ISO/IEC 14496-10:2025

Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 10: Advanced video coding

This document specifies advanced video coding for coding of audio-visual objects.

Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets audiovisuels — Partie 10: Codage visuel avancé

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-Jul-2025
• ICS: 35.040.40 - Coding of audio, video, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 11-Jul-2025
• Due Date: 24-Jul-2025
• Completion Date: 11-Jul-2025

Relations

• Revises: ISO/IEC 14496-10:2022 - Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 10: Advanced video coding
• Effective Date: 12-Aug-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

International
Standard
ISO/IEC 14496-10
Eleventh edition
Information technology — Coding of
2025-07
audio-visual objects —
Part 10:
Advanced video coding
Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets
audiovisuels —
Partie 10: Codage visuel avancé
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
Contents
Foreword . vi
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms related to advanced video coding . 1
3.2 Terms related to scalable video coding (Annex F) . 18
3.3 Terms related to multiview video coding (Annex G) . 26
3.4 Terms related to multiview and depth video coding (Annex H) . 30
3.5 Terms related to multiview and depth video with enhanced non-base view coding (Annex I) . 32
4 Abbreviated terms . 33
5 Conventions . 33
5.1 Arithmetic operators . 34
5.2 Logical operators . 34
5.3 Relational operators . 34
5.4 Bit-wise operators . 34
5.5 Assignment operators . 35
5.6 Range notation . 35
5.7 Mathematical functions . 35
5.8 Order of operation precedence . 37
5.9 Variables, syntax elements, and tables. 38
5.10 Text description of logical operations . 39
5.11 Processes . 40
6 Source, coded, decoded and output data formats, scanning processes, and neighbouring relationships
..................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1 Bitstream formats . 41
6.2 Source, decoded, and output picture formats . 41
6.3 Spatial subdivision of pictures and slices . 46
6.4 Inverse scanning processes and derivation processes for neighbours . 47
6.4.1 Inverse macroblock scanning process . 47
6.4.2 Inverse macroblock partition and sub-macroblock partition scanning process . 48
6.4.3 Inverse 4x4 luma block scanning process. 50
6.4.4 Inverse 4x4 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 . 50
6.4.5 Inverse 8x8 luma block scanning process. 50
6.4.6 Inverse 8x8 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 . 51
6.4.7 Inverse 4x4 chroma block scanning process . 51
6.4.8 Derivation process of the availability for macroblock addresses . 51
6.4.9 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability . 51
6.4.10 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability in MBAFF frames52
6.4.11 Derivation processes for neighbouring macroblocks, blocks, and partitions . 53
6.4.12 Derivation process for neighbouring locations . 58
6.4.13 Derivation processes for block and partition indices . 62
7 Syntax and semantics . 63
7.1 Method of specifying syntax in tabular form . 63
7.2 Specification of syntax functions, categories, and descriptors . 64
7.3 Syntax in tabular form . 67
7.3.1 NAL unit syntax . 67
7.3.2 Raw byte sequence payloads and RBSP trailing bits syntax. 68
7.3.3 Slice header syntax . 76
7.3.4 Slice data syntax . 81
7.3.5 Macroblock layer syntax . 82
7.4 Semantics . 89
7.4.1 NAL unit semantics . 89
7.4.2 Raw byte sequence payloads and RBSP trailing bits semantics . 102
7.4.3 Slice header semantics . 118
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
7.4.4 Slice data semantics . 132
7.4.5 Macroblock layer semantics . 133
8 Decoding process . 147
8.1 NAL unit decoding process . 149
8.2 Slice decoding process . 149
8.2.1 Decoding process for picture order count . 149
8.2.2 Decoding process for macroblock to slice group map . 154
8.2.3 Decoding process for slice data partitions . 158
8.2.4 Decoding process for reference picture lists construction . 159
8.2.5 Decoded reference picture marking process . 167
8.3 Intra prediction process . 172
8.3.1 Intra_4x4 prediction process for luma samples . 173
8.3.2 Intra_8x8 prediction process for luma samples . 180
8.3.3 Intra_16x16 prediction process for luma samples . 188
8.3.4 Intra prediction process for chroma samples . 191
8.3.5 Sample construction process for I_PCM macroblocks . 196
8.4 Inter prediction process . 196
8.4.1 Derivation process for motion vector components and reference indices . 199
8.4.2 Decoding process for Inter prediction samples . 213
8.4.3 Derivation process for prediction weights . 224
8.5 Transform coefficient decoding process and picture construction process prior to deblocking filter
process . 226
8.5.1 Specification of transform decoding process for 4x4 luma residual blocks . 227
8.5.2 Specification of transform decoding process for luma samples of Intra_16x16 macroblock
prediction mode . 227
8.5.3 Specification of transform decoding process for 8x8 luma residual blocks . 228
8.5.4 Specification of transform decoding process for chroma samples . 229
8.5.5 Specification of transform decoding process for chroma samples with ChromaArrayType equal to 3231
8.5.6 Inverse scanning process for 4x4 transform coefficients and scaling lists . 231
8.5.7 Inverse scanning process for 8x8 transform coefficients and scaling lists . 232
8.5.8 Derivation process for chroma quantization parameters . 234
8.5.9 Derivation process for scaling functions . 234
8.5.10 Scaling and transformation process for DC transform coefficients for Intra_16x16 macroblock type236
8.5.11 Scaling and transformation process for chroma DC transform coefficients . 237
8.5.12 Scaling and transformation process for residual 4x4 blocks . 238
8.5.13 Scaling and transformation process for residual 8x8 blocks . 242
8.5.14 Picture construction process prior to deblocking filter process . 246
8.5.15 Intra residual transform-bypass decoding process . 247
8.6 Decoding process for P
...

FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/IEC
FDIS
14496-10
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
Information technology — Coding of
Secretariat: JISC
audio-visual objects —
Voting begins on:
2025-03-24
Part 10:
Advanced video coding
Voting terminates on:
2025-05-19
Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets
audiovisuels —
Partie 10: Codage visuel avancé
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/IEC FDIS 14496­10:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025

FINAL DRAFT
ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/IEC
FDIS
14496-10
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
Information technology — Coding of
Secretariat: JISC
audio-visual objects —
Voting begins on:
Part 10:
Advanced video coding
Voting terminates on:
Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets
audiovisuels —
Partie 10: Codage visuel avancé
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO/IEC 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/IEC FDIS 14496­10:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:2025(en)
Contents
Foreword . vi
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms related to advanced video coding . 1
3.2 Terms related to scalable video coding (Annex F) . 18
3.3 Terms related to multiview video coding (Annex G) . 26
3.4 Terms related to multiview and depth video coding (Annex H) . 30
3.5 Terms related to multiview and depth video with enhanced non-base view coding (Annex I) . 32
4 Abbreviated terms . 33
5 Conventions . 33
5.1 Arithmetic operators . 34
5.2 Logical operators . 34
5.3 Relational operators . 34
5.4 Bit-wise operators . 34
5.5 Assignment operators . 35
5.6 Range notation . 35
5.7 Mathematical functions . 35
5.8 Order of operation precedence . 37
5.9 Variables, syntax elements, and tables. 38
5.10 Text description of logical operations . 39
5.11 Processes . 40
6 Source, coded, decoded and output data formats, scanning processes, and neighbouring relationships
.................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1 Bitstream formats . 41
6.2 Source, decoded, and output picture formats . 41
6.3 Spatial subdivision of pictures and slices . 46
6.4 Inverse scanning processes and derivation processes for neighbours . 47
6.4.1 Inverse macroblock scanning process . 47
6.4.2 Inverse macroblock partition and sub-macroblock partition scanning process . 48
6.4.3 Inverse 4x4 luma block scanning process . 50
6.4.4 Inverse 4x4 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 . 50
6.4.5 Inverse 8x8 luma block scanning process . 50
6.4.6 Inverse 8x8 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 . 51
6.4.7 Inverse 4x4 chroma block scanning process . 51
6.4.8 Derivation process of the availability for macroblock addresses . 51
6.4.9 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability . 51
6.4.10 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability in MBAFF frames52
6.4.11 Derivation processes for neighbouring macroblocks, blocks, and partitions . 53
6.4.12 Derivation process for neighbouring locations . 58
6.4.13 Derivation processes for block and partition indices . 62
7 Syntax and semantics . 63
7.1 Method of specifying syntax in tabular form . 63
7.2 Specification of syntax functions, categories, and descriptors . 64
7.3 Syntax in tabular form . 67
7.3.1 NAL unit syntax . 67
7.3.2 Raw byte sequence payloads and RBSP trailing bits syntax . 68
7.3.3 Slice header syntax . 76
7.3.4 Slice data syntax . 81
7.3.5 Macroblock layer syntax . 82
7.4 Semantics . 89
7.4.1 NAL unit semantics . 89
7.4.2 Raw byte sequence payloads and RBSP trailing bits semantics . 102
7.4.3 Slice header semantics . 118
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:2025(en)
7.4.4 Slice data semantics . 132
7.4.5 Macroblock layer semantics . 133
8 Decoding process . 147
8.1 NAL unit decoding process . 149
8.2 Slice decoding process . 149
8.2.1 Decoding process for picture order count . 149
8.2.2 Decoding process for macroblock to slice group map . 154
8.2.3 Decoding process for slice data partitions . 158
8.2.4 Decoding process for reference picture lists construction . 159
