ISO 23032:2022
(Main)Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind — Radar wind profiler
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind — Radar wind profiler
This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a WPR. It describes the following: — Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11. — Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of WPR. — Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation. — Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8). — Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described. — Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11). This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users are referred to technical books (e.g. References [1],[2],[3]). WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g. radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.
Météorologie — Télédétection du vent basée au sol — Profileur de vent radar
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices pour la conception, la fabrication, l'installation et la maintenance des RPV. Il décrit les points suivants: — principe de mesurage (Article 5). Les diffuseurs produisant les échos et les méthodes de mesure de la vitesse du vent sont décrits. La description du principe de mesurage a pour objet principal de fournir les informations nécessaires à la description des lignes directrices des Articles 6 à 11; — lignes directrices pour le système RPV (Article 6). La fréquence, le matériel, les logiciels et le traitement du signal sont décrits. Ceux-ci sont principalement appliqués dans le cadre de la conception et de la fabrication du matériel et des logiciels du RPV; — lignes directrices pour les performances du système (Article 7). La résolution des mesures, l'échantillonnage en distance, l'évaluation de la sensibilité du radar et la précision des mesures sont décrits. Ceux-ci peuvent être utilisés pour estimer la performance de mesurage de la conception et du fonctionnement d'un système RPV; — lignes directrices de contrôle de la qualité (CQ) dans le traitement numérique du signal (Article 8); — lignes directrices de produits de mesurage et de format de données (Article 9). Les produits de mesurage obtenus par un RPV et leurs niveaux de données sont définis. Les lignes directrices de formats de fichiers de données sont également décrites; — lignes directrices d'installation (Article 10) et de maintenance (Article 11). Le présent document n'a pas pour vocation de donner une description détaillée du principe de mesurage, des systèmes RPV et des applications RPV. Pour de plus amples informations sur ces points, il convient que les utilisateurs consultent les livrets techniques (par exemple,[1],[2],[3]). Les RPV sont appelés par différents noms (par exemple, profileur de vent radar, radar atmosphérique, ou radar Doppler en air clair). Il convient que les noms conventionnels des RPV soient autorisés.
Meteorologija - Daljinsko zaznavanje vetra na tleh - Radar za profiliranje vetra
Ta dokument navaja smernice za zasnovo, proizvodnjo, namestitev in vzdrževanje radarjev za profiliranje vetra (WPR). Opisuje naslednje:
– Načelo merjenja (točka 5). Opisane so enote za razprševanje, ki proizvajajo odmeve in metode za merjenje hitrosti vetra. Opis načela merjenja je predvsem usmerjen k zagotavljanju informacij, ki so potrebne za opisovanje smernic v točkah 6 do 11.
– Smernice za sistem radarjev za profiliranje vetra (točka 6). Opisani so frekvenca, strojna oprema, programska oprema in obdelovanje signalov. Ti elementi so predvsem uporabljeni pri zasnovi in izdelavi strojne in programske opreme radarjev za profiliranje vetra.
– Smernice za zmogljivost sistema (točka 7). Opisani so ločljivost merjenja, razpon vzorčenja, ocena občutljivosti radarja in natančnost merjenja. Te elemente je mogoče uporabiti za ocenjevanje uspešnosti merjenja zasnove in delovanja sistema radarjev za profiliranje vetra.
– Smernice za nadzor kakovosti (QC) pri obdelavi digitalnega signala (točka 8).
– Smernice za rezultate merjenja in obliko zapisa podatkov (točka 9). Opredeljeni so rezultati merjenja, pridobljeni z radarji za profiliranje vetra, in njihove ravni podatkov. Opisane so tudi smernice za oblike zapisa podatkovnih datotek.
– Smernice za namestitev (točka 10) in vzdrževanje (točka 11).
Cilj tega dokumenta ni zagotovitev temeljitega opisa načela merjenja, sistemov radarjev za profiliranje vetra in možnosti uporabe radarjev za profiliranje vetra. Več informacij o tem je uporabnikom na voljo v tehnični dokumentaciji (npr. sklici [1], [2], [3]).
Radarji za profiliranje vetra imajo več imen (npr. radar za profiliranje vetra, radar za določitev profila vetra, atmosferski radar ali Dopplerjev radar). Dovoljeno naj bo konvencionalno poimenovanje radarjev za profiliranje vetra.
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 23032:2023
01-julij-2023
Meteorologija - Daljinsko zaznavanje vetra na tleh - Radar za profiliranje vetra
Meteorology - Ground-based remote sensing of wind - Radar wind profiler
Météorologie - Télédétection du vent basée au sol - Profileur de vent
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 23032:2022
ICS:
07.060 Geologija. Meteorologija. Geology. Meteorology.
Hidrologija Hydrology
SIST ISO 23032:2023 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23032
First edition
2022-12
Meteorology — Ground-based remote
sensing of wind — Radar wind profiler
Météorologie — Télédétection du vent basée au sol — Profileur de
vent radar
Reference number
ISO 23032:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 23032:2023
ISO 23032:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
ISO 23032:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.2
4.1 Symbols . 2
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
5 Measurement principle . 4
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo . 4
5.2 Sources of received signals . 7
5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection . 7
5.2.2 Echo in precipitation . . 9
5.2.3 Clutter . 9
5.2.4 Interference from radio sources . 10
5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement . 10
5.3.1 General aspects . 10
5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging (DBS). 10
5.3.3 Spaced antenna (SA) . . 17
6 WPR system .20
6.1 Frequency . 20
6.2 Hardware and software . 21
6.2.1 Principal components . 21
6.2.2 Signal processing . 22
6.2.3 Antenna . 24
6.2.4 Transmitter .29
6.2.5 Receiver .34
6.2.6 Signal processing unit . . 42
6.2.7 Observation control unit . 45
6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions . 45
6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing .46
6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) .46
6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) . . 51
6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression (ACS) .54
7 System performance .57
7.1 Resolution . 57
7.1.1 Range resolution . . 57
7.1.2 Volume resolution .58
7.1.3 Time resolution.58
7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum . 59
7.2 Range sampling . 59
7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range .60
7.4 Measurement accuracy .64
7.4.1 Requirements .64
7.4.2 Validation using other means .64
8 Quality control (QC) in digital signal processing .65
9 Products and data format .66
9.1 Products and data processing levels .66
9.2 Data format . 67
9.2.1 General . 67
9.2.2 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) . 67
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
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9.2.3 Scientific data format (NetCDF) . 67
9.2.4 Data format defined by user and/or supplier .68
9.2.5 Other recommendations .68
10 Installation .69
10.1 General aspects . 69
10.2 Land . 69
10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission . 69
10.4 Infrastructure . 69
10.5 Clutter . 70
10.6 Interference from radio sources . 70
11 System monitoring and maintenance.71
11.1 General aspects . 71
11.2 Operational status monitoring. 71
11.3 Preventive maintenance .72
11.4 Corrective maintenance .74
11.5 Measuring instruments .74
11.6 Policy for spare parts.74
11.7 Software .74
Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator .75
Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar.78
Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo .80
Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in
atmospheric models .81
Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and
Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .82
Annex F (informative) Example of data processing levels of data other than those typically
used by the end users . .83
Annex G (informative) Data format for Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)’s wind profiler
using BUFR4 .84
Annex H (informative) Data format for Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)’s wind profiler
using netCDF4 .87
Bibliography .92
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
ISO 23032:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 5,
Meteorology, and by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a common ISO/WMO Standard
under the Agreement on Working Arrangements signed between the WMO and ISO in 2008.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
ISO 23032:2022(E)
Introduction
Radar wind profiler, also referred to as wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or
clear-air Doppler radar (hereafter abbreviated to WPR) is an instrument that measures height profiles
of wind velocity in clear air. WPR detects echoes produced by perturbations of the radio refractive
index with a scale half of the radar wavelength (i.e. Bragg scale). The mechanism of radio wave
scattering in clear air was theoretically and experimentally understood in the 1960s. Since the 1970s,
large-sized Doppler radars for observing wind and turbulence in the mesosphere, stratosphere, and
the troposphere (MST radars) have been developed. Owing to their capability of measuring wind and
turbulence with excellent time and height resolution, they have made great contributions to describing
and clarifying the dynamical processes in the atmosphere.
