ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022

Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 1: Core coding system

This document defines a set of compression methods for coding one or more images of bi-level, continuous-tone greyscale, or continuous-tone colour, or multichannel digital samples. This document: — specifies decoding processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data; — specifies a codestream syntax containing information for interpreting the compressed image data; — provides guidance on encoding processes for converting source image data to compressed image data.

Technologies de l'information — Systѐme de codage d'images JPEG XL — Partie 1: Système de codage de noyau

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 29-Mar-2022
• ICS: 35.040.30 - Coding of graphical and photographical information
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 - JPEG Coding of digital representations of images
• Current Stage: 9092 - International Standard to be revised
• Completion Date: 12-May-2022

Relations

• Split Into: ISO/IEC 18181-4:2022 - Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 4: Reference software
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2020
• Split Into: ISO/IEC 18181-2:2021 - Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 2: File format
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2020
• Split Into: ISO/IEC 18181-3:2022 - Information technology — JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 3: Conformance testing
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2020
• Amended By: ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022/Amd 1:2022 - Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 1: Core coding system — Amendment 1: Profiles and levels for JPEG XL image coding system
• Effective Date: 26-Nov-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 18181-1
First edition
2022-03
Information technology — JPEG XL
image coding system —
Part 1:
Core coding system
Technologies de l'information — Systѐme de codage d'images
JPEG XL —
Partie 1: Système de codage de noyau
Reference number
ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
© ISO/IEC 2022

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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Data storage . 2
3.2 Inputs . 2
3.3 Processes . 3
3.4 Image organization . 4
3.5 DCT . 5
4 Abbreviated terms . 6
5 Conventions . 6
5.1 Mathematical symbols . 6
5.2 Functions . 6
5.3 Operators . 7
5.4 Pseudocode . 7
6 Functional concepts . .8
6.1 Image organization . 8
6.2 Group splitting . 8
6.3 Codestream and bitstream . 9
6.4 Multiple frames . 10
6.5 Mirroring . 10
7 Encoder requirements .10
8 Decoder requirements.10
9 Codestream .10
9.1 Syntax . 10
9.1.1 Reading a field . 11
9.1.2 Initializing a field . 11
9.2 Field types . 11
9.2.1 u(n) . 11
9.2.2 U32(d0, d1, d2, d3) . 11
9.2.3 U64() . 11
9.2.4 Varint() . 12
9.2.5 U8() . 12
9.2.6 F16() . 12
9.2.7 Bool() .12
9.2.8 Enum(EnumTable) .12
9.2.9 ZeroPadToByte() . 13
9.3 Structure . 13
10 Decoding process .13
Annex A (normative) Headers .15
Annex B (normative) ICC profile . .25
Annex C (normative) Frames .32
Annex D (normative) Entropy decoding .58
Annex E (normative) Weighted predictor .67
Annex F (normative) Adaptive quantization . .70
Annex G (normative) Chroma from luma.71
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
Annex H (normative) Extensions .72
Annex I (normative) Integral transforms .73
Annex J (normative) Restoration filters . .84
Annex K (normative) Image features .87
Annex L (normative) Colour transforms .92
Annex M (informative) Encoder overview .98
Bibliography . 101
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance
are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria
needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see https://patents.iec.ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 18181 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
Introduction
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document may
involve the use of a patent.
ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured ISO and IEC that they are willing to negotiate licences under
reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world. In this
respect, the statement of the holder of this patent right is registered with ISO and IEC. Information may
be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights other than those in the patent database. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system —
Part 1:
Core coding system
1 Scope
This document defines a set of compression methods for coding one or more images of bi-level,
continuous-tone greyscale, or continuous-tone colour, or multichannel digital samples.
