ISO 15686-7:2006
(Main)Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 7: Performance evaluation for feedback of service life data from practice
Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 7: Performance evaluation for feedback of service life data from practice
ISO 15686-7:2006 provides a generic basis for performance evaluation for feedback of service life data from existing buildings and constructed assets, including a definition of the terms to be used and the description of how the (technical) performance can be described and documented to ensure consistencies.
Bâtiments et biens immobiliers construits — Prévision de la durée de vie — Partie 7: Évaluation de la performance de l'information en retour relative à la durée de vie, issue de la pratique
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15686-7
First edition
2006-03-01
Buildings and constructed assets —
Service life planning —
Part 7:
Performance evaluation for feedback of
service life data from practice
Bâtiments et biens immobiliers construits — Prévision de la durée de
vie —
Partie 7: Évaluation de la performance de l'information en retour relative
à la durée de vie, issue de la pratique
Reference number
ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Methodological framework . 3
5 Performance surveys . 5
Annex A (informative) Guidance on Factor E — Environmental classification systems and
methods for assessment in microenvironment. 16
Annex B (informative) Prediction of (residual) service life on the object (single building) level and
on the network level (population of buildings). 21
Annex C (informative) Worked example of RSL data records from “Inspection of buildings”. 23
Bibliography . 26
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15686-7 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Building construction, Subcommittee SC 14,
Design life.
ISO 15686 consists of the following parts, under the general title Buildings and constructed assets — Service
life planning:
⎯ Part 1: General principles
⎯ Part 2: Service life prediction procedures
⎯ Part 3: Performance audits and reviews
⎯ Part 5: Whole life costing
⎯ Part 6: Procedures for considering environmental impacts
⎯ Part 7: Performance evaluation for feedback of service life data from practice
⎯ Part 8: Reference service life
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
Introduction
ISO 15686, with the general title Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning, of which this
document is Part 7, is an important contribution to the development of a policy for design life. A major impetus
for the preparation of the parts of ISO 15686 is the current concern over the inability to predict service life,
costs of ownership and maintenance of buildings and constructed assets. Common methods and standards
for performance assessment and proper feedback of data from practice are decisive in order to make
experience data from the building stock consistent and comparable. The purpose of this part of ISO 15686 is
therefore to describe the principles for service life performance surveys and evaluation with an emphasis on
technical recommendations. It aims to describe a generic methodology, including the terms to be used, that
provide guidance on the planning, documentation and inspection phases, as well as on analysis and
interpretation of performance evaluations, both on the object (single building) and network (stock of buildings)
level. Maintenance planning is outside the scope of this part of ISO 15686.
ISO 15686-7 is intended for all members of a building team, i.e. building owners and developers, professional
advisors, constructors, assessors, manufacturers of building products, managers of both publicly and privately
owned constructed assets.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning —
Part 7:
Performance evaluation for feedback of service life data from
practice
1 Scope
This part of ISO 15686 provides a generic basis for performance evaluation for feedback of service life data
from existing buildings and constructed assets, including a definition of the terms to be used and the
description of how the (technical) performance can be described and documented to ensure consistencies.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6241:1984, Performance standards in building — Principles for their preparation and factors to be
considered
ISO 15686-1:2000, Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 1: General principles
ISO 15686-2:2001, Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 2: Service life prediction
procedures
1)
ISO 15686-8:— , Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 8: Reference service life
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 15686-1, ISO 15686-2 and the
following apply.
3.1
consequence degree
expression of the seriousness of consequences in relation to a defined reference level
3.2
network level
stock of objects (facilities, e.g. bridges, tunnels, power plants, buildings) under management and maintenance
of an owner
1) In preparation.
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
3.3
object level
basic unit of the network serving a specific function
3.4
performance survey
total survey (defining of the task, planning, examination, evaluation and reporting) at a given time in
accordance with this part of ISO 15686
3.5
performance assessment
all material that accounts for an item’s performance throughout its service life
3.6
performance degree
expression of the performance of an item in relation to a defined reference level
3.7
performance control
comparison between performance and defined requirements
3.8
refurbishment
modification and improvements to an existing item to bring it up to an acceptable condition
[ISO 6707-1]
3.9
repair
return a product/component/assembly/system to an acceptable condition by renewal, replacement or mending
of worn, damaged or degraded parts
[ISO 6707-1]
3.10
renewal
demolition and rebuilding of an existing item
3.11
replacement
change of parts of an existing item to regain its functionality
3.12
risk
probability of an event (e.g. failure, damage) multiplied by its consequences (e.g. cost, fatalities, exposure to
personal or environmental hazard)
3.13
symptom
indicator of the loss of performance of an item
3.14
in-use condition
any circumstance that contributes to or causes the degradation of a building/constructed assets or a part of it
under normal use
NOTE In order to encompass all of the seven factor classes of the Factor method, this definition has been extended
relative to that given in ISO 15686-2:2001, 3.3.5, thus being in accordance with ISO 15686-1:2000, 3.1.2, where “in-use
condition” is referred to as influencing any of the seven factors.
