ISO/IEC 29121:2018
(Main)Information technology — Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage — Data migration method for optical disks for long-term data storage
Information technology — Digitally recorded media for information interchange and storage — Data migration method for optical disks for long-term data storage
ISO/IEC 29121:2018 specifies the data migration method for DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, +R, +RW, CD-R, CD-RW, BD Recordable and BD Rewritable disks for long-term data storage. By applying this document for information storage, digital data can be migrated to a next new disk without loss from the present disk as long as data errors are completely corrected before and during the migration and provided copying of the data is allowed. ISO/IEC 29121:2018 specifies: - a data migration method for long-term data storage; - test methods including test parameters, test area, test drive, disk preparation and test execution; - an initial performance test and a periodic performance test that check a readability of the data recorded on the disks with categorized Maximum Data Error tables; and - a necessity of precaution to reduce the possibility of deterioration in order to assure the integrity of the disks during their use, storage, handling or transportation. ISO/IEC 29121:2018 offers guidelines to use disks with estimated lifetime of Bmig (B0,000 1) Life which is introduced using B5 Life and B50 Life specified in ISO/IEC 16963.
Technologies de l'information — Supports enregistrés numériquement pour échange et stockage d'information — Méthode de migration de données pour disques optiques pour le stockage à long terme
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 29121
Third edition
2018-03
Information technology — Digitally
recorded media for information
interchange and storage — Data
migration method for optical disks for
long-term data storage
Technologies de l'information — Supports enregistrés
numériquement pour échange et stockage d'information — Méthode
de migration de données pour disques optiques pour le stockage à
long terme
Reference number
ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2018
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Test method . 4
4.1 Test parameters . 4
4.2 Test area . 4
4.3 Test drive . 5
4.3.1 General. 5
4.3.2 Test drive calibration . 5
4.4 Disk preparation . 5
4.5 Test execution . 5
5 Test interval for periodic performance test . 5
6 Test result evaluation . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Initial performance test . 6
6.3 Periodic performance test . 6
7 Prevention of deterioration . 7
Annex A (informative) Causes of deterioration for optical disks for long-term data storage .8
Annex B (informative) Recommendations on handling, storage and cleaning conditions for
optical disks for long-term data storage.10
Annex C (informative) Relation between BER and PI SUM 8 .12
Annex D (informative) Guideline for adjustment of the estimated lifetime to higher
stress conditions .13
Annex E (informative) Calculation for B Life using B Life and B Life .15
mig 50 5
Annex F (informative) Guideline of test interval and migration .17
Annex G (informative) Test area.20
Annex H (informative) Max RSER criteria for BD Recordable and BD Rewritable disks .21
Annex I (informative) Guideline for treatment of defects .22
Bibliography .23
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 23, Digitally Recorded Media for Information Interchange and Storage.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/IEC 29121:2013), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— CD-R, CD-RW, BD-Recordable and BD Rewritable disks have been added as the optical disks for long-
term data storage applicable in this document, and accordingly, the title of this document has been
changed.
— Terminologies have been harmonized with those used in ISO/IEC 16963 and relevant updates in the
latest version of ISO/IEC 16963 have been reflected.
— ISO/IEC 16963 has been moved from the Normative references clause to the Bibliography at
publication stage in order to conform to the requirements from the ISO/IEC Directives Part 2.
— Minor editorial changes have been made to conform to the latest version of ISO/IEC Directives Part 2.
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
Introduction
Many organizations now use optical disks for long-term storage of information. It is assumed that a disk
selected for recording has already been qualified for that purpose. It is therefore important to be able
to verify that data have been recorded correctly and remains readable for the required amount of time.
Previous International Standards clearly defined requirements for interchange, but did not contain
requirements for longevity.
