ISO/TR 4553:2022
(Main)Deformations and displacements of buildings and building elements at serviceability limit states
Deformations and displacements of buildings and building elements at serviceability limit states
This document establishes the basic principles for the determination of deformations of buildings at the serviceability limit state when formulating national standards and recommendations. This document contains information on how serviceability for buildings and building elements is dealt with in some national standards.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 4553
First edition
2022-01
Deformations and displacements of
buildings and building elements at
serviceability limit states
Reference number
ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
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ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Limit state design .1
5 Serviceability limit state guidelines for buildings and building elements .2
6 Design procedure for serviceability limit states . 2
7 Probability of exceedance and reliability index for serviceability .3
8 Verification methods for serviceability . 4
8.1 General . 4
8.2 Actions . 4
8.3 Design values of the effects of actions . 5
8.4 Combination of actions . . 6
8.4.1 General . 6
8.4.2 Characteristic combination of actions . 6
8.4.3 Frequent combination of actions . 6
8.4.4 Quasi-permanent combination of actions . 6
8.4.5 Combination of actions in seismic design situations . 7
8.5 Design values of geometrical parameters . 7
8.6 Design values of material properties . 7
9 Criteria for serviceability limit state .8
9.1 General . 8
9.2 Vertical and horizontal deformations . 8
9.2.1 General . 8
9.2.2 Vertical deformations . 9
9.2.3 Horizontal deformations . 10
9.2.4 Concrete buildings — Stress limitation and checking of cracks . 11
9.3 Vibration . 11
Bibliography .12
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ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is
normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in
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take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
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www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures,
Subcommittee SC 2, Reliability of structures.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
Introduction
The underlying aim of this document is to provide guidance for the structural designer to identify
those aspects of deformation that affect the suitability of a building for the purposes for which it was
intended, and to suggest certain criteria by which the serviceability of the building in this respect can
be assessed. In addition, numerical values for these criteria are provided to give some guidance where
this might be appropriate.
Deformations of building structures can affect the serviceability of the building by causing damage
to parts of the building and its finishes, by disturbing or harming users, or by preventing proper
use of the building. Deformations can be caused by ground movements, by differential settlement of
foundations, by environmental and occupational loads, by pre-stressing forces, and by movements of
building materials due to creep under load, or changes in temperature, moisture content or chemical
composition.
Prior to the 1960s, the allowable design stresses assigned to most engineering materials were low and
design methods were conservative. This resulted in highly redundant building forms, typically with
comparatively short spans and relatively massive elements. Such buildings were generally very stiff to
the extent that deflection problems were uncommon. There was little need to realistically ascertain the
actual deformation of elements since these seldom controlled design or element sizes.
In contrast, modern design methods result in structures that are generally lighter, possess less
redundancy and are much more reactive to imposed loads. Modern structural design and material
standards aim to realistically reflect the actual material properties and provide innovative designers
with the tools to utilize the full potential of new materials. Material technology has also advanced, with
higher strength materials allowing longer spanning elements, which are typically more susceptible to
deformations and vibrations. Designers need to assess the response of each element to the appropriate
combination of realistic actions, often modelling these using analytical and computer techniques. The
engineering rationale inherent within such an approach is complex. Several assumptions are required
to assess that response, both to reflect the actual condition of the element in service and to ascertain
the response of that element to the applied action.
This document identifies and discusses many of the assumptions that are made when assessing
elemental deformation control. This document provides more detailed background information to
assist in assuring that these assumptions are appropriate and it provides guidance which allow the
sensitivity of such assumptions to be assessed with regard to the member, its physical properties or its
in-service condition.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
Deformations and displacements of buildings and building
elements at serviceability limit states
1 Scope
This document establishes the basic principles for the determination of deformations of buildings at the
serviceability limit state when formulating national standards and recommendations. This document
contains information on how serviceability for buildings and building elements is dealt with in some
national standards.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8930:2021, General principles on reliability for structures — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8930:2021 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Limit state design
A structure or part of a structure, including a building and building elements, is considered unfit
for use or to have failed when it exceeds a particular condition, called a limit state, beyond which its
[21]
performance or use is impaired (e.g. ISO 22111:2019 ). Generally, all designs are governed by the
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state.
The ultimate limit state primarily focuses on the maximum load-bearing capacity beyond which failure
occurs. The application of ultimate limit state in designs is commonly based on the assessment of
either the impact of failure on loss of human life or personal injury, or both, and economic, social and/
or environmental consequences. In major standards, different buildings and structures are assigned
structural importance, consequence or risk classifications. Examples of these classifications can be
found in the following standards:
[9]
a) AS/NZS 1170.0:2002, 3.3 for New Zealand, and Annex F: F2 for Australia ;
[11]
b) prEN 1990:2020, 4.3, A.1.3, A.1.4 ;
[17]
c) ISO 2394:2015, F.2 ;
d) Table 2.4.1 of Reference [23];
[10]
e) ASCE 7-16, 2.2.1, Table 2.2.1 .
