ISO/DIS 22282-1

Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Geohydraulic testing

Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques -- Essais géohydrauliques

Standards Content (sample)

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22282-1
ISO/TC 182/SC 1 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2008-04-17 2008-09-17

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION

Geotechnical investigation and testing — Geohydraulic
testing —
Part 1:
General rules
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais géohydrauliques —
Partie 1: Règles générales
ICS 93.020
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International Organization for Standardization, 2008
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ISO/DIS 22282-1
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ISO/DIS 22282-1
Contents Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1

2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1

3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................2

4 Symbols..................................................................................................................................................4

5 Equipment..............................................................................................................................................4

5.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................4

5.2 Test section support system................................................................................................................5

5.3 Measuring tube ......................................................................................................................................5

5.4 Isolation of the test section..................................................................................................................5

5.5 Measuring and recording devices .......................................................................................................6

5.5.1 Measuring devices for water level.......................................................................................................6

5.5.2 Measuring devices for flow rate...........................................................................................................6

5.5.3 Recording devices.................................................................................................................................6

5.6 Additional equipment............................................................................................................................6

5.7 Calibration..............................................................................................................................................6

6 Planning of geohydraulic investigation and testing..........................................................................6

6.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................6

6.2 Selection of testing locations ..............................................................................................................7

6.3 Selection of test procedure ..................................................................................................................8

6.3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................8

6.3.2 Water permeability tests in a borehole using open systems..........................................................12

6.3.3 Water pressure test in rocks ..............................................................................................................12

6.3.4 Pumping tests......................................................................................................................................13

6.3.5 Infiltrometer tests ................................................................................................................................14

6.3.6 Water permeability tests in a borehole using closed systems.......................................................14

7 Preparation of the test section and installation of equipment .......................................................14

7.1 Requirements for drilling and the test sections...............................................................................14

7.2 Installation of filter ..............................................................................................................................15

7.3 Checking installation ..........................................................................................................................15

7.4 Safety requirements............................................................................................................................15

7.5 Decommissioning................................................................................................................................16

7.5.1 General .................................................................................................................................................16

7.5.2 Decommissioning of boreholes.........................................................................................................16

7.5.3 Decommissioning of surface facilities..............................................................................................16

7.6 Factors influencing the test results...................................................................................................16

7.6.1 General .................................................................................................................................................16

7.6.2 Viscosity of fluid..................................................................................................................................16

7.6.3 Stratification and fissures ..................................................................................................................17

7.6.4 Variable groundwater levels...............................................................................................................17

Annex A (informative) Examples of possible test section isolation and support methods......................18

Annex B (informative) Examples of shape factors ........................................................................................24

Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................25

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ISO/DIS 22282-1
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies

(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO

technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been

established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and

non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards

adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an

International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 22282-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, and by

Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical investigation and testing in collaboration.

ISO 22282 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —

Geohydraulic testing:
⎯ Part 1: General rules
⎯ Part 2: Water permeability tests in a borehole using an open system
⎯ Part 3: Water pressure test in rocks
⎯ Part 4: Pumping tests
⎯ Part 5: Infiltrometer tests
⎯ Part 6: Water permeability tests in a borehole using a closed system
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ISO/DIS 22282-1
Introduction

The EU water directive requires the member states to increase the activities to protect groundwater and fresh

surface water both quantitatively and qualitatively. At the same time society requires more water and more

and deeper constructions below groundwater level. In addition sea level may rise as the result of climate

change. This contradiction requires engineers working on construction projects below groundwater level to

make more reliable predictions of the effects of such structures on the groundwater conditions. This can partly

be achieved by better assessment of the permeability of the ground by in-situ tests as required in EN 1997-1

Clause 3.3.9.1. According to prEN 1997-2 the following shall apply:
“2.1.4 Groundwater –

(1) Groundwater investigations shall provide all relevant information on groundwater needed for geotechnical

design and construction.
(2) Groundwater investigations should provide, when appropriate, information on:

⎯ the depth, thickness, extent and permeability of water-bearing strata in the ground, and joint systems in

rock;
⎯ the chemical composition and temperature of groundwater.