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
3.15
usage conditions
in-use conditions due to users of a building/constructed assets, and human activity adjacent to a
building/constructed assets
NOTE In this part of ISO 15686, the Factor class F is designated “usage conditions” rather than “in-use condition” as
used but not defined in ISO 15686-1. This is called for in order to distinguish the factor class from the term “in-use
condition” as defined in ISO 15686-2 as “environmental condition under normal use”.
3.16
factor class
label of an in-use condition indicating which factor of the Factor method the condition will influence
3.17
in-use condition grading
act of collective judgement of all qualitative information of in-use conditions within a factor class
3.18
in-use condition grade
outcome of an in-use condition grading
4 Methodological framework
4.1 Service life planning
In ISO 15686-1, the concept of reference service life (RSL) is defined as the “service life of a
product/component/assembly/system that is known to be expected under a particular set, i.e a reference set,
of in-use conditions and which may form the basis of estimating the service life under other in-use conditions”.
A person working with the service life planning (SLP) of a design object is faced with the problem of
forecasting the service life of its components. Even if there are certain service life data available, i.e. RSLs,
these can rarely be used directly. This is because the project-specific in-use conditions, to which the object’s
components are subjected, are usually different from those under which the service life data are valid, i.e. the
reference in-use conditions.
In ISO 15686-1:2000, Clause 9, the Factor method is described as a means to overcome this problem. The
Factor method is used to modify an RSL to obtain an estimated service life (ESL) of the components of a
design object, while considering the difference between the project-specific and the reference in-use
conditions. This is carried out by multiplying the RSL by a number of factors, each of which reflect the
difference between the two sets of in-use conditions within a particular factor class:
ESL = RSL × Factor A × Factor B × Factor C × Factor D × Factor E × Factor F × Factor G
The factor classes are given in Table 1.
NOTE The Factor method will be moved to ISO 15686-8 when ISO 15686-1:2000 is revised.
Table 1 — Factor classes of the Factor method
Factor classes of the Factor method
Factor class Designation
A quality of components
B design level
C work execution level
D indoor environment
E outdoor environment
F usage conditions
G maintenance level
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
The evaluation of an ESL according to the Factor method requires the input of an RSL as well as the numbers
of the Factor classes A to G. A proper choice of the numbers of the factors depends on the difference
between the project-specific and the reference in-use conditions. Therefore, in order to enable estimations of
the Factor classes A to G jointly with RSL, the reference in-use conditions in terms of the factor classes
should, as far as possible, be included when providing data.
Currently, there are a limited number of systematic studies on service life prediction and there is an urgent
need for data. For the provision of RSL data, the capturing of existing data of any kind is acceptable.
4.2 Performance assessment of service life in the course of the construction life cycle
4.2.1 Relation to service life design and reference service life (RSL)
The performance levels of the construction and its components change during the life cycle of the construction
(see Figure 1). The in-use conditions can also be subject to change. Therefore, a proper assessment of the
service life during the construction life cycle should include a thorough assessment of the existing in-use
conditions, and record any changes to the levels used in the design process, if applicable.
A main objective of this part of ISO 15686 is to provide a basis for objective assessment and to describe how
information retrieved during performance assessments can become new input in the RSL data, as described
in ISO 15686-8. As such, this part of ISO 15686 adds further to the data generating method of inspection of
the building specified in ISO 15686-1:2000, 8.2.5 b).
4.2.2 Life cycle performance of construction
Figure 1 illustrates scenarios in the development of the performance (bold line) of construction works from
delivery through the maintenance and operation phase. There is a deviation (gap) in performance from the
client’s expectations and requirements from the brief (initial) phase until the delivery (“as built”) phase, often
due to failures or damage during fabrication. The expectation gap is increased further due to the continuous
rise in new requirements and upgrading, business development, etc.
After the delivery, performance decreases during operation, due to wear and tear, or simply the age factor, if
left with no maintenance. Therefore, the construction and its components are subjected to various corrective
actions, or maintenance, in order to keep up with required performance. These actions can be proactive,
which is preferred, or reactive, which is largely the current practice. In both cases, inspections and
performance assessments should be the basis for maintenance planning. This applies to all functionalities.
This part of ISO 15686 defines a generic protocol and terms for how to evaluate the service life performance
during this life cycle. Maintenance planning is outside the scope of this part of ISO 15686, but for the sake of
illustration, Figure 1 relates the assessed performance levels to various known maintenance actions, as
defined in ISO 15686-1. The content of, and relations between, such levels and actions should be defined by
users separately.
