ISO 13474:2009
(Main)Acoustics — Framework for calculating a distribution of sound exposure levels for impulsive sound events for the purposes of environmental noise assessment
Acoustics — Framework for calculating a distribution of sound exposure levels for impulsive sound events for the purposes of environmental noise assessment
ISO 13474:2009 specifies the framework of an engineering method for calculating a statistical distribution of sound exposure levels for impulsive sound events for the purposes of environmental noise assessment. It is applicable to impulse sounds propagating over large distances (e.g. 0,5 km to 30 km) from sources, such as mine blasting, artillery fire and bomb explosions, using conventional explosives of moderate charge mass (e.g. 0,05 kg to 1 000 kg of TNT equivalent). The effects of meteorological conditions and terrain upon sound propagation are considered.
Acoustique — Cadre pour le calcul d'une distribution des niveaux d'exposition sonore pour les sons impulsionnels pour les besoins de l'évaluation du bruit environnemental
Akustika - Osnove za izračun porazdelitve ravni zvočne izpostavljenosti zaradi impulznih zvočnih dogodkov za potrebe vrednotenja hrupa v okolju
Ta mednarodni standard določa okvir inženirske metode za izračun statistične porazdelitve ravni zvočne izpostavljenosti zaradi impulznih zvočnih dogodkov za potrebe vrednotenja hrupa v okolju. Ta mednarodni standard se uporablja za impulzni hrup, ki se širi prek velike razdalje (npr. 0,5 km do 30 km) od virov, kot so miniranje, topniško orožje in bombne eksplozije, pri katerih se uporabljajo običajni eksplozivni materiali z zmerno maso naboja (npr. 0,05 kg do 1 000 kg ekvivalentne mase TNT). Vpliv meteoroloških razmer in terena na širjenje zvoka je upoštevan.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2012
$NXVWLND2VQRYH]DL]UDþXQSRUD]GHOLWYHUDYQL]YRþQHL]SRVWDYOMHQRVWL]DUDGL
LPSXO]QLK]YRþQLKGRJRGNRY]DSRWUHEHYUHGQRWHQMDKUXSDYRNROMX
Acoustics - Framework for calculating a distribution of sound exposure levels for
impulsive sound events for the purposes of environmental noise assessment
Acoustique - Cadre pour le calcul d'une distribution des niveaux d'exposition sonore pour
les sons impulsionnels pour les besoins de l'évaluation du bruit environnemental
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 13474:2009
ICS:
17.140.01 $NXVWLþQDPHUMHQMDLQ Acoustic measurements and
EODåHQMHKUXSDQDVSORãQR noise abatement in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13474
First edition
2009-06-15
Acoustics — Framework for calculating a
distribution of sound exposure levels for
impulsive sound events for the purposes
of environmental noise assessment
Acoustique — Cadre pour le calcul d'une distribution des niveaux
d'exposition sonore pour les sons impulsionnels pour les besoins de
l'évaluation du bruit environnemental
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Basic equations .6
4.1 General .6
4.2 Probability of occurrence .6
4.3 Band sound exposure level.7
4.4 Frequency-weighted sound exposure level.8
4.5 Long-term average single-event sound exposure level.8
4.6 Equivalent level from multiple events.10
5 Calculation of a statistical distribution .10
6 Calculation of attenuation .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Geometric divergence.14
6.3 Atmospheric absorption.14
6.4 Insertion loss by screening objects .15
6.5 Terrain shielding.15
6.6 Contributions to excess attenuation.16
6.6.1 General .16
6.6.2 Refraction.16
6.6.3 Ground reflection and absorption .17
7 Classification .19
7.1 General .19
7.2 Classification of atmospheric absorption.19
7.3 Classification of excess attenuation .19
7.3.1 General .19
7.3.2 Lookup table requirements .20
7.3.3 Range-dependent sound speed profiles.21
7.3.4 Directed sound speed profiles.21
8 Probability of occurrence of sound speed profiles .22
8.1 General .22
8.2 Using direct measurements of wind and temperature profiles .22
8.3 Similarity relationships for the atmospheric surface layer.23
8.4 Using measurements of turbulent fluxes.24
8.5 Using routinely gathered weather station data .25
8.6 Using directly measured or calculated sound speed profiles as input .26
9 The source .26
9.1 General .26
9.2 Demolition and muzzle blasts .26
9.2.1 General .26
9.2.2 Source descriptors.27
9.2.3 Determination by measurement.27
9.2.4 Determination by estimation .28
9.3 Projectile sound.28
9.3.1 General .28
9.3.2 Flat trajectories .28
9.3.3 High-elevation trajectories and rocket trajectories.28
10 Uncertainties .28
Annex A (informative) Example of the estimation of the statistical distribution of single-event
sound exposure levels .30
Annex B (informative) Uncertainty .37
Bibliography .40
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13474 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise.
It cancels and replaces ISO/TS 13474:2003, which has been technically revised.
Introduction
The aim of this International Standard is to provide a framework for the evaluation of descriptor quantities for
use in environmental noise assessment. Part of this framework includes an engineering method for calculating
a statistical distribution of event sound exposure levels at locations which are some distance from high-energy
impulsive sound sources. It is specifically intended for environmental noise assessment and not for the
assessment of the risk of damage to buildings or the risk of injury to animals or people.