This document:
— specifies decoding processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data;
— specifies a codestream syntax containing information for interpreting the compressed image data;
— provides guidance on encoding processes for converting source image data to compressed image
data.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 15076-1:2010, Image technology colour management — Architecture, profile format and data
structure — Part 1: Based on ICC.1:2010
ISO/IEC 60559, Information technology — Microprocessor Systems — Floating-Point arithmetic
IEC 61966-2-1, Multimedia systems and equipment — Colour measurement and management — Part 2-1:
Colour management — Default RGB colour space — sRGB
Rec. ITU-R BT.2100-2, Image parameter values for high dynamic range television for use in production and
international programme exchange
Rec. ITU-R BT.709-6, Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international
programme exchange
SMPTE ST 428-1, D-Cinema distribution master — Image characteristics
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
3.1 Data storage
3.1.1
byte
8 consecutive bits encoding a value between 0 and 255
3.1.2
big endian
value representation with bytes in most to least-significant order
3.1.3
bitstream
sequence of bytes from which bits are read starting from the least-significant bit of the first byte
3.1.4
codestream
bitstream representing compressed image data
3.1.5
bundle
structured data consisting of one or more fields
3.1.6
field
numerical value or bundle, or an array of either
3.1.7
histogram
array of unsigned integers representing a probability distribution, used for entropy coding
3.1.8
set
unordered collection of elements
3.2 Inputs
3.2.1
pixel
vector of dimension corresponding to the number of channels, consisting of samples
3.2.2
sample
integer or real value, of which there is one per channel per pixel
3.2.3
greyscale
image representation in which each pixel is defined by a single sample representing intensity (either
luminance or luma depending on the ICC profile)
3.2.4
continuous-tone image
image having samples consisting of more than one bit
3.2.5
opsin
photosensitive pigments in the human retina, having dynamics approximated by the XYB colour space
3.2.6
burst
sequences of images typically captured with identical settings
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
3.2.7
animation
series of pictures and timing delays to display as a video medium
3.2.8
composite
series of images that are superimposed
3.2.9
frame
single image (possibly part of a burst or animation or composite)
3.2.10
preview
lower-fidelity rendition of one of the frames (e.g. lower resolution), or a frame that represents the entire
content of all frames
3.3 Processes
3.3.1
decoding process
process which takes as its input a codestream and outputs a continuous-tone image
3.3.2
decoder
embodiment of a decoding process
3.3.3
encoding process
process which takes as its input continuous-tone image(s) and outputs compressed image data in the
form of a codestream
3.3.4
encoder
embodiment of an encoding process
3.3.5
lossless
descriptive term for encoding and decoding processes in which the output of a decoding procedure is
identical to the input to the encoding procedure
3.3.6
lossy
descriptive term for encoding and decoding processes which are not lossless
3.3.7
upsampling
procedure by which the (nominal) spatial resolution of a channel is increased
3.3.8
downsampling
procedure by which the spatial resolution of a channel is reduced
3.3.9
entropy encoding
lossless procedure designed to convert a sequence of input symbols into a sequence of bits such that the
average number of bits per symbol approaches the entropy of the input symbols
3.3.10
entropy encoder
embodiment of an entropy encoding procedure
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
3.3.11
entropy decoding
lossless procedure which recovers the sequence of symbols from the sequence of bits produced by the
entropy encoder
3.3.12
entropy decoder
embodiment of an entropy decoding procedure
3.3.13
Gabor-like transform
convolution with default or signalled 3x3 kernel for deblocking
3.3.14
tick
unit of time such that animation frame durations are integer multiples of the tick duration
3.4 Image organization
3.4.1
grid
2-dimensional array; a [x, y] means addressing an element of grid a at row y and column x. Where so
specified, addressing elements with coordinates outside of bounding rectangle (x < 0, or y < 0, or x >=
width, or y >= height) is allowed
3.4.2
sample grid
common coordinate system for all samples of an image, with top-left coordinates (0, 0), the first
coordinate increasing towards the right, and the second increasing towards the bottom
3.4.3
channel
component
rectangular array of samples having the same designation, regularly aligned along a sample grid
