ISO 8368:2019
(Main)Hydrometric determinations — Flow measurements in open channels using structures — Guidelines for selection of structure
Hydrometric determinations — Flow measurements in open channels using structures — Guidelines for selection of structure
This document gives guidelines for selecting a particular type of flow measuring structure for measuring liquid flow in an open channel. It describes how the individual structures function in simple non-technical terms, and sets out the factors and parameters to take into account in order to make an informed decision on which type of structure to use. Values of the relevant parameters describing the limitations and uncertainty involved in the use of these structures are given in this document. More definitive details of a particular type of structure are given in the individual standards listed in Table 1, which cover each type of structure.
Déterminations hydrométriques — Mesure de débit dans les canaux découverts au moyen de structures — Lignes directrices pour le choix des structures
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8368
Third edition
2019-11
Hydrometric determinations — Flow
measurements in open channels using
structures — Guidelines for selection
of structure
Déterminations hydrométriques — Mesure de débit dans les canaux
découverts au moyen de structures — Lignes directrices pour le choix
des structures
Reference number
ISO 8368:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 1
5 Types of structure . 2
5.1 General . 2
5.2 Thin-plate weirs . 3
5.3 Broad-crested weirs . 3
5.4 Triangular-profile weirs. 3
5.4.1 General. 3
5.4.2 Streamlined triangular-profile weirs . 4
5.4.3 Flat-V weirs . 4
5.5 Trapezoidal-profile weirs . 4
5.6 Flumes . 4
5.7 End-depth method . 4
5.8 Vertical underflow gates and radial gates . 5
5.9 Compound gauging structures . 5
5.10 Fish passes . 5
6 Factors affecting choice . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Intended purpose of the structure . 6
6.3 Range of flow to be measured .14
6.4 Accuracy to which the flow is to be measured .15
6.5 Consideration of afflux and potential for submergence .15
6.6 Size and nature of channel .15
6.7 Channel slope and sediment load .16
6.8 Operation, maintenance and repair .16
6.9 Passage of fish .17
6.10 Whole life cost .17
7 Recommendations .18
7.1 Thin-plate weirs .18
7.1.1 General.18
7.1.2 Rectangular weirs .18
7.1.3 V-notch weirs .18
7.2 Broad-crested weirs .18
7.2.1 General.18
7.2.2 Round-nose weirs .18
7.2.3 Rectangular horizontal weirs.18
7.2.4 V-shaped weirs .18
7.2.5 Trapezoidal-profile weirs .19
7.3 Triangular-profile weirs.19
7.3.1 General.19
7.3.2 Streamlined triangular-profile weirs .19
7.3.3 Flat-V weirs .19
7.4 Flumes .19
7.4.1 General.19
7.4.2 Rectangular flumes .19
7.4.3 Trapezoidal flumes . . .20
7.4.4 U-throated flumes .20
7.4.5 Parshall and SANIIRI flumes .20
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
7.4.6 End-depth method .20
7.5 Compound gauging structures .20
7.6 Vertical underflow gates and radial gates .20
7.7 Larinier fish passes .20
8 Parameters governing choice of structures .20
Bibliography .23
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometry, Subcommittee SC 2,
Flow measurement structures.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 8368:1999), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes from the previous edition are:
— the list of types of structure included in the text has been reviewed and the details of any structure
that is no longer recommended for use have been removed;
— the technical details of all structures included in the text have been reviewed and updated where
necessary;
— greater detail has been given to the considerations needed when evaluating the whole life cost of a
structure;
— greater detail has also been given to the considerations needed when evaluating the impact of a
structure on the environment, and the natural processes occurring in the channel.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
Introduction
Flow measuring structures are used worldwide to measure liquid flow in artificial channels in
water treatment facilities, research laboratories and natural watercourses. The number of weirs and
structures found in the artificial environment far exceeds the number of those found in the field.
Whatever the application, however, the information they provide is put to a variety of uses, including:
— hydraulic research and liquid flow control;
— local specific water availability surveys;
— day-to-day management of water resources;
— waste water disposal;
— long-term strategic water resources planning.
The flow information is also used by government-sponsored environmental protection agencies that
manage the natural water resources in a country or region and enforce environmental legislation. This
is intended to maintain and preserve water quantity and quality in the natural environment.
Flow measuring structures can be installed by any interested party or user. This could be an
environmental protection agency or private operator, such as a commercial organization or an
individual. The user is therefore faced with the choice of which form of measuring structure to install.
This document gives advice on which type of structure is the most appropriate to satisfy the needs of
the application, within all other relevant constraints and limitations.
