ISO 18914:2002
(Main)Imaging materials — Photographic film and papers — Method for determining the resistance of photographic emulsions to wet abrasion
Imaging materials — Photographic film and papers — Method for determining the resistance of photographic emulsions to wet abrasion
This International Standard specifies a laboratory test method for determining the resistance of photographic emulsions or gelatin backings to abrasion damage during processing. This method may be used to determine the effects of variations in processing solutions, gelatin layer properties, processing solution temperatures and times, or a combination of these factors, on the wet scratch resistance of gelatin layers. This method is applicable to the determination of the physical integrity of photographic emulsions when wet, but it is not applicable to the evaluation of the scratch resistance of the support material.
Matériaux pour image — Films et papiers photographiques — Méthode de détermination de la résistance des émulsions photographiques à l'abrasion dans des conditions humides
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18914
First edition
2002-11-01
Imaging materials — Photographic film and
papers — Method for determining the
resistance of photographic emulsions to
wet abrasion
Matériaux pour image — Films et papiers photographiques — Méthode de
détermination de la résistance des émulsions photographiques à l'abrasion
dans des conditions humides
Reference number
ISO 18914:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
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ISO 18914:2002(E)
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ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18914:2002(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction. v
1 Scope. 1
2 Apparatus. 1
2.1 Component parts. 1
2.2 Equipment design. 2
3 Specimen preparation. 3
4 Test method. 3
4.1 Procedure. 3
4.2 Rating. 4
4.3 Interpretation. 4
5 Test report. 4
Annex A (informative) Numbering system for related International Standards. 5
Bibliography. 7
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ISO 18914:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18914 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This International Standard is one of a series of International Standards dealing with the physical properties and
stability of imaging materials. To facilitate identification of these International Standards, they are assigned a
number within the block from 18900 to 18999 (see annex A).
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
iv © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18914:2002(E)
Introduction
If the gelatin emulsion of photographic materials is rubbed against any stationary part of a processing machine, it
may be damaged by abrasion during processing. Abrasion can also occur when film or paper is processed in a tray
by hand, as the gelatin layers are soft enough to be gouged by foreign particles, corners, or fingernails.
Photographic emulsions are usually more susceptible to abrasions when wet than when dry. Wet emulsions and
gelatin backing are also more susceptible to abrasion than the support materials. The test method in this
International Standard is applicable only to such wet emulsions or gelatin layers. For dry scratch resistance, see [1]
in the Bibliography.
Photographic emulsions and gelatin layers show physical changes with time. The resistance of these layers to wet
abrasion depends on the inherent properties built in at manufacture. It also varies with the treatment received in the
dry state prior to processing, such as temperature and moisture content during storage.
The susceptibility to abrasion during processing depends not only on the inherent characteristics of the emulsion,
but also on the types of processing solutions, temperatures and immersion times (see [2] in the Bibliography for
descriptions). In determining emulsion resistance to abrasion, these factors are to be carefully controlled.
The results of wet abrasion, or mushiness, tests are most significant if consideration is given to the final usage of
the particular material. For instance, some films are viewed while wet, although usually films and photographic
prints are dried prior to viewing or other use. Some materials may show less abrasion damage when examined
after drying than when examined wet. The most appropriate rating method is to be chosen and clearly stated in the
results.
The test method in this International Standard provides an excellent means of comparing emulsions of different
ages, types, processing solutions, processing immersion times and temperatures, as well as the effects of post-
processing treatments. However, many factors are involved in the equipment and technique in either continuous,
tank, or tray processing which cannot be considered in a test procedure. Analysis of abrasion resistance in a
particular processing system can only be made in the processing system under consideration.
This test method has also been used to measure the change in the physical integrity of the gelatin-emulsion layer
after normal or accelerated ageing. For this purpose, the wet abrasion (mushiness) is measured when the emulsion
is immersed in distilled water.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18914:2002(E)
Imaging materials — Photographic film and papers — Method for
determining the resistance of photographic emulsions to wet
abrasion
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a laboratory test method for determining the resistance of photographic
emulsions or gelatin backings to abrasion damage during processing.
This method may be used to determine the effects of variations in processing solutions, gelatin layer properties,
processing solution temperatures and times, or a combination of these factors, on the wet scratch resistance of
gelatin layers.
This method is applicable to the determination of the physical integrity of photographic emulsions when wet, but it
is not applicable to the evaluation of the scratch resistance of the support material.
2 Apparatus
2.1 Component parts
The apparatus shall consist of the following elements:
a specimen tray in which the specimen can be immersed in either distilled water or a processing solution. The
tray shall be free to move smoothly in a horizontal plane for a distance of at least 30 mm without sideways
displacement, and may be either manually operated or power driven;
1)
a spherical sapphire or diamond stylus mounted at the end of a pivoted arm, so that it can be lowered onto
the specimen and thereby scribe a line on it when the specimen tray travels along under the stylus. The stylus
shall make perpendicular contact with the specimen in the tray of solution. A 0,38 mm radius stylus should be
used for emulsions on photographic film base, and a 0,20 mm radius stylus for emulsions on photographic
paper base. The stylus arm shall be counterbalanced so that, when the stylus arm is lowered and the stylus
rests on the emulsion surface, there is no load on the stylus.
2)
NOTE The test apparatus for dry scratch resistance, described in ISO 18922:— , may be modified for this test.
1) It is very important that the stylus is smooth and has a uniform radius. Sapphire styli may be obtained from a lapidary
company, such as the Moser Jewel Company, 542 Fayette Street, Perth Amboy, NJ 08862, USA, or a supplier of photographic
equipment. Although diamond styli have low friction properties in the dry state, they are satisfactory in this wet application.
Diamond styli will wear better than sapphire in high usage circumstances. Diamond styli that have been satisfactory are those
compounded from diamond particles such as those manufactured by Bruce Diamond Corp., Box 420, 1231 County St.,
Attleboro, MA 02703, USA. This information is given for the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not
constitute an endorsement by ISO of these suppliers.
2) To be published.
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ISO 18914:2002(E)
2.2 Equipment design
2.2.1 General
The equipment may be constructed in either of two formats.
2.2.2 Constant load instrument
In the constant load instrument, weights are added directly to a pan and the apparatus shall be designed so that
the centre of gravity of the weights will be positioned directly over the stylus. These weights should range from 1 g
to 210 g. The arm may be pivoted on a threaded hinge with a knurled knob, or other provision for positioning the
stylus laterally, so that many parallel scribe lines can be made on the same specimen. As an a
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