Based on the MST radars, WPRs have been developed mainly since the 1980s. WPRs are designed for
measuring wind velocity predominantly in the troposphere, including the atmospheric boundary layer.
The measurement principle of WPRs are the same used in MST radars but a WPR is frequently smaller
in size than a typical MST radar. WPR can measure wind profiles in both a clear and cloudy atmosphere.
In order to monitor and forecast meteorological phenomena, nationwide operational WPR networks
have been constructed by meteorological agencies. Operational WPRs contribute to improving weather
forecast accuracy through assimilation of their wind products into numerical weather prediction
models used by meteorological agencies. Wind products obtained by operational WPRs are distributed
globally. Further applications of WPRs include the measurement of wind profiles in the vicinity of
airports to enable or improve wind shear warnings. The use of WPRs can improve an airport’s ability
to safely depart and land aircraft. WPRs are also used to analyse or predict the diffusion of pollutants.
In addition, WPRs are widely used by government agencies and various industries, including chemical
plants, mines, and power plants, to control emission levels or for computation of nowcast trajectories
during emergency situations. The high-quality wind products of WPRs are also widely used in
atmospheric research. Therefore, WPRs are an indispensable means for observing wind profiles
continuously in time and height. By additionally using radio acoustic sounding system, WPRs can
measure height profiles of virtual temperature.
In order to attain and retain high quality wind products, WPRs need to be designed, manufactured,
and maintained with state-of-the-art knowledge and ensured measurement capability. Aiming at
ensuring measurement capability of WPRs, this document provides guidelines in design, manufacture,
installation, and maintenance of WPRs.
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23032:2022(E)
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a
WPR. It describes the following:
— Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity
measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing
the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11.
— Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are
described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of
WPR.
— Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar
sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating
the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation.
— Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8).
— Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained
by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described.
— Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11).
This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR
systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users are referred to technical books
(e.g. References [1],[2],[3]).
WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g. radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling
radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
1
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
ISO 23032:2022(E)
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
8 −1
c speed of light (≈ 3,0 × 10 m s )
2
refractive index structure constant
C
n
Nyquist frequency
f
Nyq
mean Doppler frequency shift of the echo
f
r
antenna gain in decibels
G
ant
loss factor caused by the pulse shaping
L
p
n
radio refractive index
number of antenna beam directions
N
beam
N number of coherent integrations. In this document, N is defined as the
coh coh
number excluding N
pseq
N number of elements in I and Q (I/Q) time series after coherent integrations.
data
N is also the number of elements in the Doppler spectrum
data
number of transmitted frequencies
N
freq
number of incoherent integrations
N
incoh
number of pulse sequences
N
pseq
number of sub-pulses used in phase-modulated pulse compression
N
subp
inter pulse period
T
IPP
echo power
P
echo
noise power of the receiver
P
N
noise power of the Doppler spectrum
P
n
noise power of the Doppler spectrum per Doppler velocity bin
p
n
peak output power of the transmitter
P
p
peak output power at the antenna
P
t
u
zonal wind velocity
v
meridional wind velocity
peak-to-peak voltage
V
pp
radial Doppler velocity
V
r
sample volume
V
s
V wind vector
wind
w
vertical wind velocity
Δr range resolution
η
volume reflectivity
λ radar wavelength
spectral width defined as the half-power full width
σ
3dB
spectral width defined as the standard deviation
σ
std
2
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
ISO 23032:2022(E)
time width between the two 3-dB drop-off points from the peak point
τ
3dB
duration during which the transmission signal is generated
τ
d
transmitted pulse width
τ
p
H Hermitian operator (complex transposition)
T
superscript which indicates matrix transposition
*
complex conjugation
4.2 Abbreviated terms
ACS adaptive clutter suppression
A/D analog-to-digital
ADC A/D converter
BUFR binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data
COHO coherent oscillator
CRI coherent radar imaging
D/A digital-to-analog
DBS Doppler beam swinging
DCMP directionally constrained minimization of power
DSP digital signal processor
FCA full correlation analysis
FDI frequency domain interferometry
FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
I/O input/output
I/Q in-phase (I)/quadrature-phase (Q)
IF intermediate frequency
FPGA field programmable gate array
IPP inter pulse period
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JMA Japan Meteorological Agency
LNA low noise amplifier
MTBF mean time between failures
MTTF mean time to failure
NC-DCMP norm-constrained DCMP
NF noise figure
QC quality control
RF radio frequency
RIM range imaging
RL antenna return loss
SA spaced antenna
SNR signal to noise ratio
STALO stable (stabilized) local oscillator
UHF ultra high frequency
UPS uninterruptible power supply
3
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SIST ISO 23032:2023
ISO 23032:2022(E)
VHF very high frequency
VAD velocity azimuth display
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WPR radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar,
or clear-air Doppler radar
5 Measurement principle
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo
The properties of all WPR echoes are generally estimated from the properties of the Doppler spectrum.
Spectral analysis is typically applied to estimate a finite set of parameters such as signal to noise ratio
(SNR), Doppler shift and spectral (spectrum) width. Of particular importance for a WPR is the echo
generated by clear air scattering (clear-air echo). For details of the clear-air echo, see 5.2.1.
NOTE 1 For real-time signal processing to obtain the Doppler spectrum, see 6.2.2 and 6.2.6.
NOTE 2 Interchangeable with spectral width, spectrum width, is also frequently used. The two terms have
the same meaning.
The frequency distribution of the echo contains information on the radial Doppler velocity (V ) and on
r
the wind variance caused by turbulence. Figure 1 shows an example of the Doppler spectrum. The
Doppler spectrum of the echo ( S ) and the noise shown in Figure 1 were produced by a numerical
echo
simulation. In the numerical simulation, Doppler spectra composed of S and white noise were
echo
produced. The noise power of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by P . It is assumed that S follows
n echo
2
.
a Gaussian distribution and that each spectrum point of S follows the χ distribution with 2
echo
degrees of freedom. The frequency bandwidth of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by B . Produced
s
Doppler spectra were integrated, and the Doppler spectrum after the integration (i.e. incoherent
integration) is plotted. Therefore, the noise variance over B is smaller than the square of the noise
s
2
power per Doppler velocity bin (p ). The noise variance is one of the principal factors that determine
n
the sensitivity of a WPR receiver. See 6.2.2 and 7.3 for details of incoherent integration and radar
sensitivity, respectively.