3.4.4
rectangle
rectangular area within a channel or grid
3.4.5
width
width in samples of a sample grid or a rectangle
3.4.6
height
height in samples of a sample grid or a rectangle
3.4.7
raster order
access pattern from left to right in the top row, then in the row below and so on
3.4.8
naturally aligned
positioning of a power-of-two sized rectangle such that its top and left coordinates are divisible by its
width and height, respectively
3.4.9
block
naturally aligned square rectangle covering up to 8 × 8 input pixels
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
3.4.10
group
n n
naturally aligned square rectangle covering up to 2 × 2 (with n between 7 and 10, inclusive) input
pixels
3.4.11
table of contents
data structure that enables seeking to a group or the next frame within a codestream
3.4.12
section
part of the codestream with an offset and length that are stored in a frame's table of contents
3.5 DCT
3.5.1
coefficient
input value to the inverse DCT
3.5.2
quantization
method of reducing the precision of individual coefficients
3.5.3
varblock
variable-size rectangle of input pixels
3.5.4
dct_block
an array with 64 elements corresponding to DCT coefficients of a (8 × 8) block
3.5.5
var-DCT
lossy encoding of a frame that applies DCT to varblocks
3.5.6
LF coefficient
lowest frequency DCT coefficient, containing the average value of a block or the lowest-frequency
coefficient within the 8 × 8 rectangle of a varblock of size greater than 8 × 8
3.5.7
HF coefficients
all DCT coefficients apart from the LF coefficients, i.e. the high frequency coefficients
3.5.8
pass
data enabling decoding of successively higher resolutions
3.5.9
LF group
n n n+3 n+3
2 × 2 LF values from a naturally aligned rectangle covering up to 2 × 2 input pixels
3.5.10
quantization weight
factor that a quantized coefficient is multiplied by prior to application of the inverse DCT in the decoding
process
3.5.11
channel decorrelation
method of reducing total encoded entropy by removing correlations between channels
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
3.5.12
channel correlation factor
factor by which a channel should be multiplied by before adding it to another channel to undo the
channel decorrelation process
4 Abbreviated terms
DCT: discrete cosine transform (DCT-II as specified in I.2)
IDCT: inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT-III as specified in I.2)
LF: N / 8 × M / 8 square of lowest frequency coefficients of N × M DCT coefficients
RGB: additive colour model with red, green, blue channels
LMS: absolute colour space representing the response of cone cells in the human eye
XYB: absolute colour space based on gamma-corrected LMS, in which X is derived from the difference
between L and M, Y is an average of L and M (behaves similarly to luminance), and B is derived from the
S ("blue") channel
5 Conventions
5.1 Mathematical symbols
[a, b], (c, d), [e, f)
closed or open or half-open intervals containing all integers or real
numbers x (depending on context) such that
a ≤ x ≤ b, c < x < d, e ≤ x < f.
{a, b, c}
ordered sequence of elements
π
the smallest positive zero of the sine function
5.2 Functions
sqrt(x)
2
square root, such that (sqrt(x)) == x and sqrt(x) >= 0. Undefined for x < 0.
cbrt(x) 3
cube root, such that (cbrt(x)) == x.
cos(r)
cosine of the angle r (in radians)
erf(x)
x
2
2
−t
Gauss error function: erf(x) = edt
∫
π
0
log(x)
natural logarithm of x. Undefined for x <= 0.
log2(x)
base-two logarithm of x. Undefined for x <= 0.
floor(x)
the largest integer that is less than or equal to x
ceil(x)
the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x
abs(x)
absolute value of x: equal to -x if x < 0, otherwise x
sign(x)
sign of x, 0 if x is 0, +1 if x is positive, -1 if x is negative
UnpackSigned(u)
equivalent to u / 2 if u is even, and -(u + 1) / 2 if u is odd
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
clamp(x, lo, hi)
equivalent to min({max({lo, x}), hi})
InterpretAsF16(u)
the real number resulting from interpreting the unsigned 16-bit integer u as a
binary16 floating-point number representation (cf. ISO/IEC 60559)
InterpretAsF32(u)
the real number resulting from interpreting the unsigned 32-bit integer u as a
binary32 floating-point number representation (cf. ISO/IEC 60559)
len(a)
length (number of elements) of array a
sum(a)
sum of all elements of the array/tuple/sequence a
max(a)
maximal element of the array/tuple/sequence a
min(a)
smallest element of the array/tuple/sequence a
5.3 Operators
[2]
This document uses the operators defined by the C++ programming language , with the following
differences:
×
multiplication
×=
a ×= b is equivalent to a = a × b
/
division of real numbers without truncation or rounding. Division by zero is undefined.