Longevity is limited both by disk degradation and by technology obsolescence. Interchange is regularly
verified to assure that information on existing recorded disks will continue to be recoverable. Users can
have a maintenance policy that protects disks against unanticipated failure or use, such as by making
one copy, another to function as a backup or master and another for routine access. Hardware-support
life cycles typically vary between five to ten years, and technology life cycles usually end after 20
years. Consequently, recordings that require a longer life cycle may have to be transferred to upgraded
platforms every 10 to 30 years.
Optical disks for long-term storage should be evaluated. Significant longevity differences can exist
for disks from different manufacturers and even between disks from the same manufacturer. It is
preferable that disks selected for long-term preservation should have a long estimated lifetime, which
can be estimated according to ISO/IEC 16963.
Disks with initially poor quality do not offer sufficient headroom and can reach the unrecoverable-
error threshold before the next scheduled inspection, which is to be avoided for long-term data storage.
This means that a disk of high initial recorded quality that maintains this condition for life is expected
to have superior longevity.
Because read data are corrected by an error-correction decoder, it is impossible to detect degradation
without detecting the raw error rate or raw error number. The raw error can be detected with a
standard test drive. The quality of the disk can be specified as the number of erroneous inner-parity
detections with DVD-R, DVD-RW, +R and +RW disks. The quality of a DVD-RAM disk is defined instead
by its byte error rate. Deterioration can be monitored by checking the raw error numbers and continues
to be monitored. Methods described in this document define a quality-control policy that can non-
destructively identify degradation, and thereby support timely and effective corrective action.
DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, +R and +RW disks are based on the technology now widely known as DVD
in the market. This entails the use of red laser diodes, two 0,6-mm thick substrates bonded together
by an adhesive layer to protect the recording layer from dust, write-once (DVD-R, +R) or phase-change
recording layers (DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, +RW) and a 0,60 or 0,65 NA objective lens to ensure good spatial
margins required for a professional data preservation. Disks having dual recording layers with a spacer
between them are used in addition to those with a conventional single recording layer.
After the issuance of the previous edition of this document, ISO/IEC standards for the physical format
of BD Recordable and Rewritable disks were published in 2013. ISO/IEC 16963 was also updated to
include testing of BD Recordable and Rewritable disks in 2015. Accordingly, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 23 started
work to include BD Recordable and Rewritable disks in this document and held joint discussions with
Ecma International TC31. The BD data migration part of this work was standardized separately by
Ecma International as ECMA-413, along with contributions from the Japanese national committee of
SC 23. CD-R and CD-RW disks included in ISO/IEC 16963 are also incorporated.
ISO/IEC 16963 was initially listed as a normative reference in this document to introduce the lifetime
estimation method. However, as the application of this method is strongly recommended as opposed
to required, ISO/IEC 16963 was moved from the Normative references clause to the Bibliography for
conformance with the ISO/IEC Directives Part 2.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
Information technology — Digitally recorded media for
information interchange and storage — Data migration
method for optical disks for long-term data storage
1 Scope
This document specifies the data migration method for DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, +R, +RW, CD-R, CD-
RW, BD Recordable and BD Rewritable disks for long-term data storage. By applying this document for
information storage, digital data can be migrated to a next new disk without loss from the present disk
as long as data errors are completely corrected before and during the migration and provided copying
of the data is allowed.
This document specifies:
— a data migration method for long-term data storage;
— test methods including test parameters, test area, test drive, disk preparation and test execution;
— an initial performance test and a periodic performance test that check a readability of the data
recorded on the disks with categorized Maximum Data Error tables; and
— a necessity of precaution to reduce the possibility of deterioration in order to assure the integrity of
the disks during their use, storage, handling or transportation.
This document offers guidelines to use disks with estimated lifetime of B (B ) Life which is
mig 0,000 1
introduced using B Life and B Life specified in ISO/IEC 16963.