In ISO 9613-2, the immission level from sources such as traffic and industry is calculated for a so-called
“downwind” condition. The long-term average level is estimated using a correction factor, C . This concept
met
holds for distances where sound from such sources is assessed as environmental noise. ISO 9613-2 excludes
impulses in its scope and holds only for A-weighting, for near-ground sources and receivers and for distances
up to about 1 000 m. For high-energy impulsive sound sources, the impulsive sound event duration is short,
and low frequencies are more prominent than for traffic and industrial sound sources. Lower-frequency
sounds are generally less attenuated over a given distance in the atmosphere than higher frequencies and, as
a consequence, the level-influencing effects of propagation over much larger distances need to be taken into
account.
A general outline is given of a method that takes into account ground reflection, shielding by topography and
the meteorological effects of refraction and turbulence. Starting from the source strength, this method
calculates a distribution of immission levels for a set of replica atmospheres, each replica being a specific
combination of atmospheric-absorption class and excess-attenuation class. To carry out practical calculations
using the procedure, it is useful to exploit the statistical contribution of the meteorological and ground surface
conditions. In particular, histograms of the freq
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13474
First edition
2009-06-15
Acoustics — Framework for calculating a
distribution of sound exposure levels for
impulsive sound events for the purposes
of environmental noise assessment
Acoustique — Cadre pour le calcul d'une distribution des niveaux
d'exposition sonore pour les sons impulsionnels pour les besoins de
l'évaluation du bruit environnemental
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Basic equations .6
4.1 General .6
4.2 Probability of occurrence .6
4.3 Band sound exposure level.7
4.4 Frequency-weighted sound exposure level.8
4.5 Long-term average single-event sound exposure level.8
4.6 Equivalent level from multiple events.10
5 Calculation of a statistical distribution .10
6 Calculation of attenuation .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Geometric divergence.14
6.3 Atmospheric absorption.14
6.4 Insertion loss by screening objects .15
6.5 Terrain shielding.15
6.6 Contributions to excess attenuation.16
6.6.1 General .16
6.6.2 Refraction.16
6.6.3 Ground reflection and absorption .17
7 Classification .19
7.1 General .19
7.2 Classification of atmospheric absorption.19
7.3 Classification of excess attenuation .19
7.3.1 General .19
7.3.2 Lookup table requirements .20
7.3.3 Range-dependent sound speed profiles.21
7.3.4 Directed sound speed profiles.21
8 Probability of occurrence of sound speed profiles .22
8.1 General .22
8.2 Using direct measurements of wind and temperature profiles .22
8.3 Similarity relationships for the atmospheric surface layer.23
8.4 Using measurements of turbulent fluxes.24
8.5 Using routinely gathered weather station data .25
8.6 Using directly measured or calculated sound speed profiles as input .26
9 The source .26
9.1 General .26
9.2 Demolition and muzzle blasts .26
9.2.1 General .26
9.2.2 Source descriptors.27
9.2.3 Determination by measurement.27
9.2.4 Determination by estimation .28
9.3 Projectile sound.28
9.3.1 General .28
9.3.2 Flat trajectories .28
9.3.3 High-elevation trajectories and rocket trajectories.28
10 Uncertainties .28
Annex A (informative) Example of the estimation of the statistical distribution of single-event
sound exposure levels .30
Annex B (informative) Uncertainty .37
Bibliography .40
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13474 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise.
It cancels and replaces ISO/TS 13474:2003, which has been technically revised.
Introduction
The aim of this International Standard is to provide a framework for the evaluation of descriptor quantities for
use in environmental noise assessment. Part of this framework includes an engineering method for calculating
a statistical distribution of event sound exposure levels at locations which are some distance from high-energy
impulsive sound sources. It is specifically intended for environmental noise assessment and not for the
assessment of the risk of damage to buildings or the risk of injury to animals or people.
In ISO 9613-2, the immission level from sources such as traffic and industry is calculated for a so-called
“downwind” condition. The long-term average level is estimated using a correction factor, C . This concept
met
holds for distances where sound from such sources is assessed as environmental noise. ISO 9613-2 excludes
impulses in its scope and holds only for A-weighting, for near-ground sources and receivers and for distances
up to about 1 000 m. For high-energy impulsive sound sources, the impulsive sound event duration is short,
and low frequencies are more prominent than for traffic and industrial sound sources. Lower-frequency
sounds are generally less attenuated over a given distance in the atmosphere than higher frequencies and, as
a consequence, the level-influencing effects of propagation over much larger distances need to be taken into
account.
A general outline is given of a method that takes into account ground reflection, shielding by topography and
the meteorological effects of refraction and turbulence. Starting from the source strength, this method
calculates a distribution of immission levels for a set of replica atmospheres, each replica being a specific
combination of atmospheric-absorption class and excess-attenuation class. To carry out practical calculations
using the procedure, it is useful to exploit the statistical contribution of the meteorological and ground surface
conditions. In particular, histograms of the frequencies of occurrence of the wind velocity, wind direction,
temperature, humidity and atmospheric stability can be used to describe the classes. From the distribution of
the immission levels, a number of assessment metrics can be obtained. For instance, the long-term averaged
immission level can be calculated as a weighted average. The weighting factors are determined by the
probability of occurrence of each replica atmosphere during the relevant time period for the location of interest.
vi © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13474:2009(E)
Acoustics — Framework for calculating a distribution of sound
exposure levels for impulsive sound events for the purposes of
environmental noise assessment
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the framework of an engineering method for calculating a statistical
distribution of sound exposure levels for impulsive sound events for the purposes of environmental noise
assessment. This International Standard is applicable to impulse sounds propagatin
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.