In general, it is assumed that S follows a Gaussian distribution. This assumption is generally applied
echo
for the clear-air echo. In this assumption, only the zeroth, first, and second order moments of the echo
are taken into account when determining the spectral parameters. This assumption shall be carefully
discriminated from the assumption that the
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23032
First edition
2022-12
Meteorology — Ground-based remote
sensing of wind — Radar wind profiler
Météorologie — Télédétection du vent basée au sol — Profileur de
vent radar
Reference number
ISO 23032:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23032:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23032:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.2
4.1 Symbols . 2
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
5 Measurement principle . 4
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo . 4
5.2 Sources of received signals . 7
5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection . 7
5.2.2 Echo in precipitation . . 9
5.2.3 Clutter . 9
5.2.4 Interference from radio sources . 10
5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement . 10
5.3.1 General aspects . 10
5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging (DBS). 10
5.3.3 Spaced antenna (SA) . . 17
6 WPR system .20
6.1 Frequency . 20
6.2 Hardware and software . 21
6.2.1 Principal components . 21
6.2.2 Signal processing . 22
6.2.3 Antenna . 24
6.2.4 Transmitter .29
6.2.5 Receiver .34
6.2.6 Signal processing unit . . 42
6.2.7 Observation control unit . 45
6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions . 45
6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing .46
6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) .46
6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) . . 51
6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression (ACS) .54
7 System performance .57
7.1 Resolution . 57
7.1.1 Range resolution . . 57
7.1.2 Volume resolution .58
7.1.3 Time resolution.58
7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum . 59
7.2 Range sampling . 59
7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range .60
7.4 Measurement accuracy .64
7.4.1 Requirements .64
7.4.2 Validation using other means .64
8 Quality control (QC) in digital signal processing .65
9 Products and data format .66
9.1 Products and data processing levels .66
9.2 Data format . 67
9.2.1 General . 67
9.2.2 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) . 67
iii
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ISO 23032:2022(E)
9.2.3 Scientific data format (NetCDF) . 67
9.2.4 Data format defined by user and/or supplier .68
9.2.5 Other recommendations .68
10 Installation .69
10.1 General aspects . 69
10.2 Land . 69
10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission . 69
10.4 Infrastructure . 69
10.5 Clutter . 70
10.6 Interference from radio sources . 70
11 System monitoring and maintenance.71
11.1 General aspects . 71
11.2 Operational status monitoring. 71
11.3 Preventive maintenance .72
11.4 Corrective maintenance .74
11.5 Measuring instruments .74
11.6 Policy for spare parts.74
11.7 Software .74
Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator .75
Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar.78
Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo .80
Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in
atmospheric models .81
Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and
Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .82
Annex F (informative) Example of data processing levels of data other than those typically
used by the end users . .83
Annex G (informative) Data format for Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)’s wind profiler
using BUFR4 .84
Annex H (informative) Data format for Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)’s wind profiler
using netCDF4 .87
Bibliography .92
iv
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---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 23032:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
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Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
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ISO 23032:2022(E)
Introduction
Radar wind profiler, also referred to as wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or
clear-air Doppler radar (hereafter abbreviated to WPR) is an instrument that measures height profiles
of wind velocity in clear air. WPR detects echoes produced by perturbations of the radio refractive
index with a scale half of the radar wavelength (i.e. Bragg scale). The mechanism of radio wave
scattering in clear air was theoretically and experimentally understood in the 1960s. Since the 1970s,
large-sized Doppler radars for observing wind and turbulence in the mesosphere, stratosphere, and
the troposphere (MST radars) have been developed. Owing to their capability of measuring wind and
turbulence with excellent time and height resolution, they have made great contributions to describing
and clarifying the dynamical processes in the atmosphere.
Based on the MST radars, WPRs have been developed mainly since the 1980s. WPRs are designed for
measuring wind velocity predominantly in the troposphere, including the atmospheric boundary layer.
The measurement principle of WPRs are the same used in MST radars but a WPR is frequently smaller
in size than a typical MST radar. WPR can measure wind profiles in both a clear and cloudy atmosphere.
In order to monitor and forecast meteorological phenomena, nationwide operational WPR networks
have been constructed by meteorological agencies. Operational WPRs contribute to improving weather
forecast accuracy through assimilation of their wind products into numerical weather prediction
models used by meteorological agencies. Wind products obtained by operational WPRs are distributed
globally. Further applications of WPRs include the measurement of wind profiles in the vicinity of
airports to enable or improve wind shear warnings. The use of WPRs can improve an airport’s ability
to safely depart and land aircraft. WPRs are also used to analyse or predict the diffusion of pollutants.
In addition, WPRs are widely used by government agencies and various industries, including chemical
plants, mines, and power plants, to control emission levels or for computation of nowcast trajectories
during emergency situations. The high-quality wind products of WPRs are also widely used in
atmospheric research. Therefore, WPRs are an indispensable means for observing wind profiles
continuously in time and height. By additionally using radio acoustic sounding system, WPRs can
measure height profiles of virtual temperature.
In order to attain and retain high quality wind products, WPRs need to be designed, manufactured,
and maintained with state-of-the-art knowledge and ensured measurement capability. Aiming at
ensuring measurement capability of WPRs, this document provides guidelines in design, manufacture,
installation, and maintenance of WPRs.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23032:2022(E)
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a
WPR. It describes the following:
— Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity
measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing
the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11.
— Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are
described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of
WPR.
— Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar
sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating
the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation.
— Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8).
— Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained
by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described.
— Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11).
This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR
systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users are referred to technical books
(e.g. References [1],[2],[3]).
WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g. radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling
radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
1
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ISO 23032:2022(E)
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
8 −1
c speed of light (≈ 3,0 × 10 m s )
2
refractive index structure constant
C
n
Nyquist frequency
f
Nyq
mean Doppler frequency shift of the echo
f
r
antenna gain in decibels
G
ant
loss factor caused by the pulse shaping
L
p
n
radio refractive index
number of antenna beam directions
N
beam
N number of coherent integrations. In this document, N is defined as the
coh coh
number excluding N
pseq
N number of elements in I and Q (I/Q) time series after coherent integrations.
data
N is also the number of elements in the Doppler spectrum
data
number of transmitted frequencies
N
freq
number of incoherent integrations
N
incoh
number of pulse sequences
N
pseq
number of sub-pulses used in phase-modulated pulse compression
N
subp
inter pulse period
T
IPP
echo power
P
echo
noise power of the receiver
P
N
noise power of the Doppler spectrum
P
n
noise power of the Doppler spectrum per Doppler velocity bin
p
n
peak output power of the transmitter
P
p
peak output power at the antenna
P
t
u
zonal wind velocity
v
meridional wind velocity
peak-to-peak voltage
V
pp
radial Doppler velocity
V
r
sample volume
V
s
V wind vector
wind
w
vertical wind velocity
Δr range resolution
η
volume reflectivity
λ radar wavelength
spectral width defined as the half-power full width
σ
3dB
spectral width defined as the standard deviation
σ
std
2
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ISO 23032:2022(E)
time width between the two 3-dB drop-off points from the peak point
τ
3dB
duration during which the transmission signal is generated
τ
d
transmitted pulse width
τ
p
H Hermitian operator (complex transposition)
T
superscript which indicates matrix transposition
*
complex conjugation
4.2 Abbreviated terms
ACS adaptive clutter suppression
A/D analog-to-digital
ADC A/D converter
BUFR binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data
COHO coherent oscillator
CRI coherent radar imaging
D/A digital-to-analog
DBS Doppler beam swinging
DCMP directionally constrained minimization of power
DSP digital signal processor
FCA full correlation analysis
FDI frequency domain interferometry
FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
I/O input/output
I/Q in-phase (I)/quadrature-phase (Q)
IF intermediate frequency
FPGA field programmable gate array
IPP inter pulse period
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JMA Japan Meteorological Agency
LNA low noise amplifier
MTBF mean time between failures
MTTF mean time to failure
NC-DCMP norm-constrained DCMP
NF noise figure
QC quality control
RF radio frequency
RIM range imaging
RL antenna return loss
SA spaced antenna
SNR signal to noise ratio
STALO stable (stabilized) local oscillator
UHF ultra high frequency
UPS uninterruptible power supply
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ISO 23032:2022(E)
VHF very high frequency
VAD velocity azimuth display
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WPR radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar,
or clear-air Doppler radar
5 Measurement principle
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo
The properties of all WPR echoes are generally estimated from the properties of the Doppler spectrum.
