ISO/IEC 14882:2003
(Main)Programming languages — C++
Programming languages — C++
ISO/IEC 14882:2003 specifies requirements for implementations of the C++ programming language and standard library. By implication, it also defines C++ programs and their behavior. C++ is a general-purpose programming language based on the C programming language as described in ISO/IEC 9899:1990. In addition to the facilities provided by C, C++ provides additional data types, classes, templates, exceptions, namespaces, inline functions, operator overloading, function-name overloading, references, free-store management operators, and additional library facilities.
Langages de programmation — C++
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 14882
Second edition
2003-10-15
Programming languages — C++
Langages de programmation — C++
Reference number
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2003
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
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Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
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the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO/IEC 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
Contents
1 General .1
1.1 Scope.1
1.2 Normative references .1
1.3 Terms and definitions .1
1.3.1 argument .1
1.3.2 diagnostic message .2
1.3.3 dynamic type .2
1.3.4 ill-formed program.2
1.3.5 implementation-defined behavior .2
1.3.6 implementation limits .2
1.3.7 locale-specific behavior .2
1.3.8 multibyte character .2
1.3.9 parameter .2
1.3.10 signature .2
1.3.11 static type .2
1.3.12 undefined behavior .2
1.3.13 unspecified behavior .3
1.3.14 well-formed program .3
1.4 Implementation compliance.3
1.5 Structure of this International Standard .4
1.6 Syntax notation .4
1.7 The C + + memory model .4
1.8 The C + + object model .4
1.9 Program execution .5
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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
1.10 Acknowledgments .8
2 Lexical conventions .9
2.1 Phases of translation .9
2.2 Character sets .10
2.3 Trigraph sequences .11
2.4 Preprocessing tokens .11
2.5 Alternative tokens .12
2.6 Tokens.12
2.7 Comments .12
2.8 Header names .13
2.9 Preprocessing numbers .13
2.10 Identifiers .13
2.11 Keywords .14
2.12 Operators and punctuators .15
2.13 Literals .15
2.13.1 Integer literals .15
2.13.2 Character literals .16
2.13.3 Floating literals .18
2.13.4 String literals .19
2.13.5 Boolean literals .19
3 Basic concepts .21
3.1 Declarations and definitions .21
3.2 One definition rule .22
3.3 Declarative regions and scopes .24
3.3.1 Point of declaration .25
3.3.2 Local scope .26
3.3.3 Function prototype scope .26
3.3.4 Function scope .27
3.3.5 Namespace scope .27
3.3.6 Class scope.27
3.3.7 Name hiding.28
3.4 Name lookup .29
3.4.1 Unqualified name lookup .29
3.4.2 Argument-dependent name lookup .32
3.4.3 Qualified name lookup .34
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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
3.4.3.1 Class members .35
3.4.3.2 Namespace members .35
3.4.4 Elaborated type specifiers .39
3.4.5 Class member access .40
3.4.6 Using-directives and namespace aliases .41
3.5 Program and linkage .41
3.6 Start and termination.43
3.6.1 Main function.43
3.6.2 Initialization of non-local objects .44
3.6.3 Termination.45
3.7 Storage duration .46
3.7.1 Static storage duration .46
3.7.2 Automatic storage duration.46
3.7.3 Dynamic storage duration .47
3.7.3.1 Allocation functions.47
3.7.3.2 Deallocation functions .48
3.7.4 Duration of sub-objects.48
3.8 Object Lifetime .49
3.9 Types.52
3.9.1 Fundamental types .53
3.9.2 Compound types .55
3.9.3 CV-qualifiers .55
3.10 Lvalues and rvalues .56
4 Standard conversions .59
4.1 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion .59
4.2 Array-to-pointer conversion .60
4.3 Function-to-pointer conversion .60
4.4 Qualification conversions .60
4.5 Integral promotions .61
4.6 Floating point promotion .61
4.7 Integral conversions .62
4.8 Floating point conversions .62
4.9 Floating-integral conversions .62
4.10 Pointer conversions .62
4.11 Pointer to member conversions .63
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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
4.12 Boolean conversions .63
5 Expressions .65
5.1 Primary expressions .66
5.2 Postfix expressions .68
5.2.1 Subscripting .68
5.2.2 Function call .68
5.2.3 Explicit type conversion (functional notation) .70
5.2.4 Pseudo destructor call .70
5.2.5 Class member access .70
5.2.6 Increment and decrement .71
5.2.7 Dynamic cast .72
5.2.8 Type identification .73
5.2.9 Static cast .74
5.2.10 Reinterpret cast .75
5.2.11 Const cast .76
5.3 Unary expressions .78
5.3.1 Unary operators.78
5.3.2 Increment and decrement .79
5.3.3 Sizeof .79
5.3.4 New .80
5.3.5 Delete .83
5.4 Explicit type conversion (cast notation) .84
5.5 Pointer-to-member operators .85
5.6 Multiplicative operators .85
5.7 Additive operators .86
5.8 Shift operators .87
5.9 Relational operators .87
5.10 Equality operators .88
5.11 Bitwise AND operator .89
5.12 Bitwise exclusive OR operator .89
5.13 Bitwise inclusive OR operator .89
5.14 Logical AND operator .89
5.15 Logical OR operator .90
5.16 Conditional operator .90
5.17 Assignment operators .91
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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
5.18 Comma operator .92
5.19 Constant expressions .92
6 Statements .95
6.1 Labeled statement .95
6.2 Expression statement .95
6.3 Compound statement or block .95
6.4 Selection statements.96
6.4.1 Theif statement .97
6.4.2 Theswitch statement .97
6.5 Iteration statements .97
6.5.1 Thewhile statement .98
6.5.2 Thedo statement .98
6.5.3 Thefor statement.99
6.6 Jump statements .99
6.6.1 Thebreak statement .99
6.6.2 Thecontinue statement.100
6.6.3 Thereturn statement .100
6.6.4 Thegoto statement .100
6.7 Declaration statement .100
6.8 Ambiguity resolution .101
7 Declarations .103
7.1 Specifiers .104
7.1.1 Storage class specifiers .105
7.1.2 Function specifiers .106
7.1.3 Thetypedef specifier.107
7.1.4 Thefriend specifier .108
7.1.5 Type specifiers .108
7.1.5.1 The cv-qualifiers.109
7.1.5.2 Simple type specifiers .110
7.1.5.3 Elaborated type specifiers .111
7.2 Enumeration declarations .112
7.3 Namespaces .114
7.3.1 Namespace definition .114
7.3.1.1 Unnamed namespaces .115
7.3.1.2 Namespace member definitions .115
7.3.2 Namespace alias .117
7.3.3 Theusing declaration .117
7.3.4 Using directive .123
7.4 Theasm declaration .126
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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
7.5 Linkage specifications .126
8 Declarators .131
8.1 Type names .132
8.2 Ambiguity resolution .132
8.3 Meaning of declarators .134
8.3.1 Pointers .135
8.3.2 References .135
8.3.3 Pointers to members .136
8.3.4 Arrays .137
8.3.5 Functions.138
8.3.6 Default arguments .141
8.4 Function definitions .
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 14882
Second edition
2003-10-15
Programming languages — C++
Langages de programmation — C++
Reference number
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2003
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
This CD-ROM contains the publication ISO/IEC 14882 in portable document format (PDF), which can be
viewed using Adobe® Acrobat® Reader.
Adobe and Acrobat are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 14882:1998), which has been technically
revised.
© ISO/IEC 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specif
...
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