8.2.5 Decoded reference picture marking process . 167
8.3 Intra prediction process . 172
8.3.1 Intra_4x4 prediction process for luma samples . 173
8.3.2 Intra_8x8 prediction process for luma samples . 180
8.3.3 Intra_16x16 prediction process for luma samples . 188
8.3.4 Intra prediction process for chroma samples . 191
8.3.5 Sample construction process for I_PCM macroblocks . 196
8.4 Inter prediction process . 196
8.4.1 Derivation process for motion vector components and reference indices . 199
8.4.2 Decoding process for Inter prediction samples . 213
8.4.3 Derivation process for prediction weights . 224
8.5 Transform coefficient decoding process and picture construction process prior to deblocking filter
process . 226
8.5.1 Specification of transform decoding process for 4x4 luma residual blocks . 227
8.5.2 Specification of transform decoding process for luma samples of Intra_16x16 macroblock
prediction mode . 227
8.5.3 Specification of transform decoding process for 8x8 luma residual blocks . 228
8.5.4 Specification of transform decoding process for chroma samples .
...

ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:202x (11th edition2025(en)
Date: 2024-11-032025-02-22
Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects —
Part 10:
Advanced video coding
Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets audiovisuels — Partie 10: Codage visuel avancé

ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:202x (11th edition)(EDIS 9995-9:2025(en)

ii © ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:202x (11th edition)(EDIS 9995-9:2025(en)
© ISO/IEC 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission
can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:202x (11th edition) (E2025(en)
Contents
Foreword vi
0 Introduction vii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 1
4 Abbreviated terms 28
5 Conventions 29
5.1 Arithmetic operators . 29
5.2 Logical operators . 29
5.3 Relational operators . 30
5.4 Bit-wise operators . 30
5.5 Assignment operators . 30
5.6 Range notation . 30
5.7 Mathematical functions . 30
5.8 Order of operation precedence . 32
5.9 Variables, syntax elements, and tables . 33
5.10 Text description of logical operations . 34
5.11 Processes . 35
6 Source, coded, decoded and output data formats, scanning processes, and neighbouring relationships 35
6.1 Bitstream formats . 35
6.2 Source, decoded, and output picture formats . 35
6.3 Spatial subdivision of pictures and slices . 40
6.4 Inverse scanning processes and derivation processes for neighbours . 41
6.4.1 Inverse macroblock scanning process . 41
6.4.2 Inverse macroblock partition and sub-macroblock partition scanning process . 42
6.4.3 Inverse 4x4 luma block scanning process . 43
6.4.4 Inverse 4x4 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 . 44
6.4.5 Inverse 8x8 luma block scanning process . 44
6.4.6 Inverse 8x8 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 . 44
6.4.7 Inverse 4x4 chroma block scanning process . 44
6.4.8 Derivation process of the availability for macroblock addresses . 45
6.4.9 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability . 45
6.4.10 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability in MBAFF frames . 45
6.4.11 Derivation processes for neighbouring macroblocks, blocks, and partitions . 46
6.4.12 Derivation process for neighbouring locations . 51
6.4.13 Derivation processes for block and partition indices . 54
7 Syntax and semantics 55
7.1 Method of specifying syntax in tabular form . 55
7.2 Specification of syntax functions, categories, and descriptors . 56
7.3 Syntax in tabular form . 59
7.3.1 NAL unit syntax . 59
7.3.2 Raw byte sequence payloads and RBSP trailing bits syntax . 60
7.3.3 Slice header syntax . 68
7.3.4 Slice data syntax . 73
7.3.5 Macroblock layer syntax . 74
7.4 Semantics . 81
7.4.1 NAL unit semantics . 81
7.4.2 Raw byte sequence payloads and RBSP trailing bits semantics . 92
7.4.3 Slice header semantics . 106
7.4.4 Slice data semantics . 117
7.4.5 Macroblock layer semantics . 118
8 Decoding process 131
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved iii