Spectral analysis is typically applied to estimate a finite set of parameters such as signal to noise ratio
(SNR), Doppler shift and spectral (spectrum) width. Of particular importance for a WPR is the echo
generated by clear air scattering (clear-air echo). For details of the clear-air echo, see 5.2.1.
NOTE 1 For real-time signal processing to obtain the Doppler spectrum, see 6.2.2 and 6.2.6.
NOTE 2 Interchangeable with spectral width, spectrum width, is also frequently used. The two terms have
the same meaning.
The frequency distribution of the echo contains information on the radial Doppler velocity (V ) and on
r
the wind variance caused by turbulence. Figure 1 shows an example of the Doppler spectrum. The
Doppler spectrum of the echo ( S ) and the noise shown in Figure 1 were produced by a numerical
echo
simulation. In the numerical simulation, Doppler spectra composed of S and white noise were
echo
produced. The noise power of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by P . It is assumed that S follows
n echo
2
.
a Gaussian distribution and that each spectrum point of S follows the χ distribution with 2
echo
degrees of freedom. The frequency bandwidth of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by B . Produced
s
Doppler spectra were integrated, and the Doppler spectrum after the integration (i.e. incoherent
integration) is plotted. Therefore, the noise variance over B is smaller than the square of the noise
s
2
power per Doppler velocity bin (p ). The noise variance is one of the principal factors that determine
n
the sensitivity of a WPR receiver. See 6.2.2 and 7.3 for details of incoherent integration and radar
sensitivity, respectively.
In general, it is assumed that S follows a Gaussian distribution. This assumption is generally applied
echo
for the clear-air echo. In this assumption, only the zeroth, first, and second order moments of the echo
are taken into account when determining the spectral parameters. This assumption shall be carefully
discriminated from the assumption that the received signal is the realization of one or more Gaussian
stochastic processes, which include those in both radio wave scattering and of course, uncorrelated
(white) noise. In the event of deviations from this assumption, higher order moments may be considered.
The noise produced in the receiver (receiver noise) can generally be regarded as white noise. For details
of the receiver noise, see 6.2.5.4.
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ISO 23032:2022(E)
Key
X Doppler velocity
Y intensity
NOTE
— For the definition of the symbols which are not listed in the keys, see text.
— The thin solid curve is an example of a Doppler spectrum which contains the Doppler spectrum of S and
echo
the white noise. The thick solid curve is the sum of P and the idealized S which follows a Gaussian
n echo
distribution and does
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 23032
Première édition
2022-12
Météorologie — Télédétection du vent
basée au sol — Profileur de vent radar
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind — Radar wind
profiler
Numéro de référence
ISO 23032:2022(F)
© ISO 2022
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ISO 23032:2022(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO 23032:2022(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d'application .1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Symboles et termes abrégés .2
4.1 Symboles . 2
4.2 Termes abrégés . 3
5 Principe de mesurage . 4
5.1 Paramètres spectraux de l'écho . 4
5.2 Sources des signaux reçus . . . 7
5.2.1 Dispersion turbulente et réflexion partielle . 7
5.2.2 Écho en précipitations . 9
5.2.3 Fouillis . 9
5.2.4 Interférence provenant de sources d'ondes radio . 10
5.3 Méthodes de mesurage de la vitesse du vent. 11
5.3.1 Aspects généraux . 11
5.3.2 Cadencement de faisceau Doppler (DBS) . 11
5.3.3 Antennes espacées (SA) . 17
6 Système RPV .20
6.1 Fréquence . 20
6.2 Matériel et logiciels . 21
6.2.1 Principaux composants . 21
6.2.2 Traitement du signal . 22
6.2.3 Antenne . 24
6.2.4 Émetteur . 30
6.2.5 Récepteur . 35
6.2.6 Unité de traitement du signal . 43
6.2.7 Unité de commande d'observation . 47
6.2.8 Considérations relatives aux conditions environnementales . 47
6.3 Amélioration de la résolution et réduction des fouillis grâce au traitement
adaptatif du signal .48
6.3.1 Imagerie par télémétrie (interférométrie dans le domaine fréquentiel) .48
6.3.2 Radarphotographie cohérente (interférométrie dans le domaine spatial) .53
6.3.3 Système adaptatif d'élimination du fouillis (ACS) .56
7 Performance du système .60
7.1 Résolution .60
7.1.1 Résolution en portée .60
7.1.2 Résolution de volume .60
7.1.3 Résolution temporelle. 61
7.1.4 Fréquence de Nyquist et résolution en fréquence du spectre Doppler . 61
7.2 Échantillonnage en distance . 62
7.3 Sensibilité du radar et plage de mesure .63
7.4 Précision des mesures .66
7.4.1 Exigences .66
7.4.2 Validation par d'autres moyens . 67
8 Contrôle de la qualité (CQ) dans le traitement numérique du signal .68
9 Produits et format des données .69
9.1 Produits et niveaux de traitement des données . 69
9.2 Format de données . . 70
9.2.1 Généralités . 70
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ISO 23032:2022(F)
9.2.2 Format de données opérationnelles (OMM BUFR) . 70
9.2.3 Format de données scientifiques (NetCDF) . 70
9.2.4 Format de données défini par l'utilisateur et/ou le fournisseur . 71
9.2.5 Autres recommandations .72
10 Installation .72
10.1 Aspects généraux .72
10.2 Terrain.72
10.3 Obtention de licence d'émission d'ondes radio .73
10.4 Infrastructure .73
10.5 Fouillis .73
10.6 Interférence provenant de sources d'ondes radio .74
11 Surveillance et maintenance du système .75
11.1 Aspects généraux . 75
11.2 Surveillance de l'état opérationnel . 75
11.3 Maintenance préventive . 76
11.4 Maintenance corrective .78
11.5 Instruments de mesure .78
11.6 Politique relative aux pièces de rechange . 79
11.7 Logiciels . 79
Annexe A (informative) Exemple de paramètres pouvant être configurés par un opérateur .80
Annexe B (informative) Représentation générale de l'équation radar pour radar
monostatique .83
Annexe C (informative) Réflectivité de l'écho de précipitations .85
Annexe D (informative) Impacts de l'assimilation des produits de vent obtenus par des
RPV dans des modèles atmosphériques.86
Annexe E (informative) Gestion de la qualité de WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and Data
Acquisition System) de l'Agence météorologique du Japon .87
Annexe F (informative) Exemple de niveaux de traitement des données autre que ceux
généralement utilisés par les utilisateurs finaux .88
Annexe G (informative) Format de données pour le profileur de vent de l'Agence
météorologique du Japon (JMA) utilisant BUFR4 .89
Annexe H (informative) Format de données pour le profileur de vent du Deutscher
Wetterdienst (DWD) utilisant netCDF4 .93
Bibliographie .98
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ISO 23032:2022(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 146, Qualité de l'air, sous-comité SC 5,
Météorologie, en collaboration avec l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), en tant que norme
commune ISO/OMM dans le cadre de l’Accord sur les arrangements de travail signé par l’OMM et l’ISO
en 2008.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
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ISO 23032:2022(F)
Introduction
Un profileur de vent radar, également appelé radar atmosphérique, ou radar Doppler en air clair (ci-
après abrégé en RPV) est un instrument qui mesure les profils en altitude de la vitesse du vent en air
clair. Le RPV détecte les échos générés par les variations d'indice de réfraction radioélectrique sur une
échelle égale à la moitié de la longueur d'onde du radar (c'est-à-dire l'échelle de Bragg). Le mécanisme
de diffusion d'ondes radio en air clair a été élucidé sur les plans théorique et pratique dans les années
1960. Des radars Doppler de grande taille conçus pour l'observation des vents et des turbulences dans la
mésosphère, la stratosphère et la troposphère (radars MST) ont été développés depuis les années 1970.
