ISO/IEC 30179:2023
(Main)Internet of Things (IoT) — Overview and general requirements of IoT system for ecological environment monitoring
Internet of Things (IoT) — Overview and general requirements of IoT system for ecological environment monitoring
This document specifies the Internet of Things system for ecological environment monitoring in terms of the following: – system infrastructure and system entities of the IoT system for ecological environment monitoring for natural entities such as air, water, soil, living organisms; and – the general requirements of the IoT system for ecological environment monitoring.
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General Information
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ISO/IEC 30179
Edition 1.0 2023-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Internet of Things (IoT) – Overview and general requirements of IoT system for
ecological environment monitoring
ISO/IEC 30179:2023-01(en)
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ISO/IEC 30179
Edition 1.0 2023-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Internet of Things (IoT) – Overview and general requirements of IoT system for
ecological environment monitoring
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 35.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-6400-3
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
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– 2 – ISO/IEC 30179:2023 © ISO/IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 7
5 IoT system overview for ecological environment monitoring . 8
5.1 System infrastructure overview . 8
5.2 Entities description . 9
5.2.1 Entities in Physical Entity Domain (PED) . 9
5.2.2 Entities in Sensing and Controlling Domain (SCD) . 9
5.2.3 Entities in Application and Service Domain (ASD) . 11
5.2.4 Entities in User Domain (UD) . 12
5.2.5 Entities in Operations and Management Domain (OMD) . 12
5.2.6 Entities in Resource Access and Interchange Domain (RAID) . 13
5.3 Interface description . 13
6 General requirements of IoT system for EEM . 14
6.1 System functional requirements . 14
6.1.1 Data acquisition and data collection . 14
6.1.2 Auto configuration . 15
6.1.3 IoT gateway . 15
6.1.4 Network communication . 15
6.1.5 Applications and services . 15
6.1.6 Users and supporting facilities . 16
6.1.7 Operation and maintenance management . 16
6.1.8 Context-awareness . 16
6.1.9 Discoverability . 16
6.1.10 Sharing ability . 16
6.1.11 Resource access and interchange . 17
6.1.12 Identification . 17
6.1.13 Flexibility . 17
6.1.14 Regulation . 17
6.1.15 Equipment, network and service scalability . 17
6.1.16 Eco-environment analysis and alarming . 17
6.2 System security requirements . 17
6.2.1 Reliability. 17
6.2.2 Resilience . 18
6.2.3 Accessibility and availability . 18
6.2.4 Confidentiality and privacy . 18
6.2.5 Integrity . 18
6.3 System performance requirements . 18
6.3.1 Data acquisition sampling rate . 18
6.3.2 Data accuracy . 19
6.3.3 Enclosure protection . 19
6.3.4 Sensor working mode . 19
6.3.5 Sensor durability . 19
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ISO/IEC 30179:2023 © ISO/IEC 2023 – 3 –
6.3.6 Communication protocols. 19
6.3.7 Data communication latency . 19
6.3.8 Power supply . 20
6.3.9 Synchronization . 20
6.3.10 Applications and services . 20
6.3.11 Users and supporting facilities . 20
6.3.12 Operation and management . 20
6.3.13 Resource access and interchange . 20
Bibliography . 21
Figure 1 – System infrastructure of IoT system for EEM . 8
Table 1 – Entity descriptions in PED . 9
Table 2 – Entity descriptions in SCD . 10
Table 3 – Entity descriptions in ASD . 11
Table 4 – Entity descriptions in UD . 12
Table 5 – Entity descriptions in OMD . 13
Table 6 – Entity descriptions in RAID . 13
Table 7 – Interface description . 14
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INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) –
OVERVIEW AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF
IoT SYSTEM FOR ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING
FOREWORD
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ISO/IEC 30179 has been prepared by subcommittee 41: Internet of Things and Digital Twin,
of ISO/IEC joint technical committee 1: Information technology. It is an International Standard.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
JTC1/SC41/316/FDIS JTC1/SC41/329/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1, available at
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs and www.iso.org/directives.
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ISO/IEC 30179:2023 © ISO/IEC 2023 – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
The IoT-based ecological environment monitoring system is mainly for collecting data and
monitoring the ecological environment entities (i.e. physical things in the IoT sense – air,
water, soil, and living organisms) using various types of sensing devices. Such sensing
devices include but are not limited to the following: growth meters for plant growth; infrared
digital cameras and video cameras for identifying animal movements; tracking devices for
position and location reporting; and physical, biological or chemical sensors for air, water, and
soil monitoring. The collected data are transmitted via a network infrastructure, analysed for
their relationships and evaluated for the trends of the eco-environment being monitored. With
the current IoT and related technologies, for example, information and communication
technologies, all these capabilities can be performed in real-time. Therefore, the IoT-based
monitoring system satisfies the requirement of the real-time eco-environment monitoring and
management in terms of data capture, data analytics, early warning services, and disaster
management and emergency management. This system supports the decision-makers, for
example, eco-environment managers, government agencies, and citizens, in the maintenance
of the ecosystem and in correcting and restoring the ecosystem when damaged or polluted
ecological environment is detected.