The technical detail given on each type of structure is, by intention, couched in simple terms. This
is so that the non-specialist user can gain an understanding of what is involved in the selection and
installation of flow measuring structures, without the need for an in-depth knowledge of fluid
hydraulics. Hence, the document does not cover:
— the detailed hydraulics of operation of each type of structure;
— the detailed civil engineering requirements to be met during its construction.
The user is therefore directed to the specific standards that relate to each type of structure for this
level of detail. These are listed in the Bibliography and given in Tables 1 and 3 and Figure 1. In this way,
the user can be ensured of the most up-to-date details on the hydraulics of operation of each type of
structure.
vi © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8368:2019(E)
Hydrometric determinations — Flow measurements in
open channels using structures — Guidelines for selection
of structure
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for selecting a particular type of flow measuring structure for
measuring liquid flow in an open channel. It describes how the individual structures function in simple
non-technical terms, and sets out the factors and parameters to take into account in order to make an
informed decision on which type of structure to use.
Values of the relevant parameters describing the limitations and uncertainty involved in the use of
these structures are given in this document. More definitive details of a particular type of structure are
given in the individual standards listed in Table 1, which cover each type of structure.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 772, Hydrometry — Vocabulary and symbols
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 772 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Symbols
Symbol Unit Description
a m height of sluice gate or radial gate opening
2
A m area of approach channel
B m width of approach channel
b m breadth of weir crest perpendicular to flow direction
C drowned flow reduction factor
dr
D m diameter of u-shaped flume
−2
g ms acceleration due to gravity
H m total head relative to crest level
H m total effective head relative to crest level
e
H m gauged head relative to crest level (upstream head is inferred if no subscript is used)
H’ m difference between lowest and highest crest elevations.
h m stage – often design capacity of structure
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
Symbol Unit Description
L m length of weir crest in direction of flow
m slope term i.e. slope = 1:m
height of weir - difference between upstream mean bed level and crest level at
p m
upstream head measuring position. Sometimes denoted as p
1
3 −1
Q m s volumetric rate of flow/discharge
S % downstream slope for Larinier fish pass
d/s
α Degrees (°) angle of notch for triangular thin plate weirs
Subscripts
1 upstream
2 downstream
e effective
max maximum
min minimum
u/s upstream
5 Types of structure
5.1 General
In general, all flow measuring structures are subject to certain requirements irrespective of their form
and operation. These are given below.
a) All these structures operate on the basis that they create a unique relationship between water depth
at the critical section that lies within the structure and the flow passing through it down the channel.
Therefore, it is necessary to observe the depth of water in the channel at specific points to derive a
value of channel flow. Depending on the type of structure, these depth observation points can be:
1) in the approach channel;
2) at or near the crest of the weir or the critical section of the flume;
3) in some cases, the downstream end of the channel in which the structure is located; water
depth measurements can be taken by hand using a suitable depth sounding instrument, by eye
using a gauge board fixed at the specific point, or continuously using a water level recorder or
pressure transducer and data logger set at the specific point.
b) The location of any structure should be such that it is free from the effects of backwater from
downstream influences, such as a confluence with another watercourse. High backwater causes
non-modularity or drowning of the structure with a corresponding loss of measurement accuracy.
Typically, non-modularity occurs in weirs when the downstream level exceeds between 0,66 and
0,75 of the upstream level (measured relative to the crest of the weir). For some forms of weir,
notably those with a triangular profile, it is possible to derive an adjustment factor to correct for
the level of non-modularity by using the ratio of downstream level to a head within the separation
pocket formed downstream of the crest. With the Parshall flume, a submerged calibration can be
derived. However, with all forms of weir and flume, this has not been particularly successful in
sediment laden streams, and, hence, for field observations, the avoidance of backwater effects is
recommended.
c) Recent environmental legislation in many countries has required the installation of fish passes at
weirs on fish migratory water courses.
1) Such fish passes include Larinier super-active baffle fish passes, pool-type fish pass with
V-shaped overfalls, and Dutch pool and orifice fish pass.
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
2) It is suggested that the recommendations in ISO 26906 be followed. See also 5.10.
d) When a flow measuring weir is located in a watercourse that carries a high silt load, the structure
can be affected by siltation behind the crest, to an extent dependant on its configuration. In
general, the greater the afflux created by the structure, the greater the build-up of sedimentation
behind the crest. For example, a vertical thin plate weir creates a greater trap for sedimentation
than a triangular profile weir. Alternatively, flumes tend to self-flush to greater degree especially
at higher flow rates. This factor needs to be considered when a structure is being selected and
designed. However, whatever type of structure is selected, it may be prudent to include a by-pass at
the time of construction. This should have the capacity to take all the discharge in the watercourse
at periods of low flow. The by-pass facilitates the clearance of any silt build-up without adverse
environmental impacts during the silt removal process.
e) Some national government agencies have set clear specifications and requirements on any flow
measuring structure that is to be built.