En raison de leur capacité à mesurer les vents et turbulences avec une excellente résolution temporelle
et en altitude, ils ont été d'une grande utilité pour décrire et clarifier les processus dynamiques de
l'atmosphère.
Les RPV ont été développés principalement depuis les années 1980 sur la base des radars MST. Les
RPV sont conçus pour mesurer la vitesse des vents, particulièrement dans la troposphère, y compris la
couche limite atmosphérique. Le principe de mesure des RPV est le même que celui qui est utilisé dans
les radars MST, à ceci près qu'un RPV est souvent plus petit qu'un radar MST type. Un RPV peut mesurer
les profils de vent à la fois en atmosphère claire ou nuageuse.
Des réseaux RPV opérationnels à l'échelon national ont été construits par des agences météorologiques
dans le but de surveiller et de prévoir les phénomènes météorologiques. Les RPV opérationnels
contribuent à améliorer la précision des prévisions météorologiques par l'intégration de leurs produits
relatifs aux vents dans des modèles numériques de prévision météorologique utilisés par les agences
météorologiques. Les produits relatifs aux vents obtenus par des RPV opérationnels sont distribués
dans le monde entier. Les applications complémentaires des RPV comprennent le mesurage des
profils du vent au voisinage des aéroports, permettant d'activer ou d'améliorer les systèmes d'alerte
de cisaillement de vent. L'utilisation des RPV permet d'améliorer la sécurité d'un aéroport pendant
les phases de décollage et d'atterrissage des avions. Les RPV permettent également d'analyser ou
de prédire la diffusion des polluants. Les RPV sont en outre communément utilisés par des agences
gouvernementales et différents secteurs industriels, y compris les usines de produits chimiques, les
mines et les centrales électriques, pour gérer les niveaux d'émission ou pour calculer les prévisions
immédiates des trajectoires en situations d'urgence. Les RPV fournissent des produits de vent haute
qualité qui sont également utilisés dans le domaine de la recherche atmosphérique. Par conséquent, les
RPV sont des moyens indispensables pour observer les profils de vent de façon continue dans le temps
et en altitude. Si l'on utilise en plus un système de sondage radio-acoustique, les RPV peuvent mesurer
les profils de température virtuelle en altitude.
Afin d'obtenir et de maintenir la qualité élevée des produits relatifs aux vents, les RPV nécessitent d'être
conçus, fabriqués et entretenus avec une connaissance reflétant l'état de la technique et des capacités
de mesurage éprouvées. Dans le but d'assurer la capacité de mesurage des RPV, le présent document
fournit des lignes directrices pour la conception, la fabrication, l'installation et la maintenance des RPV.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 23032:2022(F)
Météorologie — Télédétection du vent basée au sol —
Profileur de vent radar
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices pour la conception, la fabrication, l'installation et la
maintenance des RPV. Il décrit les points suivants:
— principe de mesurage (Article 5). Les diffuseurs produisant les échos et les méthodes de mesure
de la vitesse du vent sont décrits. La description du principe de mesurage a pour objet principal de
fournir les informations nécessaires à la description des lignes directrices des Articles 6 à 11;
— lignes directrices pour le système RPV (Article 6). La fréquence, le matériel, les logiciels et le
traitement du signal sont décrits. Ceux-ci sont principalement appliqués dans le cadre de la
conception et de la fabrication du matériel et des logiciels du RPV;
— lignes directrices pour les performances du système (Article 7). La résolution des mesures,
l'échantillonnage en distance, l'évaluation de la sensibilité du radar et la précision des mesures sont
décrits. Ceux-ci peuvent être utilisés pour estimer la performance de mesurage de la conception et
du fonctionnement d'un système RPV;
— lignes directrices de contrôle de la qualité (CQ) dans le traitement numérique du signal (Article 8);
— lignes directrices de produits de mesurage et de format de données (Article 9). Les produits de
mesurage obtenus par un RPV et leurs niveaux de données sont définis. Les lignes directrices de
formats de fichiers de données sont également décrites;
— lignes directrices d'installation (Article 10) et de maintenance (Article 11).
Le présent document n'a pas pour vocation de donner une description détaillée du principe de mesurage,
des systèmes RPV et des applications RPV. Pour de plus amples informations sur ces points, il convient
[1] [2] [3]
que les utilisateurs consultent les livrets techniques (par exemple, , , ).
Les RPV sont appelés par différents noms (par exemple, profileur de vent radar, radar atmosphérique,
ou radar Doppler en air clair). Il convient que les noms conventionnels des RPV soient autorisés.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions
Aucun terme n'est défini dans le présent document.
L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l'adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l'adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
1
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ISO 23032:2022(F)
4 Symboles et termes abrégés
4.1 Symboles
8 −1
c vitesse de la lumière (≈ 3,0 × 10 m s )
2
constante de structure d'indice de réfraction
C
n
fréquence de Nyquist
f
Nyq
décalage Doppler moyen de l'écho
f
r
gain d'antenne en décibels
G
ant
facteur de perte causé par la forme d'impulsion
L
p
n
indice de réfraction radioélectrique
nombre de directions de faisceau d'antenne
N
beam
N nombre d'intégrations cohérentes. Dans le présent document, N est défini
coh coh
comme étant le nombre qui exclut N
pseq
N nombre d'éléments dans les séries temporelles I et Q (I/Q) après des intégrations
data
cohérentes. N est également le nombre d'éléments dans le spectre Doppler
data
nombre de fréquences émises
N
freq
nombre d'intégrations incohérentes
N
incoh
nombre de séquences d'impulsions
N
pseq
nombre de sous-impulsions utilisées en compression d'impulsion modulée en phase
N
subp
période interimpulsion
T
IPP
puissance d'écho
P
echo
puissance de bruit du récepteur
P
N
puissance de bruit du spectre Doppler
P
n
puissance de bruit du spectre Doppler par cellule de vitesse Doppler
p
n
puissance crête en sortie au niveau de l'émetteur
P
p
puissance crête en sortie au niveau de l'antenne
P
t
u
vitesse du vent zonal
v
vitesse du vent méridien
tension crête à crête
V
pp
vitesse Doppler radiale
V
r
volume échantillon
V
s
V vecteur vent
wind
w
vitesse du vent vertical
Δr résolution en portée
η
réflectivité du volume
λ longueur d'onde du radar
largeur spectrale définie comme la pleine largeur à mi-puissance
σ
3dB
largeur spectrale définie comme l’écart-type
σ
std
2
© ISO 2022 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 23032:2022(F)
largeur temporelle entre les deux points de chute à 3-dB à partir du point de crête
τ
3dB
durée pendant laquelle le signal d'émission est généré
τ
d
largeur d'impulsion émise
τ
p
H
opérateur hermitien (transposition complexe)
T
exposant qui indique la transposition de matrice
* conjugaison complexe
4.2 Termes abrégés
A/N analogique/numérique
ACS système adaptatif d'élimination du fouillis [adaptive clutter suppression]
AFB amplificateur à faible bruit
BUFR forme universelle de représentation binaire des données météorologiques [binary
universal form for the representation of meteorological data]
CAN convertisseur A/N
COHO oscillateur cohérent [coherent oscillator]
CQ contrôle de la qualité
CRI radarphotographie cohérente [coherent radar imaging]
DAV représentation de la vitesse en fonction de l'azimut
DBS cadencement de faisceau Doppler [Doppler beam swinging]
DCMP minimisation de puissance sous contrainte linéaire [directionally constrained
minimization of power]
DSP processeur de signal numérique [digital signal processor]
E/S entrée/sortie
FCA analyse de corrélation complète [full correlation analysis]
FDI interférométrie dans le domaine fréquentiel [frequency domain interferometry]
FI fréquence intermédiaire
FMCW onde continue à fréquence modulée [frequency modulated continuous wave]
FPGA contrôleur programmable de type «field programmable gate array»