y
x
exponentiation, x to the power of y
<<
s
left shift: x << s is defined as x × 2
>> s
right shift: x >> s is defined as floor(x / 2 )
Umod
a Umod d is the unique integer r in [0, d) for which a == r + q×d for a suitable integer q
Idiv
a Idiv b is equivalent to a / b, rounded towards zero to an integer value
The order of precedence for these operators is listed below in descending order. If several operators
appear in the same line, they have equal precedence. When several operators of equal precedence
appear at the same level in an expression, evaluation proceeds according to the associativity of the
operator (either from right to left or from left to right).
Operators Type of operation Associativity
++x, --x
prefix increment/decrement right to left
y
x
exponentiation right to left
!, ~
logical/bitwise NOT right to left
×, /, Idiv, Umod
multiplication, division, integer division, remainder left to right
+, -
addition and subtraction left to right
<<, >>
left shift and right shift left to right
< , >, <=, >=
relational left to right
=
assignment right to left
+=, -=, ×=
compound assignment right to left
5.4 Pseudocode
This document describes functionality using pseudocode formatted as follows:
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ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022(E)
// Informative comment
var = u(8); // Defined in 9.2.1
if (var == 1) return; // Stop executing this code snippet
[[Normative specification: var != 0]]
(out1, out2) = Function(var, kConstant);
Variables such as var are typically referenced by text outside the source code.
[2]
The semantics of this pseudocode are those of the C++ programming language , with the following
exceptions:
— Symbols from 5.1 and functions from 5.2 are allowed;
— Multiplication, division, remainder and exponentiation are expressed as specified in 5.3;
— Functions can return tuples which unpack to variables as in the above example;
— [[ ]] enclose normative directives specified using prose;
— All integers are stored using two's complement;
— Expressions and variables of which types are omitted, are understood as real numbers.
Where unsigned integer wraparound and truncated division are required, Umod and Idiv (see 5.3) are
used for those purposes.
Numbers with a 0x prefix are in base 16 (hexadecimal), and apostrophe (') characters inside them are
understood to have no effect.
EXAMPLE 0x0001'0000 == 65536.
6 Functional concepts
6.1 Image organization
A channel is defined as a rectangular array of (integer or real) samples regularly aligned along a sample
grid of width sample positions horizontally and height sample positions vertically. The number of
channels may be 1 to 4099 (see num_extra_channels in A.6).
A pixel is defined as a vector of dimension
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
DRAFT
STANDARD FDIS
18181-1
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
Information technology — JPEG XL
Secretariat: JISC
Image Coding System —
Voting begins on:
2021-10-14
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
Core coding system
2021-12-09
Technologies de l'information - Systѐme de codage d'images JPEG
XL —
Partie 1: Système de codage de noyau
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO/IEC 2021

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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Data storage . 2
3.2 Inputs . 2
3.3 Processes . 3
3.4 Image organization . 4
3.5 DCT . 5
4 Abbreviated terms . 6
5 Conventions . 6
5.1 Mathematical symbols . 6
5.2 Functions . 6
5.3 Operators . 7
5.4 Pseudocode . 7
6 Functional concepts . .8
6.1 Image organization . 8
6.2 Group splitting . 8
6.3 Codestream and bitstream . 9
6.4 Multiple frames . 10
6.5 Mirroring . 10
7 Encoder requirements .10
8 Decoder requirements.10
9 Codestream .10
9.1 Syntax . 10
9.1.1 Reading a field . 11
9.1.2 Initializing a field . 11
9.2 Field types . 11
9.2.1 u(n) . 11
9.2.2 U32(d0, d1, d2, d3) . 11
9.2.3 U64() . 11
9.2.4 Varint() .12
9.2.5 U8() .12
9.2.6 F16() .12
9.2.7 Bool() .12
9.2.8 Enum(EnumTable) . 12
9.2.9 ZeroPadToByte() . 13
9.3 Structure . 13
10 Decoding process .13
Annex A (normative) Headers .15
Annex B (normative) ICC profile . .25
Annex C (normative) Frames .32
Annex D (normative) Entropy decoding .58
Annex E (normative) Weighted Predictor .67
Annex F (normative) Adaptive quantization . .70
Annex G (normative) Chroma from luma.71
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
Annex H (normative) Extensions .72
Annex I (normative) Integral transforms .73
Annex J (normative) Restoration filters . .84
Annex K (normative) Image features .87
Annex L (normative) Colour transforms .92
Annex M (informative) Encoder overview .98
Bibliography . 101
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance
are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria
needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see https://patents.iec.ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 18181 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
Introduction
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document may
involve the use of a patent.
ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured ISO and IEC that he/she is willing to negotiate licences under
reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world. In this
respect, the statement of the holder of this patent right is registered with ISO and IEC. Information may
be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights other than those in the patent database. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
Information technology — JPEG XL Image Coding System —
Part 1:
Core coding system
1 Scope
This document defines a set of compression methods for coding one or more images of bi-level,
continuous-tone greyscale, or continuous-tone colour, or multichannel digital samples.
This document:
— specifies decoding processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data;
— specifies a codestream syntax containing information for interpreting the compressed image data;
— provides guidance on encoding processes for converting source image data to compressed image
data.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 15076-1:2010, Image technology colour management — Architecture, profile format and data
structure — Part 1: Based on ICC.1:2010
ISO/IEC 60559, Information technology — Microprocessor Systems — Floating-Point arithmetic
IEC 61966-2-1, Multimedia systems and equipment — Colour measurement and management — Part 2-1:
Colour management — Default RGB colour space — sRGB
Rec. ITU-R BT.2100-2, Image parameter values for high dynamic range television for use in production and
international programme exchange
Rec. ITU-R BT.709-6, Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international
programme exchange
SMPTE ST 428-1, D-Cinema Distribution Master — Image Characteristics
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
3.1 Data storage
3.1.1
byte
8 consecutive bits encoding a value between 0 and 255
3.1.2
big endian
value representation with bytes in most to least-significant order
3.1.3
bitstream
sequence of bytes from which bits are read starting from the least-significant bit of the first byte
3.1.4
codestream
bitstream representing compressed image data
3.1.5
bundle
structured data consisting of one or more fields
3.1.6
field
numerical value or bundle, or an array of either
3.1.7
histogram
array of unsigned integers representing a probability distribution, used for entropy coding
3.1.8
set
unordered collection of elements
3.2 Inputs
3.2.1
pixel
vector of dimension corresponding to the number of channels, consisting of samples
3.2.2
sample
integer or real value, of which there is one per channel per pixel
3.2.3
greyscale
image representation in which each pixel is defined by a single sample representing intensity (either
luminance or luma depending on the ICC profile)
3.2.4
continuous-tone image
image having samples consisting of more than one bit
3.2.5
opsin
photosensitive pigments in the human retina, having dynamics approximated by the XYB colour space
3.2.6
burst
sequences of images typically captured with identical settings
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
3.2.7
animation
series of pictures and timing delays to display as a video medium
3.2.8
composite
series of images that are superimposed
3.2.9
frame
single image (possibly part of a burst or animation or composite)
3.2.10
preview
lower-fidelity rendition of one of the frames (e.g. lower resolution), or a frame that represents the entire
content of all frames
3.3 Processes
3.3.1
decoding process
process which takes as its input a codestream and outputs a continuous-tone image
3.3.2
decoder
embodiment of a decoding process
3.3.3
encoding process
process which takes as its input continuous-tone image(s) and outputs compressed image data in the
form of a codestream
3.3.4
encoder
embodiment of an encoding process
3.3.5
lossless
descriptive term for encoding and decoding processes in which the output of a decoding procedure is
identical to the input to the encoding procedure
3.3.6
lossy
descriptive term for encoding and decoding processes which are not lossless
3.3.7
upsampling
procedure by which the (nominal) spatial resolution of a channel is increased
3.3.8
downsampling
procedure by which the spatial resolution of a channel is reduced
3.3.9
entropy encoding
