media (e.g. audio
telegraphics) can also be used in collaborative learning activities. ISO/IEC 19780 focuses on messages and
events arising in the course of collaborative learning activities, using a range of collaborative tools and media
types. ISO/IEC 19780 understands and defines these communicative actions and events as being sent and
received by participants and within environments, as these are conceptualized and defined in ISO/IEC 19778.
This part of ISO/IEC 19780 focuses on text-based communications and messages. Future editions or parts of
ISO/IEC 19780 may address communications using other media (e.g. audio or video), or communications
independent of any particular medium. Experience and feedback deriving from this part of ISO/IEC 19780 and
from work with evolving communication media are likely to play an important role in determining the shape
and direction of this future standardization work.
In this context, “text” can be defined in terms provided by the Oxford English Dictionary: “the wording of
anything expressed; the structure formed by the words in their order; the very words, phrases, and sentences
as written.” Text is further understood here as that which can be expressed using a specified character set
(here the “coded character sets” defined in ISO 10646:2003). The use of markup languages derived from the
specified character set used is also admissible.
Some of the most common forms of ICT-supported collaborative learning involve the exchange of messages
or text-based expressions. As defined here, text-based collaboration and communication is characterized by
relatively brief messages or “small” expression bodies (e.g. a single word to a few paragraphs), and by
relatively short time intervals between such expressions (seconds to days). The result is that content
generated through this type of communication tends to be highly context-dependent, with any one textual
expression often gaining its meaning from complex relationships to others. This makes the portability and
potential reconstruction of these relationships and of this context of great significance.
Within the general parameters described above, the length of and time intervals between discrete
communicative actions or messages can vary. Collaborative technologies and activities with the smallest
intervals between messages are often labelled “synchronous”, and tend to be associated with the term “chat”.
Those with longer intervals and more sizeable expression bodies are often labelled “asynchronous”, and tend
to be associated with terms such as “discussion” or “conferencing”. In the terminology defined in
ISO/IEC 19778, both synchronous (chat) and asynchronous (discussion) represent particular collaborative
services, composed of collaborative tools (ICQ, Windows Messenger, etc.) which provide collaborative
functions (e.g. instant messaging). These functions, in turn, contribute to particular collaborative effects
(e.g. facilitating the gradual achievement of consensus).
NOTE Italicized terms in the paragraphs above and throughout this part of ISO/IEC 19780 are defined in Clause 3 or
in ISO/IEC 19778-1:2008.
0.2 Text-based communication in particular
This part of ISO/IEC 19780 presents a Data Model for text-based expressions.
A collaborative workplace is defined as an instantiated independent entity, consisting of the collaborative
activities of a collaborative group which works together by means of a collaborative environment
(ISO/IEC 19778-1 to ISO/IEC 19778-3).
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
As these definitions indicate, collaborative workplaces are associated with two major kinds of components:
⎯ collaborative service components, and
⎯ collaborative group components.
This part of ISO/IEC 19780 provides a Data Model to accommodate the data constituted by and associated
with text-based messages or expressions, which are exchanged among collaborative group members within a
collaborative environment.
Expressions are composed by and exchanged among collaborative group members within a collaborative
workplace. Collaborative environment components (collaborative services, tools and functions) facilitate these
collaborative activities, resulting in various collaborative effects. Typical effects can include, for example,
"reaching a compromise on a controversial issue”, “exploring arguments for and against a particular decision
item”, or “getting to know students in a class”. The classification and definition of particular collaborative
effects is outside of the scope of this part of ISO/IEC 19780. Expression Data Model instantiations are
associated by reference to collaborative group Data Model and collaborative environment Data Model
instantiations.
This can be illustrated through the example of a mailing list considered as a collaborative workplace. Such a
collaborative workplace is instantiated as an independent entity by associating a particular list of email
addresses (each address being associated with a participant) with a particular email service (or with specific
aspects of such a service). Collaborative group members (being identified in the system by their email
addresses) interact with each other and with the email service by composing, sending, receiving, reading and
responding to email messages or expressions. The email service accepts emails from collaborative group
members only, and forwards or reflects them to all other collaborative group members as specified in the
email address list of the collaborative group.
Naturally, such a collaborative context, as an abstract entity, does not encompass the holders of the email
addresses nor the email server, the email clients or the computers of the participants.
Expressions are composed, sent and received by members of the collaborative group. These collaborative
activities are made possible through the email service provided through the collaborative environment.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
Information technology — Learning, education and training —
Collaborative technology — Collaborative learning
communication —
Part 1:
Text-based communication
1 Scope
1.1 Statement of scope
This part of ISO/IEC 19780 specifies the Data Model for text-based expressions.
It provides a standardized way of isolating and describing textual expressions composed and communicated
by collaborative group members.
1.2 Excluded subjects and aspects
For the purposes of simplicity, the following media and contexts have been excluded from this part of
ISO/IEC 19780.
⎯ Communication involving media other than text.
⎯ Contexts and associated requirements in which one or more participants are intended to receive a given
expression are identified individually, apart from the collaborative group (e.g. “whispering” or “private
messaging” in chat contexts).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 19778:2008 (all parts), Information technology — Learning, education and training — Collaborative
technology — Collaborative workplace
ISO/IEC 11404:2007, Information technology — General-Purpose Datatypes (GPD)
ISO/IEC 10646:2003, Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS)
ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange — Representation of dates
and times
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19778-1:2008 and the following
apply.