Schematic representation of flow measuring structures covered by this document are given in Table 1.
Diagrams showing the construction of a particular type of flow-gauging structure are given in the
appropriate International Standard listed in the Bibliography.
5.2 Thin-plate weirs
Two types of thin-plate weir are in use. These are rectangular thin-plate weirs and V-notch thin-plate
weirs. For the same cross-section shape, thin plate weirs are the more sensitive because of streamline
curvature over the crest.
These weirs are relatively inexpensive and easy to manufacture and install, and can be relatively small
in size. They are the most accurate form of weir, particularly the V-notch weir, which is intended to
measure low flows on small water courses and artificial channels. Problems with this form of weir
come from the accumulation of debris behind the structure which reduces the h/P ratio, and floating
debris that can block the discharge point.
5.3 Broad-crested weirs
These are, in simple terms, a weir across the channel of a specific longitudinal profile. These weirs can
have a variety of cross-section shapes (e.g. round-nose, rectangular, trapezoidal, U or V-shaped), and
have a range of configurations of how the sides and bottom contract to create the weir control section.
The installation of these structures invariably requires a significant level of civil engineering. They are
not particularly affected by siltation or debris build-up, but the head-to-discharge relationship is not as
sensitive as that for thin plate weirs.
5.4 Triangular-profile weirs
5.4.1 General
As with broad-crested weirs, the installation of these structures invariably requires a significant level
of civil engineering. Triangular-profile weirs, as their name implies, have a triangular profile with
typically a 1:2 profile on the upstream face and a 1:5 profile on the downstream face, giving a sharp-
edged horizontal crest. As such, they have a more sensitive head-to-discharge relationship than broad-
crested weirs. In situations where excess backwater impacts on the modularity of the weir, a second
level measurement can be taken at a crest tapping point or at a specific point downstream of the crest,
to determine a non-modularity correction factor to be applied to the discharge derived from the normal
upstream level. Experience has shown, however, that a crest tapping on these weirs is prone to blockage
by fine sediment, requiring regular clearing if correct functionality of the weir is to be maintained.
The deployment of these weirs is found in a range of situations from artificial channels to moderate to
large natural water courses. Siltation and debris build-up behind the crest is a disadvantage but does
not seriously affect the accuracy of flow measurement.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 8368:2019(E)
5.4.2 Streamlined triangular-profile weirs
These are a form of triangular-profile weir as discussed in 5.4.1, and, as such, the same comments apply
here. The major difference is that for drowned flow operation, i.e. where excess backwater impacts on
the modularity of the weir, a separate downstream measure of level should be used rather than a crest
tapping required for the triangular profile weir.
5.4.3 Flat-V weirs
These are a form of triangular-profile weir with a cross-sectional V configuration. Typically, the cross-
section V has a 1:10 slope on smaller channels or a 1:20 slope on a wider channel. This gives them a
more sensitive head-to-discharge relationship than broad-crested weirs or simple triangular-profile
weirs. However, as with other structures, the installation of these weirs invariably requires a significant
degree of civil engineering. The deployment of these weirs is found in a range of situations from
artificial channels to moderate to large natural water courses. Siltation and debris build-up behind the
crest is a disadvantage but does not seriously affect the accuracy of flow measurement.
5.5 Trapezoidal-profile weirs
These are a form of weir which, in terms of sensitivity, have a similar head-to-discharge relationship
as broad-crested weirs, and are hence are of similar accuracy. The deployment of these weirs is found
in a range of situations from artificial channels to moderate to large natural water courses. Siltation
and debris build-up behind the crest is a disadvantage but does not seriously affect the accuracy of
flow measurement. The installation of these structures invariably requires a significant level of civil
engineering.
5.6 Flumes
A measuring flume is, in simple terms, an artificial channel that has been constructed to a very specific
form in terms of cross-section and bed gradient. In this way, it creates a unique relationship between
water level at specific points along its section and the flow it is carrying. Flumes can have a variety of
cross-sections (e.g. rectangular, trapezoidal, U-shaped) and have a variety of configurations in how the
sides and bottom contract to create the flume control section (e.g. long-throated flume, short throated
flume, Parshall flume, Saniiri flume).
NOTE In the USA, the construction of new Parshall flumes is no longer recommended. However, SANIIRI
structures, which were developed in the USSR, are still extensively used.
A distinguishing factor with these structures is whether or not the flow in the control section exhibits
streamline curvature. If the structure has streamline curvature, then the calibration is dependent on
the details of the diverging transition in addition to the converg
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.