lossless procedure designed to convert a sequence of input symbols into a sequence of bits such that the
average number of bits per symbol approaches the entropy of the input symbols
3.3.10
entropy encoder
embodiment of an entropy encoding procedure
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
3.3.11
entropy decoding
lossless procedure which recovers the sequence of symbols from the sequence of bits produced by the
entropy encoder
3.3.12
entropy decoder
embodiment of an entropy decoding procedure
3.3.13
Gabor-like transform
convolution with default or signalled 3x3 kernel for deblocking
3.3.14
tick
unit of time such that animation frame durations are integer multiples of the tick duration
3.4 Image organization
3.4.1
grid
2-dimensional array; a [x, y] means addressing an element of grid a at row y and column x. Where so
specified, addressing elements with coordinates outside of bounding rectangle (x < 0, or y < 0, or x >=
width, or y >= height) is allowed
3.4.2
sample grid
common coordinate system for all samples of an image, with top-left coordinates (0, 0), the first
coordinate increasing towards the right, and the second increasing towards the bottom
3.4.3
channel
component
rectangular array of samples having the same designation, regularly aligned along a sample grid
3.4.4
rectangle
rectangular area within a channel or grid
3.4.5
width
width in samples of a sample grid or a rectangle
3.4.6
height
height in samples of a sample grid or a rectangle
3.4.7
raster order
access pattern from left to right in the top row, then in the row below and so on
3.4.8
naturally aligned
positioning of a power-of-two sized rectangle such that its top and left coordinates are divisible by its
width and height, respectively
3.4.9
block
naturally aligned square rectangle covering up to 8 × 8 input pixels
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
3.4.10
group
n n
naturally aligned square rectangle covering up to 2 × 2 (with n between 7 and 10, inclusive) input
pixels
3.4.11
table of contents
data structure that enables seeking to a group or the next frame within a codestream
3.4.12
section
part of the codestream with an offset and length that are stored in a frame's table of contents
3.5 DCT
3.5.1
coefficient
input value to the inverse DCT
3.5.2
quantization
method of reducing the precision of individual coefficients
3.5.3
varblock
variable-size rectangle of input pixels
3.5.4
dct_block
an array with 64 elements corresponding to DCT coefficients of a (8 × 8) block
3.5.5
var-DCT
lossy encoding of a frame that applies DCT to varblocks
3.5.6
LF coefficient
lowest frequency DCT coefficient, containing the average value of a block or the lowest-frequency
coefficient within the 8 × 8 rectangle of a varblock of size greater than 8 × 8
3.5.7
HF coefficients
all DCT coefficients apart from the LF coefficients, i.e. the high frequency coefficients
3.5.8
pass
data enabling decoding of successively higher resolutions
3.5.9
LF group
n n n+3 n+3
2 × 2 LF values from a naturally aligned rectangle covering up to 2 × 2 input pixels
3.5.10
quantization weight
factor that a quantized coefficient is multiplied by prior to application of the inverse DCT in the decoding
process
3.5.11
channel decorrelation
method of reducing total encoded entropy by removing correlations between channels
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
3.5.12
channel correlation factor
factor by which a channel should be multiplied by before adding it to another channel to undo the
channel decorrelation process
4 Abbreviated terms
DCT: discrete cosine transform (DCT-II as specified in I.2)
IDCT: inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT-III as specified in I.2)
LF: N / 8 × M / 8 square of lowest frequency coefficients of N × M DCT coefficients
RGB: additive colour model with red, green, blue channels
LMS: absolute colour space representing the response of cone cells in the human eye
XYB: absolute colour space based on gamma-corrected LMS, in which X is derived from the difference
between L and M, Y is an average of L and M (behaves similarly to luminance), and B is derived from the
S ("blue") channel
5 Conventions
5.1 Mathematical symbols
[a, b], (c, d), [e, f)
closed or open or half-open intervals containing all integers or real
numbers x (depending on context) such that
a ≤ x ≤ b, c < x < d, e ≤ x < f.