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
Key
Y quality/function 5 preventative and periodic maintenance
X operation and management of building over time 6 limit states
1 expectation/achievement gap 7 refurbishment
2 building failure/damage 8 repair
3 new requirements — public 9 replacement
— market
10 performance without preventative actions
— business
11 renewal
4 development upgrading 12 “as built”
a
Performance degrees (PD) are defined in 5.3.4.2.2.
Figure 1 — Life cycle performance of construction
5 Performance surveys
5.1 General
The main purpose of this part of ISO 15686 is to be an aid in the planning and preparation of required general
and specific working documents for the performance survey of items of various character and different
purpose. General and specific working documents supplementary to carrying out performance surveys can be
described in three levels, as given in Table 2.
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
Table 2 — Overview of document levels
Document Main function Content
This part of Provides a standardized framework Definitions, method and content
ISO 15686 for planning and for terms and
methods
General working Provides agreed (objective) fixed Specific symptom lists and/or illustrated catalogues, for
documents for terms (reference level) for the example:
performance performance of a building product or
— concrete;
surveys construction method
— masonry;
— external wood;
— steel;
— ventilation ducts.
Checklists for likely locations of failure prepared on the
basis of this part of ISO 15686
Specific working Provides specific directions on how a Complete work guidance for the performance survey of a
documents for type of item should be handled. type of item, for example:
performance
Should also provide the reference — bridges;
surveys
level for performance degrees for the — old town buildings;
relevant type of item — stave churches;
— ventilation systems.
These should be prepared by those who request the
survey for a type of item (facility manager, property owner,
etc.) on the basis of the standard and general working
documents
This part of ISO 15686 can be used
a) directly as an aid for performance surveys when no other working documents exist, or as a supplement
when the working documents are incomplete;
b) to prepare general working documents;
c) to prepare specific working documents.
5.2 Registration level and user-oriented types of inspection
There are three levels of registration as follows:
a) level 1 (preliminary): Performance registration of a general character consisting of visual observations
combined, if necessary, with simple measurements.
b) level 2 (regular): Performance registration of a general character, but more exhaustive and detailed than
Level 1. It includes examination of supporting data, e.g. drawings, specifications and other documentation.
More extensive registrations or measurements should be carried out to establish the construction and
performance of the item when required.
c) level 3 (detailed): Performance registration of a special character that includes only specific items
(building elements, construction elements, work sections) or specific problems. Such performance
registration implies the application of especially accurate measurement or test methods and, if
appropriate, laboratory testing.
Types of inspection should be designed from these various levels of registration according to user needs and
required competence of inspectors, as given in Table 3.
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
Table 3 — Types of inspection and competence level required of inspectors
Type of
Purpose Minimal inspector qualification
inspection
Preliminary Introductory inspection of a general character consisting Has a technical education, knows the
of visual observations and basic measurements to get a building and is able to identify the
very rough overview concerned parts and critical phenomena
Regular Inspection at regular intervals, such as Architect, civil engineer, facility
manager, craftsmen, technician
— every 1 to 2 years, for analysis of weak points or
failures in the construction;
— every 3 to 10 years, for
— design and preparation of tenders in restoration
and rehabilitation project,
— defining the inspection plan, programming the
object-individual questions for inspection,
— planning of renovation, control of adequate use,
cost estimates for maintenance measures
Specific/detailed Special tasks, such as
Proofed/certified specialist in the
(ordered from the relevant field, e.g. scientist, laboratory
— detailed specification of the extent of any damage
levels above) engineer, software engineer
— difficult and/or unusual situations
— research work
5.3 Phases and activities in the performance survey
5.3.1 General overview
A performance survey should consist of the following main phases:
a) defining the task;
b) planning;
c) examination;
d) evaluation;
e) reporting.
NOTE A more detailed analysis of this process is given in Table 4.
Performance surveys should be carried out by personnel having the relevant technical background within the
field being surveyed (see Table 3). All fields that are relevant to the purpose of the performance survey should
be covered.
5.3.2 Defining the task
5.3.2.1 General
The purpose, extent and resources required for the performance survey should be established, described and
documented.
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
5.3.2.2 Purpose
A prerequisite of the performance survey is to define the purpose of the survey, i.e. to clarify what the survey
should be used for. For example, the purpose of performance surveys in relation to construction works or
construction works elements can be to:
a) provide performance documentation and RSL data for manufacturer’s product documentation;
b) form the basis for maintenance plans;
c) determine (in the case of urban city renewal) whether a construction works should be demolished or
renovated;
d) inspect for completion and for notification of defects;
e) assist with purchase and sale;
f) assist in undertaking valuation (technical part);
g) assist in preparing conservation documentation.