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-10:202x (11th edition)(EDIS 9995-9:2025(en)
8.1 NAL unit decoding process . 132
8.2 Slice decoding process . 133
8.2.1 Decoding process for picture order count . 133
8.2.2 Decoding process for macroblock to slice group map . 137
8.2.3 Decoding process for slice data partitions . 141
8.2.4 Decoding process for reference picture lists construction . 141
8.2.5 Decoded reference picture marking process . 148
8.3 Intra prediction process . 152
8.3.1 Intra_4x4 prediction process for luma samples . 153
8.3.2 Intra_8x8 prediction process for luma samples . 159
8.3.3 Intra_16x16 prediction process for luma samples . 167
8.3.4 Intra prediction process for chroma samples. 169
8.3.5 Sample construction process for I_PCM macroblocks . 174
8.4 Inter prediction process . 174
8.4.1 Derivation process for motion vector components and reference indices . 177
8.4.2 Decoding process for Inter prediction samples . 189
8.4.3 Derivation process for prediction weights . 198
8.5 Transform coefficient decoding process and picture construction process prior to deblocking filter process . 200
8.5.1 Specification of transform decoding process for 4x4 luma residual blocks . 200
8.5.2 Specification of transform decoding process for luma samples of Intra_16x16 macroblock prediction
mode . 201
8.5.3 Specification of transform decoding process for 8x8 luma residual blocks . 202
8.5.4 Specification of transform decoding process for chroma samples . 203
8.5.5 Specification of transform decoding process for chroma samples with ChromaArrayType equal to 3 . 204
8.5.6 Inverse scanning process for 4x4 transform coefficients and scaling lists . 205
8.5.7 Inverse scanning process for 8x8 transform coefficients and scaling lists . 206
8.5.8 Derivation process for chroma quantization parameters . 207
8.5.9 Derivation process for scaling functions . 208
8.5.10 Scaling and transformation process for DC transform coefficients for Intra_16x16 macroblock type . 209
8.5.11 Scaling and transformation process for chroma DC transform coefficients . 210
8.5.12 Scaling and transformation process for residual 4x4 blocks . 212
8.5.13 Scaling and transformation process for residual 8x8 blocks . 214
8.5.14 Picture construction process prior to deblocking filter process. 218
8.5.15 Intra residual transform-bypass decoding process . 220
8.6 Decoding process for P macroblocks in SP slices or SI macroblocks . 220
8.6.1 SP decoding process for non-switching pictures . 221
8.6.2 SP and SI slice decoding process for switching pictures . 223
8.7 Deblocking filter process . 225
8.7.1 Filtering process for block edges . 229
8.7.2 Filtering process for a set of samples across a horizontal or vertical block edge . 231
9 Parsing process 237
9.1 Parsing process for Exp-Golomb codes . 237
9.1.1 Mapping process for signed Exp-Golomb codes . 239
9.1.2 Mapping process for coded block pattern . 239
9.2 CAVLC parsing process for transform coefficient levels . 242
9.2.1 Parsing process for total number of non-zero transform coefficient levels and number of trailing ones . 243
9.2.2 Parsing process for level information . 246
9.2.3 Parsing process for run information .
...