5 50
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 12862, Information technology — 120 mm (8,54 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (2,66 Gbytes per side)
DVD recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-R for DL)
ISO/IEC 13170, Information technology — 120 mm (8,54 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (2,66 Gbytes per side)
DVD re-recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-RW for DL)
ISO/IEC 17341, Information technology — Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW
format — Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X)
ISO/IEC 17342, Information technology — 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side)
DVD re-recordable disk (DVD-RW)
ISO/IEC 17344, Information technology — Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R
format — Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)
ISO/IEC 17592, Information technology — 120 mm (4,7 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side)
DVD rewritable disk (DVD-RAM)
ISO/IEC 23912, Information technology — 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side)
DVD Recordable Disk (DVD-R)
ISO/IEC 25434, Information technology — Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R
DL format — Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
ISO/IEC 26925, Information technology — Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW
HS format — Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X)
ISO/IEC 29642, Information technology — Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW
DL format — Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed 2,4X)
ISO/IEC 30190:2016, Information technology — Digitally recorded media for information interchange
and storage — 120 mm Single Layer (25,0 Gbytes per disk) and Dual Layer (50,0 Gbytes per disk) BD
Recordable disk
ISO/IEC 30191:2015, Information technology — Digitally recorded media for information interchange and
storage — 120 mm Triple Layer (100,0 Gbytes single sided disk and 200,0 Gbytes double sided disk) and
Quadruple Layer (128,0 Gbytes single sided disk) BD Recordable disk
ISO/IEC 30192, Information technology — Digitally recorded media for information interchange
and storage — 120 mm Single Layer (25,0 Gbytes per disk) and Dual Layer (50,0 Gbytes per disk) BD
Rewritable disk
ISO/IEC 30193, Information technology — Digitally recorded media for information interchange and
storage — 120 mm Triple Layer (100,0 Gbytes per disk) BD Rewritable disk
ECMA-394, Recordable Compact Disc Systems CD-R Multi-Speed
ECMA-395, Recordable Compact Disc Systems CD-RW Ultra-Speed
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
B Life
mig
B
mig
lifetime (3.9) for use of data migration (3.5) and identical to B Life which is 0,000 001 quantile of
0.000 1
the lifetime distribution (i.e. 0,000 1 % failure time) or 99,999 9 % survival lifetime
Note 1 to entry: See Annex E.
3.2
B Life
5
5 percentile of the lifetime (3.9) distribution (i.e. 5 % failure time) or 95 % survival lifetime
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16963:2017, 3.4]
3.3
(B Life)
5 L
95 % lower confidence bound of B Life
5
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16963:2017, 3.5]
3.4
B Life
50
50 percentile of the lifetime (3.9) distribution (i.e. 50 % failure time) or 50 % survival lifetime
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16963:2017, 3.6]
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
3.5
data migration
process to copy data from one storage device or medium to another
3.6
Error Correction Code
ECC
mathematical computation yielding check bytes used for the detection and correction of errors in data
Note 1 to entry: For DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, +R and +RW disks, the Reed-Solomon product code defined in
ISO/IEC 16448 for DVD-ROM systems is applied. For BD Recordable and BD Rewritable disks, the Long Distance
Code (LDC) + Burst-Indicating Subcode (BIS) defined in ISO/IEC 30190, ISO/IEC 30191, ISO/IEC 30192 and
ISO/IEC 30193 is applied. For CD-R and CD-RW disks, the Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code (CIRC) and the
Reed-Solomon Product-like Code (RSPC) defined in ISO/IEC 10149 are applied.
3.7
error rate
rate of errors on the recorded disk measured before error correction is applied
3.8
initial performance test
test of the recording performance of data recorded on a disk before storing
3.9
lifetime
time that information is retrievable in a system (3.18)
3.10
Max BER
maximum byte error rate (3.7) at any consecutive 32 ECC (3.6) blocks on a disk as measured in the first
pass of the decoder before correction
Note 1 to entry: Max BER is applied to DVD-RAM disks.
3.11
Max C1 Ave 10
maximum number of C1 errors per second before error correction averaged over any 10 s
Note 1 to entry: See ISO/IEC 10149, ECMA-394 and ECMA-395.
