ISO 18947:2013
(Main)Imaging materials — Photographic reflection prints — Determination of abrasion resistance of photographic images
Imaging materials — Photographic reflection prints — Determination of abrasion resistance of photographic images
ISO 18947:2013 specifies tests to determine the abrasion, scuff and smudge resistance of photographic images. It is applicable to photographic prints and photo books prepared by digital and analogue processes.
Matériaux pour l'image — Impressions de reflexion photographiques — Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des images photographiques
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18947
First edition
2013-05-01
Imaging materials — Photographic
reflection prints — Determination of
abrasion resistance of photographic
images
Matériaux pour l’image — Impressions de reflexion
photographiques — Détermination de la résistance à l’abrasion des
images photographiques
Reference number
ISO 18947:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
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ISO 18947:2013(E)
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ISO 18947:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General test background . 2
4.1 Summary of practice . 2
4.2 Significance and use . 2
4.3 Applicability and usage of alternative test methods . 2
5 Test device . 2
5.1 Test device description . 2
5.2 Test device preparation . 3
6 Sample preparation and conditioning . 3
6.1 Test target definition . 3
6.2 Test target printing and conditioning . 3
7 Test procedure . 3
8 Evaluation . 4
8.1 Sample measurement . 4
8.2 Calculations . 5
9 Reporting . 5
Annex A (informative) Examples of test equipment and corresponding procedures and
operating parameters . 7
Annex B (informative) An example of a test target suitable for use in the test equipment described
in A.1.10
Bibliography .11
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ISO 18947:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 42, Photography.
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ISO 18947:2013(E)
Introduction
This method is one of a series relating to image durability. Others in this family include scratch resistance
and water resistance. Compared to image permanence standards that cover ever-present environmental
factors such as light, heat, ozone, and humidity, this family of durability standards covers factors that
are not necessarily present in the environment. Although the consumer may have less control over the
environmental factors in which a print is stored or displayed, they may have more control over durability
aspects such as careful handling and good quality storage enclosures. “Accidental” exposures and
resulting damage such as water or food spills on a print, as opposed to always-present environmental
factors, can, with care on the part of the consumer, be reduced. Obviously, this is not always true and
in some cases, such as rubbing caused by turning pages in a photo book or natural disasters caused by
flooding, the end user has little control. This International Standard provides standardized requirements
to evaluate and quantify the abrasion resistance of photographic images in their various formats such as
hard copy prints and photo books.
Abrasion and smudge can include both accidental and repeating factors resulting from handling of the
image. The following are some examples of sources of abrasions:
— dirt particles rubbing on printed surface;
— sheet-to-sheet abrasion (sliding motion of sheets relative to each other);
— prints sliding on tables or other flat surfaces;
— interaction with dirt or components inside of printers;
— magnets or other items used in the display of images.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18947:2013(E)
Imaging materials — Photographic reflection prints —
Determination of abrasion resistance of photographic images
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies tests to determine the abrasion, scuff, and smudge resistance of
photographic images. This International Standard is applicable to photographic prints and photo books
prepared by digital and analogue processes.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes — Determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees,
60 degrees and 85 degrees
ISO 8254-1, Paper and board — Measurement of specular gloss — Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a converging
beam, TAPPI method
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images
ASTM D 2240, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property — Durometer Hardness
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
ambient conditions
environmental conditions of the test
3.2
abrasion
process of wearing away or deformation of a surface by friction as a result of rubbing
3.3
scuff
result of abrasion, leading to a change in gloss
3.4
smudge
result of abrasion leading to the displacement of colorants into adjacent areas as a result of the re-
deposition of abraded material
3.5
receptor
substrate used to abrade the test specimen and onto which ink or overcoat that is removed from the
specimen is transferred during the abrasion test
Note 1 to entry: An example of a receptor is the back side of the printed media being evaluated or a standard
reference paper.
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ISO 18947:2013(E)
4 General test background
4.1 Summary of practice
This method utilizes a reciprocating rubbing device, or its equivalent, as described in ASTM F 2497,
ASTM D 5264, and ASTM F 1571. Reciprocating abraders of alternate designs, such as those described in
JIS K 5701-1, JIS L 0849, ISO 7784-3, or ASTM F 1319, may also be used as noted below. The test specimen
is placed in contact with a receptor surface under a specified load and is rubbed with a back and forth
motion at a specified frequency and for a specified number of cycles.