I/Q en phase (I)/en quadrature de phase (Q)
IPP période interimpulsion [inter pulse period]
JMA Agence météorologique du Japon [Japan Meteorological Agency]
MTBF temps moyen entre défaillances
MTTF temps moyen de fonctionnement avant défaillance
N/A numérique/analogique
NC-DCMP DCMP sujette aux normes [norm-constrained DCMP]
NF facteur de bruit [noise figure]
OMM Organisation météorologique mondiale
RF radio fréquence
RIM imagerie par télémétrie [range imaging]
RL perte de retour d'antenne [antenna return loss]
RPV profileur de vent radar, radar atmosphérique, ou radar Doppler en air clair
SA antennes espacées [spaced antenna]
SNR rapport signal/bruit [signal to noise ratio]
3
© ISO 2022 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 23032:2022(F)
STALO oscillateur local stabilisé [stable (stabilized) local oscillator]
TOS taux d'ondes stationnaires
UHF ultra haute fréquence
UIT Union Internationale des Télécommunications
UPS alimentation sans interruption [uninterruptible power supply]
VHF très haute fréquence [very high frequency]
5 Principe de mesurage
5.1 Paramètres spectraux de l'écho
Les propriétés de tous les échos du RPV sont généralement estimées à partir des propriétés du spectre
Doppler. L'analyse spectrale est ordinairement appliquée pour estimer un ensemble fini de paramètres
tels que le rapport signal/bruit (SNR), le décalage Doppler et la largeur spectrale. L'écho généré par la
dispersion en air clair (écho en air clair) revêt une importance particulière pour un RPV. Pour plus de
détails sur l'écho en air clair, voir 5.2.1.
NOTE 1 Pour le traitement du signal en temps réel en vue d'obtenir le spectre Doppler, voir 6.2.2 et 6.2.6.
NOTE 2 La largeur de spectre, qui est interchangeable avec la largeur spectrale, est aussi fréquemment
uti
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
01-februar-2021
Meteorologija - Daljinsko zaznavanje vetra na tleh - Radar za profiliranje vetra
Meteorology - Ground-based remote sensing of wind - Radar wind profiler
Météorologie - Télédétection du vent basée au sol - Profileur de vent
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 23032
ICS:
07.060 Geologija. Meteorologija. Geology. Meteorology.
Hidrologija Hydrology
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 23032
ISO/TC 146/SC 5 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-09-01 2020-11-24
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
ICS: 07.060
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 1
4.1 Definition of abbreviations . 1
4.2 Definition of symbols . 2
5 Measurement principle . 3
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo . 3
5.2 Sources of received signals . 7
5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection . 7
5.2.2 Echo in precipitation . 8
5.2.3 Clutter . . 8
5.2.4 Interference from radio sources . 9
5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement .10
5.3.1 General aspects .10
5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging .10
5.3.3 Spaced antenna .16
6 WPR system .19
6.1 Frequency .19
6.2 Hardware and software .20
6.2.1 Principal components . . .20
6.2.2 Signal processing .21
6.2.3 Antenna .23
6.2.4 Transmitter .28
6.2.5 Receiver .33
6.2.6 Signal processing unit .42
6.2.7 Observation control unit .45
6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions .46
6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing .46
6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) .46
6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) .51
6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression .54
7 System performance .57
7.1 Resolution .57
7.1.1 Range resolution .57
7.1.2 Volume resolution .58
7.1.3 Time resolution .58
7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum .58
7.2 Range sampling .59
7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range .60
7.4 Measurement accuracy .63
7.4.1 Requirements .63
7.4.2 Validation using other means .64
8 Quality Control .65
9 Products and data format .66
9.1 Products and data processing levels .66
9.2 Data format .67
9.2.1 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) .67
9.2.2 Scientific data format (NetCDF) .67
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
9.2.3 Data format defined by user and/or supplier .67
9.2.4 Other recommendations .68
10 Installation .68
10.1 General aspects .68
10.2 Land .69
10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission .69
10.4 Infrastructure .69
10.5 Clutter .70
10.6 Interference from radio sources .70
11 System monitoring and maintenance .71
11.1 General aspects .71
11.2 Operational status monitoring .71
11.3 Preventive maintenance .72
11.4 Corrective maintenance .74
11.5 Measuring instruments .74
11.6 Policy for spare parts .74
11.7 Software .74
Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator .75
Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar .78
Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo .80
Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in
atmospheric models .81
Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and
Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .82
Annex F (informative) Example of data processing levels of data other than those typically
used by the end users .83
Annex G (informative) Data format for Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)’s wind profiler
using BUFR4 .84
Annex H (informative) Data format for Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)’s wind profiler
using netCDF4 .89
Bibliography .94
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
is o/ f or ewor d . ht m l .
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 5,
Meteorology.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Introduction
Radar wind profiler, also referred to as wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or
clear-air Doppler radar (hereafter abbreviated to WPR) is an instrument that measures height profiles
of wind velocity in clear air. WPR detects echoes produced by perturbations of the radio refractive
index with a scale half of the radar wavelength (i.e., Bragg scale). The mechanism of radio wave
scattering in clear air was theoretically and experimentally understood in the 1960s. Since the 1970s,
large-sized Doppler radars for observing wind and turbulence in the mesosphere, stratosphere, and
the troposphere (MST radars) have been developed. Owing to their capability of measuring wind and
turbulence with excellent time and height resolution, they have made great contributions to describing
and clarifying the dynamical processes in the atmosphere.
Based on the MST radars, WPRs have been developed mainly since the 1980s. WPRs are designed for
measuring wind velocity predominantly in the troposphere, including the atmospheric boundary layer.
The measurement principle of WPRs are the same used in MST radars but a WPR is frequently smaller
in size than a typical MST radar. WPR can measure wind profiles in both a clear and cloudy atmosphere.
In order to monitor and forecast meteorological phenomena, nationwide operational WPR networks
have been constructed by meteorological agencies. Operational WPRs contribute to improving weather
forecast accuracy through assimilation of their wind products into numerical weather prediction
models used by meteorological agencies. Wind products obtained by operational WPRs are distributed
globally. Further applications of WPRs include the measurement of wind profiles in the vicinity of
airports to enable or improve wind shear warnings. The use of WPRs can improve an airport’s ability
to safely depart and land aircraft. WPRs are also used to analyse or predict the diffusion of pollutants.
In addition, WPRs are widely used by government agencies and various industries, including chemical
plants, mines, and power plants, to control emission levels or for computation of nowcast trajectories
during emergency situations. The high-quality wind products of WPRs are also widely used in
atmospheric research. Therefore, WPRs are an indispensable means for observing wind profiles
continuously in time and height. By additionally using radio acoustic sounding system, WPRs can
measure height profiles of virtual temperature.
