ISO/FDIS 2889

Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities

Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension dans l'air dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits des installations nucléaires

General Information

• Status: Published
• ICS: 13.280 - Radiation protection
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 85/SC 2 - Radiological protection
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 85/SC 2/WG 14 - Air control and monitoring
• Current Stage: 5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
• Start Date: 31-May-2021
• Completion Date: 31-May-2021

RELATIONS

• Revised: ISO 2889:2010 - Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities
• Effective Date: 09-Jun-2018

Standards Content (sample)

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 2889
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Sampling airborne radioactive
Secretariat: AFNOR
materials from the stacks and ducts of
Voting begins on:
2021­05­31 nuclear facilities
Voting terminates on:
Échantillonnage des substances radioactives contenues dans l'air
2021­07­26
dans les émissaires de rejet et les conduits des installations nucléaires
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
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© ISO 2021

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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................10

5 Factors impacting the sampling program ...............................................................................................................................14

6 Sample extraction locations ..................................................................................................................................................................15

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15

6.2 General requirements for sample extraction locations ....................................................................................15

6.3 Criteria for the homogeneity of the air stream at sampling locations .................................................16

6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................16

6.3.2 Angular or cyclonic flow .........................................................................................................................................16

6.3.3 Air velocity profile .......................................................................................................................................................16

6.3.4 Gas concentration profile ......................................................................................................................................17

6.3.5 Particle concentration profile ............................................................................................................................17

6.3.6 Summary of recommendations for locations to extract samples from a

well-mixed air stream ........................................................................................................................................... ....17

7 Sampling system design .............................................................................................................................................................................18

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................18

7.2 Volumetric flow measurement ...............................................................................................................................................18

7.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................18

7.2.2 Emission stream flow measurement ...........................................................................................................18

7.2.3 Sample air flow rate and volume measurement ................................................................................19

7.2.4 Leak checks ........................................................................................................................................................................20

7.3 Nozzle design and operation for extracting aerosol particles .....................................................................20

7.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................20

7.3.2 Nozzle performance ...................................................................................................................................................21

7.3.3 Application and performance considerations .....................................................................................21

7.3.4 Sampling probes with multiple­inlet nozzles ......................................................................................22

7.3.5 Materials of construction.......................................................................................................................................22

7.3.6 Maintenance .....................................................................................................................................................................22

7.3.7 New concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................22

7.4 Sample transport for particles................................................................................................................................................23

7.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................23

7.4.2 Depositional losses .....................................................................................................................................................23

7.4.3 Corrosion .............................................................................................................................................................................24

7.4.4 Electrostatic effects and flexible tubes ......................................................................................................24

7.4.5 Smoothness of internal surfaces .....................................................................................................................24

7.4.6 Condensation ...................................................................................................................................................................24

7.4.7 Cleaning transport lines .........................................................................................................................................24

7.5 Gas and vapour sample extraction and transport .................................................................................................25

7.6 Collection of particle samples .................................................................................................................................................26

7.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................26

7.6.2 Filter media .......................................................................................................................................................................26

7.7 Collection of gas and vapour samples ..............................................................................................................................27

7.7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................27

7.7.2 Sampling with retention of specific constituents .............................................................................27

7.7.3 Sampling without constituent separation ..............................................................................................27

7.8 Evaluation and upgrading of existing systems .........................................................................................................28

7.9 Summary of performance criteria and recommendations ............................................................................28

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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)

8 Quality assurance and quality control ........................................................................................................................................29

Annex A (informative) Techniques for measurement of flow rate through a stack or duct .....................31

Annex B (informative) Modelling of particle losses in transport systems .................................................................36

Annex C (informative) Special considerations for the extraction, transport andsampling of

radioiodine ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................46

Annex D (informative) Optimizing the selection of filters for samplingairborne radioactive

particles ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................50

Annex E (informative) Evaluating the errors and the uncertainty forthe sampling of effluent

gases ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................55

Annex F (informative) Mixing demonstration and sampling system performance verification .........65

Annex G (informative) Transuranic aerosol particulate characteristics —Implications for

extractive sampling in nuclear facility effluents ..............................................................................................................73

Annex H (informative) Tritium sampling and detection...............................................................................................................77

Annex I (informative) Action levels .....................................................................................................................................................................80

Annex J (informative) Quality assurance ......................................................................................................................................................87

Annex K (informative) Carbon-14 sampling and detection .......................................................................................................91

Annex L (informative) Factors impacting sampling system design ...................................................................................94

Annex M (informative) Sampling nozzles and probes .................................................................................................................100

106

Annex N (informative) Stack or duct sampling and analysis for Ru ......................................................................108

Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................109

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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non­governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy nuclear technologies

and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation protection.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 2889:2010), which has been technically

revised. The main changes are:

— clarification of the circumstances where numerical modelling may be used to perform or assist with

meeting the qualifications for sample extraction locations;

— clarification of passages allowing the use of alternate aerosol particle sizes for the purpose of testing

to meet various performance criteria described in this document;

— changes for the discussion of standard uncertainty with regard to setting action levels (Annex I).