After treatment, the test specimen is removed from the test device and evaluated for degree of
degradation by measuring the change in gloss, optical density, colorimetry, and/or change in physical
appearance in both printed and unprinted (Dmin) areas. The receptor is analysed for the amount of
colorant or coating transferred from the specimen as evidenced by an increase in optical density or
change in colorimetry. Results are compared to equivalent, unabraded specimen and receptor.
NOTE It is not the purpose of this International Standard to define limits of acceptability or failure.
4.2 Significance and use
Depending upon their intended use applications, abrasion resistance is a desirable and sometimes
critical property of imaging materials. The result of abrasion can be degradation in both image quality
and functionality. The amount of abrasion damage to a photograph is dependent on many variables,
including the nature of the abrading material, pressure, temperature, and humidity. This practice can
be used to evaluate the relative abrasion, smudge, and scuff resistance of printed photographic images
and unprinted photographic materials under laboratory conditions.
This practice can provide a reasonably simple procedure that can be used to set specifications for
printed photographic materials and determine whether a product meets a predetermined standard for
abrasion, smudge, or scuff resistance for a given use application.
4.3 Applicability and usage of alternative test methods
It should be noted that there are several alternative standard test methods that attempt to characterize
other degradation aspects of imaging materials due to frictional contact with various surfaces under
different loads and geometries. Specifically, the user of this International Standard is directed to ASTM F
1486 (GA-CAT), ASTM D 6037 (Taber), and ASTM F 1478 (Taber). Depending on the specific end-user
application, one or more alternative methods may produce a more relevant result.
5 Test device
5.1 Test device description
1)
This International Standard uses a test device , such as described in ASTM D 5264, ASTM F 1571,
ASTM F 2497, JIS K 5701-1, JIS L 0849, ISO 7784-3, and ASTM F 1319. See Annex A for a more complete
description of the different abrasion testers mentioned in these referenced documents. Equipment
that applies a similar reciprocating abrasive force in a similar manner as described in the preceding
standards may also be used.
1) Examples of test devices are the Sutherland® Rub Tester (Danilee Co.), the AB-301 Colour Fastness Rubbing
Tester (Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.), the NUS-ISO 3 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), the FR-2 (Suga Test Instruments
Co., Ltd.), and the TRIBOGEAR TYPE 32 (Shinto Scientific Co., Ltd.) This information is given for the convenience of
users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products.
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ISO 18947:2013(E)
5.2 Test device preparation
The test device shall be set on a sturdy bench, in a room conditioned to the desired test temperature and
relative humidity. Conditions of 23 °C ± 1 °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity shall be used for testing,
unless specific product end-use requires different conditions.
6 Sample preparation and conditioning
6.1 Test target definition
Test targets consisting of uniform patches sized to fit the test device described above shall be used. The
target shall comprise a specified image substrate, with an associated substrate colour as measured in
the Dmin patch, as well as the colour(s) of the imaging material utilized by the printing system under
test. In the printed image areas, the target shall include neutral patches and print primary colorant
patches, typically cyan, magenta, and yellow. Patches corresponding to additional colorants may also
be added for such systems. For example, red, green, or blue patches may be added for systems using
red, green, or blue colorants. Each colour patch shall be bordered by adjacent unimaged (Dmin) areas,
oriented with the abrasive action of the test instrument, such that the smudging of colorant or imaging
media into adjacent unprinted (Dmin) areas can be assessed. The optical density of each patch shall aim
to be 1,5. If this density target cannot be obtained with the printing system of interest, the maximum
density achievable may be used. If the printing system makes use of multiple ink levels for a colorant
(e.g. cyan and light cyan ink), then a second set of patches falling between 0,3 and 0,5 density may also
be included. Monochrome imaging systems (e.g. silver halide, true monochrome inks) and chromogenic
imaging systems (e.g. colour silver halide) shall also use these additional density patches. The size of
the patches shall be large enough to accommodate the size of the device mountings and weights. See
Annex B for an example of a test target suitable for use in the test equipment described in ASTM F 2497,
ASTM D 5264, and ASTM F 1571. See Clause 8 for instructions on how to measure optical density.
6.2 Test target printing and conditioning
The specimen shall be a flat sample with no surface irregularities, such as scoring or creases.
If testing multiple samples, it is important that each has comparable, if not, identical colorant coverage
and colorant density. When testing across different print technologies, select appropriate imaging
substrates and minimize substrate differences whenever possible.
The test specimen shall be sized such that the printed colour patches and the adjacent unprinted (Dmin)
areas of comparable dimensions are within the area of abrasion as defined by the specific test device
being used for the test. If all colour patches and adjacent unprinted (Dmin) areas cannot fit within the
area of abrasion, multiple test specim
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