In order to attain and retain high quality wind products, WPRs shall be designed, manufactured,
and maintained with state-of-the-art knowledge and ensured measurement capability. Aiming at
ensuring measurement capability of WPRs, this International Standard provides guidelines in design,
manufacture, installation, and maintenance of WPRs.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and
maintenance of a WPR. It describes the followings.
— Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity
measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing
the information necessary for describing the guidelines in sections 6–11.
— Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency control and stability, hardware, software, and
signal processing are described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the
hardware and software of WPR.
— Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar
sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating
the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation.
— Guidelines for quality control (QC; Clause 8).
— Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained
by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described.
— Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11).
This international standard does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement
principle, WPR systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, readers should refer
[1][2][3]
to technical books (e.g., ).
WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g., radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling
radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
4 Abbreviated terms
4.1 Definition of abbreviations
ACS adaptive clutter suppression
A/D analog-to-digital
ADC A/D converter
BUFR binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data
COHO coherent oscillator
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
CRI coherent radar imaging
D/A digital-to-analog
DBS Doppler beam swinging
DCMP directionally constrained minimization of power
DSP digital signal processor
FCA Full correlation analysis
FDI frequency domain interferometry
FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
I/O input / output
IF intermediate frequency
FPGA field programmable gate array
IPP inter pulse period
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JMA Japan Meteorological Agency
LNA low noise amplifier
NC-DCMP norm-constrained DCMP
NF noise figure
QC quality control
RF radio frequency
RIM range imaging
RL antenna return loss
SA spaced antenna
SNR signal to noise ratio
STALO stable (stabilized) local oscillator
UHF ultra high frequency
UPS uninterruptible power supply
VHF very high frequency
VAD velocity azimuth display
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WPR radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar,
or clear-air Doppler radar
4.2 Definition of symbols
c
81−
speed of light (30, ×10 m s )
2
refractive index structure constant
C
n
Nyquist frequency
f
Nyq
mean Doppler frequency shift of the echo
f
r
antenna gain in decibels
G
ant
loss factor caused by the pulse shaping
L
p
n
radio refractive index
number of antenna beam directions
N
beam
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
N number of coherent integrations. In this document, N is defined as the number
coh coh
excluding N
pseq
number of elements in I/Q time series
N
data
N number of transmitted frequencies
freq
number of incoherent integrations
N
incoh
N number of pulse sequences
pseq
number of sub-pulses used in phase-modulated pulse compression
N
subp
T inter pulse period
IPP
echo power
P
echo
P noise power of the receiver
N
noise power of the Doppler spectrum
P
n
p noise power of the Doppler spectrum per Doppler velocity bin
n
peak output power of the transmitter
P
p
P peak output power at the antenna
t
u
zonal wind velocity
v
meridional wind velocity
peak-to-peak voltage
V
pp
radial Doppler velocity
V
r
sample volume
V
s
wind vector
V
wind
w
vertical wind velocity
Δr range resolution
η
volume reflectivity
λ radar wavelength
time width between the two 3-dB drop-off points from the peak point
τ
3dB
duration during which the transmission signal is generated
τ
d
transmitted pulse width
τ
p
H
Hermitian operator (complex transposition)
Tsuperscript which indicates matrix transposition.
*
complex conjugation
5 Measurement principle
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo
1)
The properties of all WPR echoes are generally estimated from the properties of the Doppler spectrum .
Spectral analysis is typically applied to estimate a finite set of parameters such as signal to noise ratio
1) For real-time signal processing to obtain the Doppler spectrum, see sections 6.2.2 and 6.2.6.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
2)
(SNR), Doppler shift and spectral (spectrum) width . Of particular importance for a WPR is the echo
generated by clear air scattering (clear-air echo). For details of the clear-air echo, see 5.2.1.
The frequency distribution of the echo contains information on the radial Doppler velocity (V ,) and on
r
the wind variance caused by turbulence. Figure 1 shows an example of the Doppler spectrum. In
3)
general, it is assumed that the Doppler spectrum of the echo ( S ) follows a Gaussian distribution .
echo
This assumption is generally applied for the clear-air echo. In this assumption, only the zeroth, first,
and second order moments of the echo are taken into account when determining the spectral
parameters. In the event of deviations from this assumption, higher order moments may be considered.
The noise produced in the receiver (receiver noise) can generally be regarded as white noise. For details
of the receiver noise, see 6.2.5.4.
Key
X doppler velocity
Y intensity
NOTE
— For the definition of the symbols which are not listed in the keys, see text.
— The thin solid curve is an example of a Doppler spectrum which contains the Doppler spectrum of the echo (
S ) and the white noise. The thick solid curve is the sum of the noise power of the Doppler spectrum ( P
echo n
) and the idealized S which follows a Gaussian distribution and does not have perturbation. The idealized
echo
S and P are darkly and lightly shaded, respectively. The power of the idealized S is denoted by
echo n echo
P . B is the frequency bandwidth of the Doppler spectrum. Mean Doppler frequency shift ( f ), spectral
echo s r
width defined as the standard deviation (σ ), spectral width defined as the half-power full width (σ ),
std 3dB
and the peak intensity of t
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 23032
ISO/TC 146/SC 5
Meteorology — Ground-based remote
Secretariat: DIN
sensing of wind — Radar wind profiler
Voting begins on:
2021-12-13
Météorologie — Télédétection du vent basée au sol — Profileur de
vent
Voting terminates on:
2022-02-07
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviations .1
4.1 Symbols . 1
4.2 Abbreviations . 3
5 Measurement principle . 3
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo . 3
5.2 Sources of received signals . 7
5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection . 7
5.2.2 Echo in precipitation . . 9
5.2.3 Clutter . 9
5.2.4 Interference from radio sources . 10
5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement . 10
5.3.1 General aspects . 10
5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging (DBS). 10
5.3.3 Spaced antenna (SA) . 17
6 WPR system .19
6.1 Frequency . 19
6.2 Hardware and software . 20
6.2.1 Principal components . 20
6.2.2 Signal processing . 21
6.2.3 Antenna . 24
6.2.4 Transmitter .29
6.2.5 Receiver .34
6.2.6 Signal processing unit . 42
6.2.7 Observation control unit . 45
6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions . 45
6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing .46
6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) .46
6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) . .50
6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression (ACS) . 53
7 System performance .56
7.1 Resolution .56
7.1.1 Range resolution . . .56
7.1.2 Volume resolution . 57
7.1.3 Time resolution. 57
7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum .58
7.2 Range sampling .58
7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range . 59
7.4 Measurement accuracy .63
7.4.1 Requirements .63
7.4.2 Validation using other means .63
8 Quality control (QC) in digital signal processing .64
9 Products and data format .65
9.1 Products and data processing levels .65
9.2 Data format .66
9.2.1 General .66
9.2.2 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) .66
iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
9.2.3 Scientific data format (NetCDF) .66
9.2.4 Data format defined by user and/or supplier . 67
9.2.5 Other recommendations . 67
10 Installation .68
10.1 General aspects .68
10.2 Land .68
10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission .68
10.4 Infrastructure .68
10.5 Clutter . 69
10.6 Interference from radio sources . 69
11 System monitoring and maintenance.70
11.1 General aspects . 70
11.2 Operational status monitoring. 70
11.3 Preventive maintenance . 71
11.4 Corrective maintenance .73
11.5 Measuring instruments .73
11.6 Policy for spare parts.73
11.7 Software .73
Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator .74
Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar.77
Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo .79
Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in
atmospheric models .80
Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and
Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .81
Annex F (informative) Example of data processing levels of data other than those typically
used by the end users . .82
Annex G (informative) Data format for Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)’s wind profiler
using BUFR4 .83
Annex H (informative) Data format for Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)’s wind profiler
using netCDF4 .86
Bibliography .91
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ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 5,
Meteorology.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Introduction
Radar wind profiler, also referred to as wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or
clear-air Doppler radar (hereafter abbreviated to WPR) is an instrument that measures height profiles
of wind velocity in clear air. WPR detects echoes produced by perturbations of the radio refractive
index with a scale half of the radar wavelength (i.e., Bragg scale). The mechanism of radio wave
scattering in clear air was theoretically and experimentally understood in the 1960s. Since the 1970s,
large-sized Doppler radars for observing wind and turbulence in the mesosphere, stratosphere, and
the troposphere (MST radars) have been developed. Owing to their capability of measuring wind and
turbulence with excellent time and height resolution, they have made great contributions to describing
and clarifying the dynamical processes in the atmosphere.