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
Introduction

This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations and activity releases of radioactive

substances in air in stacks and ducts. Other situations for monitoring the activity concentrations and

activity releases of radioactive substances in air (environmental or workplace monitoring) are being

addressed in subsequent standards. This document provides performance-based criteria for the use

of air-sampling equipment, including probes, transport lines, sample collectors, sample monitoring

instruments and gas flow measuring methods. This document also provides information covering

sampling programme objectives, quality assurance, development of air monitoring control action levels,

system optimization and system performance verification.

ISO 2889 was first published in 1975 as a guide to sampling airborne radioactive materials in the ducts,

stacks, and working environments of installations where work with radioactive materials is conducted.

Since then, an improved technical basis has been developed for each of the major sampling specialities.

The focus of this document is on the sampling of airborne radioactive materials in ducts and stacks.

The goal of achieving an unbiased, representative sample is best accomplished where samples are

extracted from airstreams in which potential airborne contaminants are well mixed in the airstream.

This document sets forth performance criteria and recommendations to assist in obtaining valid

measurements of the concentration of airborne radioactive materials in ducts or stacks.

vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks
and ducts of nuclear facilities
1 Scope

This document sets forth performance­based criteria and recommendations for the design and use of

systems for sampling of airborne radioactive materials in the effluent air from the ducts and stacks of

nuclear facilities.

The requirements and recommendations of this document are aimed at sampling that is conducted for

regulatory compliance and system control. If existing air-sampling systems are not designed to the

performance requirements and recommendations of this document, an evaluation of the performance

of the system is advised. If deficiencies are discovered, a determination of whether or not a retrofit is

needed and practicable is recommended.

It can be impossible to meet the requirements of this document in all conditions with a sampling system

designed for normal operations only. Under off-normal conditions, the criteria or recommendations of

this document still apply. However, for accident conditions, special accident air sampling systems or

measurements can be used.

This document does not address outdoor air sampling, radon measurements, or the surveillance of

airborne radioactive substances in the workplace of nuclear facilities.

NOTE Reference [1] addresses the instrumentation that is frequently used in nuclear air monitoring.

Reference [5] addresses air sampling in the workplace of nuclear facilities. References [6] and [7] describe the

performance characteristics of air monitors.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 10780:1994, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas

streams in ducts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abatement equipment

apparatus used to reduce contaminant concentration in the airflow exhausted through a stack or duct

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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
3.2
absorbent

material that takes up a constituent through the action of diffusion, allowing the constituent to

penetrate into the structure of the absorbent (if a solid) or dissolve in it (if a liquid)

Note 1 to entry: When a chemical reaction takes place during absorption, the process is called chemisorption.

3.3
accident (conditions)

any unintended event, including operating errors, equipment failures and other mishaps, the

consequences or potential consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of protection

and safety
3.4
accuracy

closeness of agreement between a measured quantity and the true quantity of the measurand

3.5
action level

threshold concentration of an effluent contaminant at which it is necessary to perform an appropriate

action
3.6
adsorbent

material, generally a solid, that retains a substance contacting it through short-range molecular forces

that bind the adsorbed material at the surface of the material
3.7
aerodynamic diameter

for a particle of arbitrary shape and density, the diameter of a sphere with density 1 000 kg/m that has

the same sedimentation velocity in quiescent air as the arbitrary particle
3.8
aerosol
dispersion of solid or liquid particles in air or other gas
Note 1 to entry: An aerosol is not only the aerosol particles.
3.9
aerosol, monodisperse

aerosol (3.8) comprised of (solid or liquid) particles that are all of approximately the same size

Note 1 to entry: In general, the geometric standard deviation of the particle-size distribution of a monodisperse

aerosol is less than or equal to 1,1.
3.10
aerosol, polydisperse
aerosol (3.8) comprised of particles with a range of sizes

Note 1 to entry: In general, the geometric standard deviation of the particle-size distribution of a polydisperse

aerosol is greater than 1,1.
3.11
aerosol particle
solid or liquid particle constituents of an aerosol (3.8)
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
3.12
analyser

device that provides for near real-time data on radiological characteristics of the gas (air) flow in a

sampling system or duct

Note 1 to entry: An analyser usually evaluates the concentration of radionuclides in a sampled air stream.

However, some analysers are mounted directly in or outside a stack or duct.
3.13
aspiration ratio

ratio of particle mass or number concentration in the nozzle inlet to the concentration in the free stream

3.14
bend
gradual change in direction of a sample transport line

Note 1 to entry: The radius of curvature of a bend should be at least three times the inside diameter of the tubing.