(3) The information obtained should be sufficient to assess the following aspects, where relevant:

⎯ the scope for and nature of groundwater lowering work;

⎯ possible harmful effects of the groundwater on excavations or on slopes (e.g. risk of hydraulic failure,

excessive seepage pressure or erosion);

⎯ any measures necessary to protect the structure (e.g. water proofing, drainage and measures against

aggressive water);

⎯ effects of groundwater lowering, desiccation, impounding, etc. on the surroundings;

⎯ the capacity of the ground to absorb water injected during construction work;

⎯ whether it is possible to use local groundwater, given its chemical constitution, for construction purposes.

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prEN ISO 22282-1:2007 (E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Geohydraulic
testing —
Part 1:
General rules
1 Scope

This document deals with the general rules and principles for geohydraulic testing in soil and rock as

part of the geotechnical investigation services in accordance with EN 1997-1 and prEN 1997-2. It

defines concepts and specifies requirements relating to permeability measurement in soil and rock.

The different purposes of geohydraulic testing are to obtain information on the permeability of soil or

rock in natural or treated states, transmissivity and storage coefficient, and hydrodynamic parameters

of aquifers.
Geohydraulic testing is used for many purposes, such as:
a) absorption capacity and effectiveness of grouting in rock mass;
b) assessment of seepage and drainage;
c) assessment of groundwater lowering work;
d) effect of cut-offs for dams;
e) effect of tunnels shaft sinking;
f) checking fill or cover tightness
g) assessment of the flow of fluids and suspensions in the ground
h) planning of remedial measures.
NOTE 1 Geohydraulic testing for water supply is covered by ISO 14686.

NOTE 2 For most type of ground, field permeability tests yield more reliable data than those carried out in the

laboratory, because a larger volume of material is tested, and because the ground is tested in situ, thereby

including effects resulting from the structure of the ground mass but avoiding the disturbance associated with

sampling.

The document deals with the execution of tests with groundwater and does not explicitly consider

other fluids and suspensions. The flow of other fluids and suspensions can be considered by applying

the different viscosities and relations between transmissivity, permeability (hydraulic conductivity) and

absolute permeability.
2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated

references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced

document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 791, Drilling rigs — Safety.
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prEN ISO 22282-1:2007 (E)

EN 1990, Basis of Structural Design - Guidelines for implementation and application.

EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 1: General Rules.

prEN 1997-2, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 2: Ground investigation and testing.

ISO 14686 Hydrometric determinations — Pumping tests for water wells -- Considerations and

guidelines for design, performance and use.

ISO/IEC 17025, General requirement for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.

ISO 22475-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling by drilling and excavation methods

and groundwater measurements — Part 1: Technical principle for execution.

ISO/TS 22475-2, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling by drilling and excavation

methods and groundwater measurements — Part 2: Technical qualification criteria.

ISO/TS 22475-3, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling by drilling and excavation

methods and groundwater measurements — Part 3: Conformity assessment for enterprises and

personnel.
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990, EN 1997-1, EN 1997-2,

and EN ISO 22475-1 and the following apply.
3.1
flow rate
The volume of water added or discharged from the test section per time unit
3.2
hydraulic head

the differential pressure between the test section and the surrounding ground, usually expressed in

terms of water level
3.3
test section
a section in a borehole where the test is carried out3.4
skin effect
the effect of the wall of the test section on the test
3.5
permeability coefficient
the flow rate divided by the area unit

NOTE The term "hydraulic conductivity" is also used synonymously for "permeability".