Table 4 — Phases and activities in the performance assessment protocol
Main phase Activity/content Examples/elaboration
Defining the task Purpose Planning of maintenance, repair and renovation. Evaluation of damage and
Residual Service Life. Valuation. Conservation documentation
Extent/level Item: field, building, construction work, elements. Evaluate, define the
registration level. Sampling. Cost calculation of action
Cost of analysis Own cost and purchased services
Planning Basic material Drawings, specifications, performance documentation
Registration scheme Systematic, orientation system, statistical selection, aids
Plan Examination, inspection, meetings information, access
Recording of age, Examination Symptoms, in-use conditions
in-use conditions
Performance degree Description of performance via pictures and measurements
and performance
levels
Documentation Photographs
Evaluation In-use conditions Critical properties and performance requirements/prediction of service life
Performance control Requirements set by authorities, regulations. Requirements set by the
client/user requirements
Failure Definition from reference level, insufficient documentation
Probabilities and Reconsider the extent of the registration, failure distributions and
consequences consequence degrees
Risk Evaluated and used as a basis for action profiles
Actions Recommendations, priorities/costs if appropriate
Reporting Introduction Purpose. Identification of the item, main structure, construction age, extend
of level, time of survey, client and contractor, other parties involved.
Conclusion Main conclusion, summary, performance, recommended actions, costs,
economy, recommendation for further progress
Main report Definitions, reference level, registrations, inspections, evaluations and
recommendations, costs
Enclosure Basic material, supplementary material, drawings, photographs, form
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
5.3.2.3 Extent and costs
The extent of the survey is determined by
a) what items and fields are included in the performance survey;
b) the registration level;
c) whether a calculation of costs of the recommended actions is to be carried out.
The extent of the performance survey should be subject to continuous reassessment. Choice of registration
level is dependent on the purpose of the performance survey and on the performance of the construction
works. Before the registration level is chosen, it should be considered whether there is a need for a
preliminary inspection. An estimate of quantities should be included if the costs of the recommended actions
are to be calculated.
In the use of sampling examinations, i.e. that the performance registration only includes a limited selection of
items on the network level, or a limited part of a larger item on the object level, the number of samples should
be determined based on the
a) required reliability/certainty;
b) consequences of failure (economy, safety);
c) costs of extended examination (larger number of samples).
It should be decided whether all items of each type that exist within the area covered by the performance
survey (the entire population) should be included in the performance registration or whether a selection
(sample) should be made. If the area for performance survey includes a large number of identical items or
large areas of identical structure, it can be appropriate, in terms of both work and costs, to limit the
performance registration to a selection.
For some items there might be standards or regulations that determine the sample size.
Costing calculations of the recommended actions is a highly comprehensive task involving the preparation of
an estimate of quantities and research into the cost of earlier similar work. In order to determine the extent of
the overall task and the required use of time, it is important to clarify whether costing calculations are
necessary at all.
5.3.3 Planning
It should be established whether drawings and/or specifications of the item “as built” (or rebuilt) exist, and
whether there is any documentation on operating and maintenance-related performances, e.g. repairs,
maintenance work and improvements that have been made. The amount of basic material that needs to be
provided or prepared should be determined, depending on the type of documentation that exists and on the
extent of the performance survey.
For sampling examinations, the items should be selected at random, i.e. selected without the influence of any
prior knowledge about the items.
A plan for the performance survey that includes preliminary meetings, inspection forms, reporting including
documentation level, any presentation of results, and suggestions for further action should be prepared. It
should be agreed who is responsible for notifying the user and for providing the necessary access.
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ISO 15686-7:2006(E)
5.3.4 Registration of in-use conditions and performance levels
5.3.4.1 General — In-use conditions
As stated, RSL data comprise service-life data and reference in-use conditions, as well as corresponding data
on critical properties and performance requirements for subsequent service life evaluations. For each
individual in-use condition listed, the factor class it belongs to should be indicated. Statements indicating the
data quality should be included, for instance, information that the RSL data have been generated on the basis
of a systematic study or that data are critically reviewed by a third party.
A quantitative description of the reference in-use conditions in terms of the factor classes should be given (see
ISO 15686-8:—, 7.2).
The reference in-use conditions corresponding to Factor class D, indoor environment, and/or Factor class E,
outdoor environment, whichever is applicable, are to be quantified in terms of degradation agent intensities
characterizing the reference in-use environment. Alternatively to discrete values, ranges of such intensities or
standardized classes corresponding to certain ranges of intensities are accepted (see Annex C).
NOTE For further information, references are
...
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