3.15
bulk stream
air flow in a stack or duct, as opposed to the sample flow rate
3.16
burial

imbedding of a particle into a filter medium or the masking of a particle by subsequent deposits of

particulate matter
3.17
calibration

operation that, under specified conditions, initially establishes a relation between the quantity values

with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications

with associated measurement uncertainties and then uses this information to establish a relation for

obtaining a measurement result from an indication
3.18
coefficient of variation

quantity that is the ratio of the standard deviation of a variable to the mean value of that variable

Note 1 to entry: It is usually expressed as a percentage.
3.19
collector
component of a sampling system that is used to retain radionuclides for analysis

EXAMPLE A filter that is used to remove from a sample stream aerosol particles that carry alpha-emitting

transuranic radionuclides or other radionuclides.
3.20
conditioning system

apparatus that can be used to purposefully, in a controlled manner, change the aerosol particle (3.11)

concentration, gas composition, particle-size distribution (3.53), temperature or pressure in a sample

stream (3.68)
3.21
continuous air monitor
CAM

near­real­time sampler and associated detector that provide data on radionuclides [e.g. concentration

of alpha­emitting aerosol particle (3.11)] in a sample stream (3.68)
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
3.22
continuous monitoring
continuous near­real­time measurements of one or more sampling characteristics
3.23
continuous sampling

either uninterrupted sampling or sequential collection of samples obtained automatically at intervals

short enough to yield results that are representative for the entire sampling period

Note 1 to entry: The sample may be analysed in near-real-time (i.e. equivalent to monitoring) or it may be

analysed post-sample-collection in a remote laboratory.
3.24
curvature ratio
ratio of bend radius to the tube diameter
3.25
depositional loss
loss of constituents of the sample on the internal walls of a sampling system
Note 1 to entry: See also 3.84.
3.26
decision threshold

value of the estimator of the measurand, which, when exceeded by the result of an actual measurement

using a given measurement procedure of a measurand quantifying a physical effect, is used to decide

that the physical effect is present

Note 1 to entry: The decision threshold is defined such that in cases where the measurement result exceeds

the decision threshold, the probability that the true value of the measurand is zero is less or equal to a chosen

probability for a wrong decision, α.

[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.12 modified – definition identical, but Note 1 to entry changed and Note 2

to entry not included here.]
3.27
detection limit

smallest true value of the measurand which ensures a specified probability of being detectable by the

measurement procedure

Note 1 to entry: With the decision threshold (3.26), the detection limit is the smallest true value of the measurand

for which the probability of wrongly deciding that the true value of the measurand is zero is equal to a specified

value, when, in fact, the true value of the measurand is not zero.

[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1: 2019, 3.13 modified – definition identical, but last sentence of Note 1 to entry not

included here as well as Note 2 to entry.]
3.28
droplet
liquid aerosol particle (3.11)
3.29
effective dose

sum of the products of the dose absorbed by an organ or a tissue and the factors relative to the radiation

and to the organs or tissues that are irradiated
3.30
effluent
waste stream flowing away from a process, plant, or facility to the environment

Note 1 to entry: This document applies to the effluent air that is discharged to the atmosphere through stacks

and ducts.
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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
3.31
emission
contaminants that are discharged into the environment
3.32
emit
discharge contaminants into the environment
3.33
extractive sampling

diverting a part of the airflow from a stack or duct for the purpose of the collection of a sample of the air

Note 1 to entry: See 3.69 and 3.72.
3.34
flow rate

rate at which a mass or volume of gas (air) crosses an imaginary cross-sectional area in either a

sampling system tube or a stack or duct

Note 1 to entry: The rate at which the volume crosses the imaginary area is called the volumetric flow rate and

the rate at which the mass crosses the imaginary area is called either the mass flow rate or the volumetric flow

rate at standard conditions.
3.35
geometric mean of a variable
value for N observations of a random variable x given by
lnx = lnx
g ∑ i
i=1
3.36
geometric standard deviation

the geometric standard deviation for N observations of a random variable, x , calculated from:

1 2
ln s = ln xx−ln
gg∑ i
N−1
i=1
where x is the geometric mean of the random variable
3.37
high-efficiency particulate air filter
HEPA filter

high-efficiency filter used for removing aerosol particles (3.11) from an air stream

Note 1 to entry: A HEPA filter usually collects aerosol particles at the most penetrating particle size (between

0,1 μm and 0,3 μm diameter) with a high efficiency and is designed to collect greater fractions of aerosol particles

with diameters either larger or smaller. The minimum efficiency of a HEPA filter is not defined in this document.

3.38
hydraulic diameter

type of equivalent duct diameter for ducts that do not have a round cross-section

Note 1 to entry: Generally, it is four times the cross-sectional area divided by the perimeter.

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ISO/FDIS 2889:2021(E)
3.39
impaction
process by which aerosol
...