3.6
transmissivity
product of permeability coefficient and thickness of saturated aquifer.
3.7
storage coefficient

volume of water stored or released from a column of aquifer with unit cross section under unit

hydraulic head variation.
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prEN ISO 22282-1:2007 (E)
3.8
steady state
state when hydraulic head and the flow rate are constant with time
3.9

transient state prior to the steady state when the flow rate or hydraulic head are not constant with time

3.10
saturated condition
condition of the tested ground with all voids filled with water
3.11
unsaturated condition

condition of the tested ground with voids partially filled with water and partially filled with air or another

gas.
3.12
rising head test

test where the pressure or head in the test section is initially decreased and the rising is recorded

3.13
falling head test

test where the pressure or head in the test section is initially increased and the falling is recorded

3.14
variable head test
rising or falling head test
3.15
constant head test

test where the pressure or head in the test section is kept constant and the change in inflow or outflow

is recorded.
3.16
constant rate test

test where the flow rate in the test section is kept constant and change in pressure or head is recorded

3.17
mud cake
Solids deposited on the filter pack or the borehole wall.
3.18
clogging
decrease of flow rate by blocking of flow paths due to sedimentation
3.19
washing
increase of flow rate by widening or opening of flow paths due to erosion
3.20
shape factor
A model factor used for the interpretation of the test results
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prEN ISO 22282-1:2007 (E)
4 Symbols
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Designation Unit
A Area of the inner cross section of the casing m
A Area of the inner cross section of the measuring tube m²
A Area of the water surface in the reservoir m
Borehole diameter, diameter of the test section m
F Shape factor m
H Hydraulic head m
H Distance of the water surface from ground level m
H ,H , H
Applied hydraulic heads m
1 2 3
∆H Change in hydraulic head m
k Permeability coefficient m s
K Intrinsic permeability coeeficient
L Length (height) of the test section m
p Pressure kPa
3 -1
Q flow rate m s
3 -1
Q Q Q flow rate at test 1, 2 and 3 m s
1, 2, 3
S Storage coefficient -
T Transmissivity (T = k L) m² s
t Time s
t Time needed to reach the equilibrium s
t Time at test start s
V Volume m
η dynamic viscosity of the fluid Ns/m²
density kg/dm³
5 Equipment
5.1 General

According to the different test methods, the apparatus can comprise the following elements:

⎯ test section support system;
⎯ measuring tube;
⎯ isolation of the test section;
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prEN ISO 22282-1:2007 (E)
⎯ measuring and recording devices;
⎯ additional equipment.
5.2 Test section support system

A system for supporting the test section shall be used for tests conducted in soil or rock which do not

maintain the geometry of the test section throughout the test.

A filter or a gravel pack may be used to support the test section. The filter pack shall be stable against

the surrounding ground and the sealing.

The filter material shall be a granular material selected to avoid plugging and/or erosion of the soil

particles from or into the surrounding ground. The permeability of the filter material shall be

considerably higher than the expected value of the permeability of the ground and shall not affect the

test results.
A chemical effect between the filter material and the water shall be avoided.
5.3 Measuring tube

A measuring tube of known cross-section should be used to connect the test section to the ground

surface. The tube shall be dimensionally stable with respect to the applied hydraulic head. The

measurement tube elements shall be chosen to give a minimum number of joints to minimize leakage.

Their diameter shall be adapted to the rate of water level variation.

A valve may be provided on this measuring tube, to allow isolation of the test section or establish

contact with the atmosphere. The closing or opening of this valve shall not induce a change in volume

which can lead to a change of the water pressure. Such changes can influence the quality of the test.

5.4 Isolation of the test section
The test section can be isolated either by
⎯ the casing;
⎯ a sealing plug;
⎯ single packer;
⎯ double or multiple packers.
NOTE see Annex B.

A packer is a high pressure expanding element which is inflated e.g by compressed air and tightly

pressed against the borehole wall to provide a seal. The sealed length shall depend on the evenness

of the borehole wall and the soil and rock type to avoid leakage around the packer and shall not be

less than 0,5 m. The effective pressure of the packer on the borehole wall shall be at least 30% higher

than the maximum test pressure.

Single packers only seal at the top of a test section while double or multiple packers also can seal at

the bottom. Special attention shall be paid to the detection of leakage of the lower packer.