3.12
Maximum Data Error
greatest level of data error measured anywhere in one of the relevant areas on the disk
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16963:2017, 3.13, modified — Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.13
Max PI SUM 8
maximum Parity of Inner (PI) code error count at any consecutive 8 ECC (3.6) blocks on a disk as
measured in the first pass of the decoder before correction
Note 1 to entry: See ISO/IEC 16448, ISO/IEC 23912, ISO/IEC 17341, ISO/IEC 17342 and ISO/IEC 17344.
3.14
Max RSER
maximum Random Symbol Error Rate before error correction, which excludes burst errors of length
greater than or equal to 40 bytes
Note 1 to entry: See ISO/IEC 30190, ISO/IEC 30191, ISO/IEC 30192, ISO/IEC 30193 and ISO/IEC 16963.
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
3.15
periodic performance test
periodic test of the recording performance of data recorded on a disk during the storage
3.16
retrievability
ability to recover physical information as recorded
3.17
storage time
time that a disk is being stored since data are recorded on the disk
3.18
system
combination of hardware, software, storage medium and documentation used to record, retrieve and
reproduce information
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16963:2017, 3.20]
3.19
uncorrectable error
error in the playback data that could not be corrected by the error correcting decoders
3.20
X Life
mig
X
mig
migration interval (year) which is determined by the user
Note 1 to entry: See Annex F.
4 Test method
4.1 Test parameters
For DVD-R disk defined in ISO/IEC 12862 and ISO/IEC 23912, DVD-RW disk defined in ISO/IEC 13170
and ISO/IEC 17342, +R disk defined in ISO/IEC 17344 and ISO/IEC 25434, and +RW disk defined in
ISO/IEC 17341, ISO/IEC 26925 and ISO/IEC 29642, the maximum inner-parity error shall be measured
at any consecutive 8 ECC blocks (Max PI SUM 8) in the first pass of the decoder before correction.
For a DVD-RAM disk defined in ISO/IEC 17592, the maximum Byte error rate (Max BER) shall be
measured (see Annex C).
For CD-R disk defined in ECMA-394 and CD-RW disk defined in ECMA-395, the maximum C1 Ave 10
(Max C1 Ave 10) shall be measured.
For BD Recordable disk defined in ISO/IEC 30190 and ISO/IEC 30191 and BD Rewritable disk defined
in ISO/IEC 30192 and ISO/IEC 30193, the maximum Random Symbol Error Rate (Max RSER) shall be
measured (see Annex H).
4.2 Test area
The test area for the initial performance test shall be the whole recorded area of all disks.
The test area for the periodic performance test should be the whole recorded area of all disks
(see Annex G).
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
4.3 Test drive
4.3.1 General
For DVD-R disks defined in ISO/IEC 12862 and ISO/IEC 23912, the test drive shall comply with each
standard. For DVD-RW disks defined in ISO/IEC 13170 and ISO/IEC 17342, the test drive shall comply
with each standard. For +R disks defined in ISO/IEC 17344 and ISO/IEC 25434, the test drive shall
comply with each standard. For +RW disks defined in ISO/IEC 17341, ISO/IEC 26925 and ISO/IEC 29642,
the test drive shall comply with each standard. The test drive shall have the capability to measure Max
PI SUM 8.
For DVD-RAM disk, the test drive shall comply with ISO/IEC 17592. The test drive shall have the
capability to measure Max BER.
For CD-R and CD-RW disks, the test drive shall comply with ECMA-394 and ECMA-395, respectively.
The test drive shall have the capability to measure Max C1 Ave 10.
For BD Recordable disks defined in ISO/IEC 30190 and ISO/IEC 30191, the test drive shall comply with
each standard. For BD Rewritable disks defined in ISO/IEC 30192 and ISO/IEC 30193, the test drive
shall comply with each standard. The test drive shall have the capability to measure Max RSER.