Eco-environment has been greatly altered with the development of the economy and humanity.
The alteration of the eco-environment endangers the health of all living organisms including
humans. More efforts to monitor and protect the earth's eco-environment will improve
understanding and support corrective actions.
A number of regional scale eco-environment observation networks are constructed to monitor
the ecosystem of air, water, soil, plants, animals. Examples of these regional eco-environment
observation networks are GEMS (Global Environment Monitoring System), GTOS (Global
Terrestrial Observing System), and ILTER (International Long Term Ecological Research).
National scale eco-environment observation stations also exist to monitor water, forest,
grassland, farmland, lakes, rivers and coastline. These national scale observation stations are
parts of global eco-environment observation networks.
The trends of the eco-environment observation stations require united data sharing and
networking, being standardized and automated, and likely to become intelligent. These trends
are likely to become the requirements of eco-environment monitoring systems. Therefore, IoT-
based systems can be applied to the eco-environment observation systems and networks to
meet these requirements. The IoT-based eco-environment monitoring system can provide the
accurate and comprehensive sensing of the physical entities (i.e. air, water, soil, and living
organisms), reliable data transmission and reception, and intelligent information processing.
Since the 1990s, sensor network systems, which transitioned to the most essential part of the
IoT-based systems in the 2000s, have been used for monitoring the environment quality,
pollution, and living organisms. For example: the CitySense system in the US was developed
for real-time monitoring of the environmental pollution in the city; multitudes of air quality
monitoring systems have been deployed to monitor air quality and pollution all over the world;
China has initiated the sandstorm and acid rain monitoring system; UC Berkeley is monitoring
the birds in Great Duck Island; and Australia monitors underwater temperature and brightness
of light to protect the coral reef.
Using the IoT technologies for ecological environment monitoring brings the following
advantages in the ecosystem monitoring and management:
1) transforming from a single-point monitoring station to a multi-point network monitoring
application through networking and data sharing;
2) ensuring the real-time and dynamic observation and measurements by effectively adapting
to the monitored objects' complexity and variability compared to the measurements made
manually and by legacy systems;
3) enabling pro-active actions toward ecological events in advance rather than reacting after
the events take place;
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4) realizing a multi-level and unified management of the observation stations and systems;
5) observing the entire ecosystem rather than geographically divided areas or regions (i.e. by
using a single point observation) in both macro and micro perspectives; and
6) analysing the relationships among ecological entities to ensure the sustainable ecosystem
and its development.
Standardizing the IoT-based eco-environment monitoring systems brings the benefits such as
the enablement of on-demand, real-time monitoring for eco-environment, the improvement in
the interoperability among all standardized eco-environmental monitoring systems which
include hardware and software to realize the EEM worldwide, the full utilization of the
observed data for various kinds of eco-environment applications referring to comprehensive
functions and services of EEM system including analysis of the relationships between various
ecological entities, and the study of the changing trends of the ecosystem.
IoT-based monitoring systems also bring benefits for relevant stakeholders, including the
users and builders of the IoT-based eco-environment monitoring systems. The users include
the following:
– public users, citizens, data scientists for eco-environment;
– the monitoring organizations such as city environment monitoring organizations and wild
area ecosystem monitoring organizations; and
– government agencies responsible for managing the entire ecosystem.
The builders are the developers of the communication modules and integrated devices,
sensing devices, and monitoring service platforms for the IoT-based eco-environment
monitoring systems.
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ISO/IEC 30179:2023 © ISO/IEC 2023 – 7 –
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) –
OVERVIEW AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF
IoT SYSTEM FOR ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING
1 Scope
This document specifies the Internet of Things system for ecological environment monitoring
in terms of the following:
– system infrastructure and system entities of the IoT system for ecological environment
monitoring for natural entities such as air, water, soil, living organisms; and
– the general requirements of the IoT system for ecological environment monitoring.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 9834-8:2014, Information technology – Procedures for the operation of object
identifier registration authorities – Part 8: Generation of universally unique identifiers (UUIDs)
and their use in object identifiers
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
ecological environment monitoring
EEM
process or activity that uses physical, chemical, biochemical, ecological and other
technologies for the purpose of reflecting accurately, comprehensively, and in a timely
manner the various elements of the ecological environment, the relationship between
organisms and the environment, and the change trend of the ecosystem
Note 1 to entry: Elements of the ecological environment include air, water, soil, and living things.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
ASD Application and Service Domain
EEM ecological environment monitoring
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation
GIS geographic information service
HMI human–machine interface
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IoT Internet of Things
IP Internet Protocol
OMD Operations and Management Domain
PED Physical Entity Domain
QR quick response
RAID Resource Access and Interchange Domain
RFID radio frequency identification
SCD Sensing and Controlling Domain
TCP Transfer Control Protocol
UD User Domain
UDP User Datagram Protocol
5 IoT system overview for ecological environment monitoring
5.1 System infrastructure overview
The system infrastructure of the IoT-based ecological environment (i.e. eco-environment)
monitoring (EEM) system is described by the Domain-based IoT Reference Model in the IoT
Reference Architecture of which the entities are specifically defined for eco-environment
monitoring as shown in Figure 1. The system infrastructure of the IoT system of EEM follows
the reference architecture of ISO/IEC 30141:2018.