The packer shall be strong enough to resist the inflating pressure with no creep and homogenous

enough to avoid any perforation of the membrane.
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5.5 Measuring and recording devices
5.5.1 Measuring devices for water level
The changes in water levels may be measured:
⎯ by using an electrical measuring tape (water level meter);
⎯ by using a float system;
⎯ by using a pressure transducer system.

NOTE Rapid changes in depth are measured with greater accuracy with pressure sensing devices

since they are able to detect the changes more rapidly than a float. Floats lose most of their accuracy

from cable friction along the well walls.
5.5.2 Measuring devices for flow rate
The changes in flow rate shall be measured:
⎯ by using flow meter;
⎯ by using a calibrated container.
5.5.3 Recording devices
The recording shall be carried out:
⎯ manually;
⎯ analogously;
⎯ digitally.
5.6 Additional equipment

Depending on the kind of the test and the possible impact of local conditions additional equipment

shall be used in order to be able to make corrections for variations in water temperature and

atmospheric pressure.
5.7 Calibration

The instruments and devices used for geohydraulic testing shall be regularly calibrated according to

manufacturers' manuals and relevant standards. It shall be checked before starting the test, if the

instruments and devices to be used have been calibrated. The calibration shall be recorded and

documented and the results added to the test report, cf. ISO 22475-1, 10.1.
6 Planning of geohydraulic investigation and testing
6.1 General

Geohydraulic investigations shall be planned in such a way as to ensure that relevant geological and

hydrogeological information and data are available at the various stages of the project. This

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information shall be adequate to manage identified and anticipated project risks. For intermediate and

final project stages, information and data shall be provided to cover risks of accidents, delays,

damages and pollution.

The aims of geohydraulic investigations are to establish the groundwater conditions, to determine the

hydraulic properties of the ground, and to gather additional relevant knowledge about the site.

Before starting a geohydraulic investigation the geology and hydrogeology of the area to be

investigated shall be characterized as preliminary information, such as:
⎯ Identification of soil and rock according to ISO 14688-1 and ISO 14689-1;

⎯ identification of the aquifers and aquifer types (e.g. confined or unconfined);

⎯ estimated permeability;
⎯ the groundwater level(s).

Geohydraulic investigations should consider any activity which may influence the test or may be

affected by the test, such as:
a) existing constructions, e.g. buildings, bridges, tunnels,
b) water lowering or de-watering;
c) discharge of potable water.

The geohydraulic investigation programme should be reviewed as the results become available so that

the initial assumptions can be checked.
The geohydraulic investigation programme shall contain:
⎯ a plan with the locations of testing and the types of the tests;
⎯ the depth and length of the test sections;
⎯ specifications on the test procedures and measurements;
⎯ the types of equipment to be used;
⎯ the standards to be applied.
6.2 Selection of testing locations

The locations of testing and the depths of the test sections shall be selected on the basis of the

preliminary information as a function of the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the dimensions

of the structure and the engineering problems involved.

The test section shall be representative for the hydraulic head and the homogeneity of the ground.

When selecting the locations of testing, the following should be observed:

⎯ the testing and measuring points should be arranged in such a pattern that the geohydraulic

conditions can be assessed over the investigation area;
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prEN ISO 22282-1:2007 (E)

⎯ the area considered in the design investigations should extend into the neighbouring area to a

distance where no harmful influence on the neighbouring area is expected;

⎯ for testing and measuring points, the possibility of using the test equipment installed (during the

ground investigation) for continued monitoring should be considered.

The depth and length of test sections shall be extended to all strata that will affect the project or are

affected by it.
6.3 Selection of test procedure
6.3.1 General
The test procedure shall be selected based on:
⎯ ground conditions (e.g. expected permeability of the different layers);
⎯ topographic and geomorphologic conditions;
⎯ type of equipment.

Table 2 indicates relevant test methods for different ground conditions and expected permeability and

radius of influence.

Figure 2 indicates relevant test procedures and expected time of duration as a function of the

expected ground permeability.
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prEN ISO 22282-1:2007 (E)
Permeability
Variable head t
...