NOTE The measuring circuit for RSER described in ISO/IEC 30191 and ISO/IEC 30193 is different from
that of described in ISO/IEC 30190 and ISO/IEC 30192, especially in HF signal pre-processing circuit. See
ISO/IEC 30190:2016, Annex H and ISO/IEC 30191:2015, Annex H.
4.3.2 Test drive calibration
The test drive shall be calibrated by using a calibration disk prepared by the test drive manufacturer
based on the calibration procedure defined by the manufacturer. The calibration shall be done at the
intervals recommended by the manufacturer.
4.4 Disk preparation
Prior to conducting tests, the disks shall be checked that no dust, fingerprints or other contaminants on
them has been confirmed. If there are dust, fingerprints or other contaminants and appropriate, such
contaminants shall be removed in accordance with the disk-manufacturer’s recommendations. Certain
options are contained in Annex B. Microscopic examination can reveal physical deterioration, such as
delamination and porosity of the protective coating.
4.5 Test execution
Before testing disks, the test drive shall be verified by checking the calibration disk supplied with the
test drive or publicly verified. If the drive passes the calibration check, the disk to be checked shall be
tested by the test drive.
On testing disks, care handling of the disks shall be taken in order to avoid introducing unexpected
defects. See Annex I.
Test results shall be judged by Maximum Data Error. Maximum Data Error is Max PI SUM 8 for DVD-R,
DVD-RW, +R and +RW disks; Max BER for a DVD-RAM disk; Max C1 Ave 10 for CD-R and CD-RW disks
and Max RSER for BD Recordable and BD Rewritable disks.
5 Test interval for periodic performance test
If estimated lifetime of the disks is known, the test interval may be determined according to the
estimated lifetime; otherwise, the disks should be checked every three years or less.
In cases where the estimated lifetime is provided in accordance with ISO/IEC 16963, the disks should
be checked according to Annex E and Annex F.
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ISO/IEC 29121:2018(E)
Disks having well-defined characteristics that are stored under conditions described in Annex B are
carefully handled and are read infrequently may require testing only every few years. A history of
satisfactory longevity with similar disks would encourage longer intervals between testing.
The occurrence of retrievability problems or long read times may indicate a need for immediate testing.
When tests indicate deterioration of one disk, additional tests may be performed on other disks of the
same type, age or lot to ascertain their condition. Replacement of all similarly affected disks should be
considered if such additional tests indicate significant problems.
6 Test result evaluation
6.1 General
The readability of the data recorded on the disks is checked by the initial performance test and the
periodic performance test. When data are recorded on disks, the initial recording performance shall be
checked by the initial recording performance test. Depending on the test result of the initial recording
test, disks are selected to be used for the long-term data storage. The performance of the recorded data
on those disks should be periodically checked in the storage duration with the periodic performance
test. Depending on the test result of the periodic performance test, the necessity of the data migration
is judged.
6.2 Initial performance test
The initial recording performance is categorized as Level 1, 2 and 3 by Maximum Data Error as shown
in Table 1.
At least, the initial recording performance shall be within Level 1. Disks showing the initial recording
performance of Level 2 should not be used. Disks showing the initial recording performance of Level 3
are out of the specification and shall not be used.
If the initial recording performance is worse than Level 1, the performance of the disk and drive used
for recording the data should be verified because Maximum Data Error depends on the performance
of both disks and drives. If the drive is not good, the drive should be replaced. If the disk is not good,
another lot of disks should be used.
Table 1 — Category of initial recording performance
Level Status DVD_R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM CD-R, CD-RW BD Recordable,
+R, +RW BD Rewritable
−4 −4
1 Recommended <140 <5,0 × 10 <110 <5,0 × 10
−4 −4
2 Should not be used 140 to 280 5,0 × 10 110 to 220 5,0 × 10
−3 −3
to 1,0 × 10 to 1,0 × 10
−3 −3
3 Shall not be used >280 >1,0 × 10 >220 >1,0 × 10
...
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