Figure 1 – System infrastructure of IoT system for EEM
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ISO/IEC 30179:2023 © ISO/IEC 2023 – 9 –
5.2 Entities description
5.2.1 Entities in Physical Entity Domain (PED)
The PED mainly consists of the physical objects being sensed by various types of sensors
and, for some instances, controlled by certain actuators. Additionally, tags (e.g. barcode, QR
code, and RFID) can be attached to some physical objects such as animals and plants. These
physical objects are designated as the physical entities which are not only for the IoT-based
EEM applications but also are of interest to the users in the User Domain. Typically, four
types of physical entities, namely the entity sets, are in the PED, including air, water, soil, and
living organisms in grassland, wetland, desert, water body, farmland, city, as shown in
Table 1.
Table 1 – Entity descriptions in PED
Entity set Entity Entity description
The parameters and quality of air (including temperature,
Air
humidity, precipitation and air pressure).
Air
Waste gas The component of waste gas (including greenhouse gas).
Ocean Water quality, salt water body, and acoustic noise and signals.
Water quality, immobile fresh water body, and acoustic noise and
Lake
signals.
Water River Water quality, moving water body, acoustic noise and signals.
Wetland Water quality, land area covered or saturated by water.
Water quality, water body immediately below the surface of the
Sub-soil water
soil.
The composition, pollution index, geology and other
Soil in natural characteristics of soil in the areas of the natural reserve protected
reserve by official agency or organization and key areas such as water
source zone, tea garden and pasture.
Soil The composition, pollution index, geology, and other
Soil in farmland
characteristics of soil for growing grain, vegetables, fruits, etc.
The composition, pollution index, geology, and other
Soil in other zone characteristics of soil in other areas such as city, construction
areas, pollution accident.
The growth, activity, living status, and other parameters of all
Animals types of animals including water-borne animals, fish, and marine
mammals.
The growth process and status of all types of plants (e.g. forest.)
Living organisms in grassland, wetland, desert, water body, farmland, city, and also
Plant
including water-borne plants and planktons (e.g. bacteria,
archaea, algae) in water or surface of water body.
The parameters of the microorganism including the number, type,
Microorganism
growth process, status of the microbe or microbes.
5.2.2 Entities in Sensing and Controlling Domain (SCD)
In the SCD, the entities are deployed to collect and integrate data from the PED and receive
data from domains through different ways which consist primarily of sensors, actuators, tag
readers and IoT gateways.
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Sensors acquire information about properties (e.g. physical, chemical, biological properties)
of entities of ecosystem. The sensors can be selected according to the required measurement
1
parameter or parameters of the entities in the PED. Actuators can change the local or
relevant properties of the entities in the PED in case of emergency or rescue operations.
Sensors and actuators can interact with Physical Entities independently or collaboratively.
The entity set in the SCD includes sensor, actuator, and tag reader, as described in Figure 1
and Table 2.
IoT gateways are devices which connect SCD with other domains, and they can also connect
one entity to another entity in the PED. The IoT gateways provide functions such as protocol
conversion, address mapping, data processing for the eco-environment data, information
fusion from various eco-environment monitoring sensors in SCD, certification, and equipment
management. The IoT gateways can operate either as independent devices or integrated with
other sensing and controlling devices. The IoT gateway can also perform security functions
for constrained IoT devices – i.e. the IoT devices with limited capability of storage, computing,
communication, and power – using the gateway for connectivity to networks. The SCD might
also contain local control systems which are used to run control services. Entity descriptions
of IoT devices in SCD are described in Table 2.
Table 2 – Entity descriptions in SCD
Entity set Entity Entity description
To collect the physical parameters (e.g. temperature, humidity,
lighting, acceleration, wavelength of the mechanical movement, or
Physical sensor frequency and loudness of acoustic emissions) of ecosystem
objects (e.g. air, water, soil, living organisms) and format the raw
data for use, transfer, and storage.
To collect the chemical parameters (e.g. gas concentration,
Chemical sensor composition) of ecosystem objects (e.g. air, water, soil, living
organisms) and format the raw data for use, transfer, and storage.
To collect the biological parameters (e.g. the number of bacteria) of
Sensors Biological sensor ecosystem objects (e.g. air, water, soil, living organisms) and
format the raw data for use, transfer, and storage
To collect, compute and form the location data of entities in PED.
The format of the location data needs to support three-dimensions
Position sensor
and can be the longitude and latitude, elevation coordinates or the
relative direction and range from a reference point or an object.
To collect multimedia data including audio and video, image of
entities in PED and related objects which can then be processed
Camera
for extracting required information, and be transmitted to data
centres.
To operate or control or change the associated condition or properties of entities in
Actuator
ecosystem according to the pre-defined condition.
To collect the data carried by barcodes,
...
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