NOTE The terms defined here are closely interrelated. When a term is utilized elsewhere in this part of
ISO/IEC 19780 as defined in this list or as defined in ISO/IEC 19778-1, that term is italicized.
3.1
expression
instantiation of the Data Model for text-based expressions including the expression body and possible
expression attachments
NOTE See ISO/IEC 19778-2:2008.
3.2
expression attachment
additional data associated with a given expression
3.3
expression body
principle message or communicative substance of the expression shared among participants in a collaborative
environment, related through reference to the expression Data Model instance
3.4
text
data in the form of characters, symbols, words, phrases, paragraphs, sentences, tables, or other character
arrangements, intended to convey a meaning and whose interpretation is essentially based on the reader’s
knowledge of some natural language or artificial language
NOTE 1 The interpretation of text in collaborative communication is also based on the communicative context.
NOTE 2 The use of tables and complex character arrangements might not always be possible in text-based collaborative
communication.
4 Abbreviations and acronyms
NOTE Some of these abbreviations or acronyms represent terms defined in Clause 3.
CE Collaborative Environment
CG Collaborative Group
CT Collaborative Technology
CW Collaborative Workplace
EX expression
ID identifier
ITLET Information Technology for Learning, Education and Training
Ref Reference
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
URL Uniform Resource Locator (world wide web address)
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
5 Text-based communication data model
5.1 Overview
The expression entity and Data Model is related through reference (using ID-Refs) to the other entities
constituting the collaborative workplace as indicated in Figure 1. Each expression is related in this way both to
the tool with which it is sent, read and received (the collaborative tool and its collaborative function), and also
to the group member who generated it (as both participant and role holder).
Figure 1 — Collaborative environment, collaborative group, and expression entities located and
interrelated within a collaborative workplace
The general approach for formulating identifiers in this part of ISO/IEC 19780 is the same as that put forward
in ISO/IEC 19778:2008. In order to support more than a single identifier format, both standards utilize a
“source” - "value" approach for identifier Data Elements, in which the value of sub-element “source” specifies
a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier, e.g. the URL where the specification for the identifier format is found), and
the sub-element “value” carries the identifier value itself, which is compliant to the earlier format description. It
is the responsibility of the users of this part of ISO/IEC 19780 to assure that their identifiers are unique at least
within a particular domain or application context.
5.2 Expression data model specification
The table-based Expression Data Model representation used here corresponds to the specification provided in
ISO/IEC 19778-1:2008, 5.1.
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
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Table 1 — Expression data model
Identifier Designation Definition Obligation Multiplicity Datatype Examples
1 EX_ID The identifier of this expression Data mandatory 1 ISO/IEC 11404:2007, 0241
Model instantiation. Identifies this Data 10.1.5 "Character string
Model instantiation uniquely in the (ISO/IEC 10646:2003)"
context of the collaborative workplace,
Supported Length = 250
in which the associated expression has
characters
been communicated.
2 EX_Title Name or subject given to this optional 1 ISO/IEC 11404:2007, Re: Welcome to
expression. 10.1.5 "Character string the course
(ISO/IEC 10646:2003)"
The title of this expression can be
inherited from a previous expression to Supported Length =
which it is related. 100 characters
3 EX_B-Ref Reference to the body of this mandatory 1
expression.
3.1 EX_B-Ref_source The name or URI of the identification optional 1 ISO/IEC 11404:2007, http://refreg.org/
scheme used to generate the value for 10.1.5 "Character string id=192837
the expression body reference. A (ISO/IEC 10646:2003)"
namespace scheme.
Supported Length =
250 characters
3.2 EX_B-Ref_value Value of the expression body reference. mandatory 1 ISO/IEC 11404:2007, 8693073_ss22
10.1.5 "Character string
In exceptional cases, the expression
(ISO/IEC 10646:2003)"
body may not contain any text; however,
a reference to this “null” or “empty” body Supported Length =
is still required. The manner in which 250 characters
this empty body is constituted is
Permissible values shall
considered out of scope for this
comply with any
Standard.
specification or standard
identified by the
reference value in 3.1,
EX_B-Ref_source (if
provided).
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ISO/IEC 19780-1:2008(E)
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Table 1 (continued)
Identifier Designation Definition Obligation Multiplicity Datatype Examples
4 EX_A-Ref Reference(s) to file(s) (other than the optional 1.20
body) which are made accessible with
this expression.
4.1 EX_A-Ref_source The name or URI of the identification optional 1 ISO/IEC 11404:2007, http://refreg.org/
scheme used to generate the value for 10.1.5 "Character string id=192837
the expression attachment reference. A (ISO/IEC 10646:2003)"
namespace scheme.
Supported Length =
250 characters
4.2 EX_A-Ref_value Value of the expression attachment mandatory 1 ISO/IEC 11404:2007, xyz_768594
reference. 10.1.5 "Character string
(ISO/IEC 10646:2003)"
Supported Length =
250 characters
Permissible values shall
comply with any
specification or standard
identified by the
reference value in 4.1,
EX_A-Ref_source (if
provided).
5 EX_Time_Date The point in time when this expression mandatory 1 ISO 8601:2004, 4.3 2005-03-
was sent "Date and time of day" 11T23:05:33.04
3+02:00
...
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