These classifications are summarized in Table 1.
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ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
Table 1 — Summary of relationship between structural importance/risk classification and
consequence of failure for major standards
Structural importance/risk classification
Consequence of
failure
[9] [11] [17] [10]
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 prEN 1990:2020 ISO 2394:2015 Reference [23] ASCE 7-16
CC0
Low 1 1 Not considered 1
CC1
Ordinary 2 CC2 2 III 2
3 3 3
High CC3 II
4 4 4
Exceptional 5 CC4 5 I 5
Additional considerations are given to special and essential buildings and infrastructures in order
either to mitigate the hazards posed to community or to maintain functionality in the event of failure, or
both. The design of this category of buildings and structures is usually governed by special guidelines
and hence is beyond the scope of regular national standards.
Serviceability limit state deals with the loss of functionality related to normal use. This document
focuses on the serviceability limit states relating to the deformations and displacements of buildings
and building elements.
5 Serviceability limit state guidelines for buildings and building elements
Serviceability limit states for buildings and building elements are related to users’ comfort, loss of
intended functionality to normal use and gradual deterioration. In these states, the modes of failure, i.e.
undesirable states, include:
a) Unacceptable deflections/displacements (deformations): the acceptable limits are subjective and
depend on human perception. A building with visible deflections (horizontal or vertical) is not
acceptable by some members of the public, even when it is structural safe. The displacements limits
often govern the design of a structure.
b) Excessive vibrations: they can cause discomfort to people or affect non-structural elements or
functioning of equipment. The acceptability criteria are highly subjective and depend on human
perception. The design for vibration very often requires a dynamic analysis.
c) Local damage including cracking: They affect the appearance and functional reliability of the
building. In concrete structures, they lead to steel corrosion, spalled concrete, salt penetration, and
loss of concrete tensile strength.
It is important to distinguish reversible and irreversible serviceability limit states (e.g.
[17]
ISO 2394:2015 ). A reversible serviceability limit state is a state in which the effects of actions do not
remain when the actions are removed, while an irreversible serviceability limit state is one in which
the effects of actions remain even after the actions are removed.
It is noteworthy that in practice, many serviceability requirements are subject to agreement between
the owner and the designer.
This document focuses on serviceability limit states relating to the deformations and displacements of
buildings and building elements.
6 Design procedure for serviceability limit states
Most national standards recommend design procedure for buildings and building elements for
serviceability limit states. These design procedures comply with the serviceability limit state design
methodology adopted by individual national standard, such as those presented in:
[9]
a) AS/NZS 1170.0:2002, 2.1, 2.3 ;
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ISO/TR 4553:2022(E)
[21]
b) ISO 22111:2019, D.1, D.3 ;
c) Japanese standards summarized in Reference [26];
[10]
d) ASCE 7-16, Annex CC .
Generally, the design procedure for serviceability limit state includes, but is not limited to, consideration
of the following:
a) properties of materials and geometry of the structure relevant to the serviceability of the building
or building element;
b) structural importance, consequence, risk, probability of exceedance or reliability classification of
the building for serviceability;
c) serviceability actions, including permanent actions, variable actions and accidental actions such as
seismic actions;
d) combinations of actions for serviceability limit states and the corresponding design values;
e) serviceability response of the building or building element;
f) limiting values for the serviceability design conditions.
7 Probability of exceedance and reliability index for serviceability
In a fully probabilistic framework, target reliability level can be expressed through a probability
of exceeding (failure) the limit state P or a reliability index β. Examples of different probabilistic
f
frameworks adopted for serviceability limit state can be found in the following standards:
[9]
a) AS/NZS 1170.0:2002, 3.4, Table 3.3, Annex C ;
[11]
b) prEN 1990:2020, C3.3.2.2 ;
[21]
c) ISO 22111:2019, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, C.1, C.2, C.3 ;
[22]
d) Housing Performance Display Standard (2001) , AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings
[7]
(2015) ;
[10]
a) ASCE 7-16, Annex CC .
Typical reliability levels in terms of reliability index and the corresponding probabilities of exceedance,
[24]
according to The JCSS probabilistic model code (2001) , are given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Typical reference target reliability levels for serviceability limit state with associated
probabilities of exceedance for a one-year reference period
Type of serviceability Relative cost and effort Reference target reliability Probability of exceeding
limit state of safety measures index the limit state
β P
f
High 1,3 0,10
Irreversible Normal 1,7 0,05
Low 2,3 0,01
For serviceability limit states, target reliability or probability of failure values are generally related
to the relative cost and effort of implementing safety measures necessary for achieving sufficient
reliability. A qualitative
...
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