Based on the MST radars, WPRs have been developed mainly since the 1980s. WPRs are designed for
measuring wind velocity predominantly in the troposphere, including the atmospheric boundary layer.
The measurement principle of WPRs are the same used in MST radars but a WPR is frequently smaller
in size than a typical MST radar. WPR can measure wind profiles in both a clear and cloudy atmosphere.
In order to monitor and forecast meteorological phenomena, nationwide operational WPR networks
have been constructed by meteorological agencies. Operational WPRs contribute to improving weather
forecast accuracy through assimilation of their wind products into numerical weather prediction
models used by meteorological agencies. Wind products obtained by operational WPRs are distributed
globally. Further applications of WPRs include the measurement of wind profiles in the vicinity of
airports to enable or improve wind shear warnings. The use of WPRs can improve an airport’s ability
to safely depart and land aircraft. WPRs are also used to analyse or predict the diffusion of pollutants.
In addition, WPRs are widely used by government agencies and various industries, including chemical
plants, mines, and power plants, to control emission levels or for computation of nowcast trajectories
during emergency situations. The high-quality wind products of WPRs are also widely used in
atmospheric research. Therefore, WPRs are an indispensable means for observing wind profiles
continuously in time and height. By additionally using radio acoustic sounding system, WPRs can
measure height profiles of virtual temperature.
In order to attain and retain high quality wind products, WPRs shall be designed, manufactured,
and maintained with state-of-the-art knowledge and ensured measurement capability. Aiming at
ensuring measurement capability of WPRs, this document provides guidelines in design, manufacture,
installation, and maintenance of WPRs.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a
WPR. It describes the following:
— Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity
measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing
the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11.
— Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are
described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of
WPR.
— Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar
sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating
the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation.
— Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8).
— Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained
by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described.
— Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11).
This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR
systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users should refer to technical books
[1] [2] [3]
(e.g. , , ).
WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g., radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling
radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
c
81−
speed of light ( 30, ×10 m s )
1
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ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
2 refractive index structure constant
C
n
Nyquist frequency
f
Nyq
mean Doppler frequency shift of the echo
f
r
antenna gain in decibels
G
ant
loss factor caused by the pulse shaping
L
p
n
radio refractive index
number of antenna beam directions
N
beam
N number of coherent integrations. In this document, N is defined as the number
coh coh
excluding N
pseq
number of elements in I/Q time series
N
data
number of transmitted frequencies
N
freq
number of incoherent integrations
N
incoh
number of pulse sequences
N
pseq
number of sub-pulses used in phase-modulated pulse compression
N
subp
inter pulse period
T
IPP
echo power
P
echo
noise power of the receiver
P
N
noise power of the Doppler spectrum
P
n
noise power of the Doppler spectrum per Doppler velocity bin
p
n
peak output power of the transmitter
P
p
peak output power at the antenna
P
t
u
zonal wind velocity
v
meridional wind velocity
peak-to-peak voltage
V
pp
radial Doppler velocity
V
r
sample volume
V
s
wind vector
V
wind
w
vertical wind velocity
Δr range resolution
η
volume reflectivity
λ radar wavelength
time width between the two 3-dB drop-off points from the peak point
τ
3dB
duration during which the transmission signal is generated
τ
d
transmitted pulse width
τ
p
H Hermitian operator (complex transposition)
T
superscript which indicates matrix transposition
*
complex conjugation
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ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
4.2 Abbreviations
ACS adaptive clutter suppression
A/D analog-to-digital
ADC A/D converter
BUFR binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data
COHO coherent oscillator
CRI coherent radar imaging
D/A digital-to-analog
DBS Doppler beam swinging
DCMP directionally constrained minimization of power
DSP digital signal processor
FCA full correlation analysis
FDI frequency domain interferometry
FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
I/O input / output
IF intermediate frequency
FPGA field programmable gate array
IPP inter pulse period
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JMA Japan Meteorological Agency
LNA low noise amplifier
NC-DCMP norm-constrained DCMP
NF noise figure
QC quality control
RF radio frequency
RIM range imaging
RL antenna return loss
SA spaced antenna
SNR signal to noise ratio
STALO stable (stabilized) local oscillator
UHF ultra high frequency
UPS uninterruptible power supply
VHF very high frequency
VAD velocity azimuth display
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WPR radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar,
or clear-air Doppler radar
5 Measurement principle
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo
The properties of all WPR echoes are generally estimated from the properties of the Doppler spectrum.
Spectral analysis is typically applied to estimate a finite set of parameters such as signal to noise ratio
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ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
(SNR), Doppler shift and spectral (spectrum) width. Of particular importance for a WPR is the echo
generated by clear air scattering (clear-air echo). For details of the clear-air echo, see 5.2.1.
NOTE 1 For real-time signal processing to obtain the Doppler spectrum, see 6.2.2 and 6.2.6.
NOTE 2 Interchangeable with spectral width, spectrum width, is also frequently used. The two terms have
the same meaning.
The frequency distribution of the echo contains information on the radial Doppler velocity (V ) and on
r
the wind variance caused by turbulence. Figure 1 shows an example of the Doppler spectrum. The
Doppler spectrum of the echo ( S ) and the noise shown in Figure 1 were produced by a numerical
echo
simulation. In the numerical simulation, Doppler spectra composed of S and white noise were
echo
produced. The noise power of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by P . It is assumed that S follows
n echo
2
.
a Gaussian distribution and that each spectrum point of S follows the χ distribution with 2
echo
degrees of freedom. The frequency bandwidth of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by B . Produced
s
Doppler spectra were integrated, and the Doppler spectrum after the integration (i.e., incoherent
integration) is plotted. Therefore, the noise variance over B is smaller than the square of the noise
s
2
power per Doppler velocity bin (p ). The noise variance is one of the principal factors that determine
n
the sensitivity of a WPR receiver. See 6.2.2 and 7.3 for details of incoherent integration and radar
sensitivity, respectively.
In general, it is assumed that S follows a Gaussian distribution. This assumption is generally applied
echo
for the clear-air echo. In this assumption, only the zeroth, first, and second order moments of the echo
are taken into account when determining the spectral parameters. This assumption shall be carefully
discriminated from the assumption that the received signal is the realization of one or more Gaussian
stochastic processes, which include those in both radio wave scattering and of course, uncorrelated
(white) noise.In the event of deviations from this assumption, higher order moments may be considered.
The noise produced in the receiver (receiver noise) can generally be regarded as white noise. For details
of the receiver noise, see 6.2.5.4.
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ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Key
X doppler velocity
Y intensity
NOTE
— For the definition of the symbols which are not listed in the keys, see text.
— The thin solid curve is an example of a Doppler spectrum which contains the Doppler sp
...
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