{a, b, c}
ordered sequence of elements
π
the smallest positive zero of the sine function
5.2 Functions
sqrt(x)
2
square root, such that (sqrt(x)) == x and sqrt(x) >= 0. Undefined for x < 0.
cbrt(x) 3
cube root, such that (cbrt(x)) == x.
cos(r)
cosine of the angle r (in radians)
erf(x)
x
2
2
−t
Gauss error function: erf(x) = edt
∫
π
0
log(x)
natural logarithm of x. Undefined for x <= 0.
log2(x)
base-two logarithm of x. Undefined for x <= 0.
floor(x)
the largest integer that is less than or equal to x
ceil(x)
the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x
abs(x)
absolute value of x: equal to -x if x < 0, otherwise x
sign(x)
sign of x, 0 if x is 0, +1 if x is positive, -1 if x is negative
UnpackSigned(u)
equivalent to u / 2 if u is even, and -(u + 1) / 2 if u is odd
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
clamp(x, lo, hi)
equivalent to min({max({lo, x}), hi})
InterpretAsF16(u)
the real number resulting from interpreting the unsigned 16-bit integer u as a
binary16 floating-point number representation (cf. ISO/IEC 60559)
InterpretAsF32(u)
the real number resulting from interpreting the unsigned 32-bit integer u as a
binary32 floating-point number representation (cf. ISO/IEC 60559)
len(a)
length (number of elements) of array a
sum(a)
sum of all elements of the array/tuple/sequence a
max(a)
maximal element of the array/tuple/sequence a
min(a)
smallest element of the array/tuple/sequence a
5.3 Operators
[2]
This document uses the operators defined by the C++ programming language , with the following
differences:
×
multiplication
×=
a ×= b is equivalent to a = a × b
/
division of real numbers without truncation or rounding. Division by zero is undefined.
y
x
exponentiation, x to the power of y
<<
s
left shift: x << s is defined as x × 2
>> s
right shift: x >> s is defined as floor(x / 2 )
Umod
a Umod d is the unique integer r in [0, d) for which a == r + q×d for a suitable integer q
Idiv
a Idiv b is equivalent to a / b, rounded towards zero to an integer value
The order of precedence for these operators is listed below in descending order. If several operators
appear in the same line, they have equal precedence. When several operators of equal precedence
appear at the same level in an expression, evaluation proceeds according to the associativity of the
operator (either from right to left or from left to right).
Operators Type of operation Associativity
++x, --x
prefix increment/decrement right to left
y
x
exponentiation right to left
!, ~
logical/bitwise NOT right to left
×, /, Idiv, Umod
multiplication, division, integer division, remainder left to right
+, -
addition and subtraction left to right
<<, >>
left shift and right shift left to right
< , >, <=, >=
relational left to right
=
assignment right to left
+=, -=, ×=
compound assignment right to left
5.4 Pseudocode
This document describes functionality using pseudocode formatted as follows:
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1:2021(E)
// Informative comment
var = u(8); // Defined in 9.2.1
if (var == 1) return; // Stop executing this code snippet
[[Normative specification: var != 0]]
(out1, out2) = Function(var, kConstant);
Variables such as var are typically referenced by text outside the source code.
[2]
The semantics of this pseudocode are those of the C++ programming language , with the following
exceptions:
— Symbols from 5.1 and functions from 5.2 are allowed;
— Multiplication, division, remainder and exponentiation are expressed as specified in 5.3;
— Functions can return tuples which unpack to variables as in the above example;
— [[ ]] enclose normative directives specified using prose;
— All integers are stored using two's complement;
— Expressions and variables of which types are omitted, are unde
...