ISO 8225:1995
(Main)Photography — Ammonia-processed diazo photographic film — Specifications for stability
Photography — Ammonia-processed diazo photographic film — Specifications for stability
Establishes specifications for the stability of polyester-based ammonia-processed diazo safety film. Replaces the first edition which has been technically revised.
Photographie — Film photographique diazoïque traité à l'ammoniac — Spécifications relatives à la stabilité
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Second edition
1995-I l-l 5
Photography - Ammonia-processed diazo
- Specifications for
photographic film
stability
Photographie - Film photographique diazoi ’que trait& 3 /‘ammoniac -
Spkifications relatives 2 la s tabilit6
Reference number
IS0 8225: 1995(E)
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IS0 8225: 1995(E)
Contents
Page
I
.... ..........................................................................................
Scope
1
........ .............................................................
Normative references
2
.......................................................................................
Definitions
2
Safety and hazards . .
3
Requirements for film base .
3
.............................................
Requirements for processed film
Requirements for the emulsion and backing layers of processed
4
film . .
4
Requirements for image stability .
8
5
............................. ...............................................
9 Test methods
8
Image test methods .
10
9
Classification for reporting . .
II
Annexes
Preparation of standard solution of tetrabutylammonium
IO
hydroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Microfilm image quality
. . . 13
Distinction between film storage copies and work copies
14
Light-fading of diazo images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Bibliography
0 IS0 1995
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
II
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0 IS0
IS0 8225: 1995(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard IS0 8225 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition
(IS0 8225: 1987), which has been technically revised.
Annex A forms an integral part of this International Standard. Annexes B,
C, D and E are for information only.
. . .
III
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0 IS0
Introduction
Since 1930, great advances have been made in the use of photographic
films for the preservation of records. The preservation of records on film
by national, state and municipal governments, by banks, insurance com-
panies, industry and other enterprises, has been stimulated by recognition
of the resultant economies in storage space, organization, accessibility and
ease of reproduction. The safe-keeping of pictorial film records having le-
gal, scientific, industrial, medical, historical, military or other values has
also become increasingly important.
The use of film for records having long-term values necessitated the de-
velopment of International Standards to specify the characteristics of film
suitable for this purpose. IS0 10602 specifies the requirements for silver-
gelatin films which are suitable for storage. This International Standard (for
diazo film) and IS0 9718 (for vesicular film) give the requirements for
photographic duplicate films suitable for storage.
The term “archival film” has been discontinued and the new concept of
“life expectancy” is introduced. Film life is classified by the LE or life ex-
pectancy rating as defined in this International Standard. For example,
LE-100 represents film with a life expectancy of 100 years when stored
under extended-term storage conditions specified in IS0 5466.
Criteria for properties of LE-10 and LE-100 diazo films are based upon the
dark-ageing stability of diazo images. Different dark incubation tests are
specified for LE-10 and LE-100 films. All other property and processing
requirements for medium and long-term diazo films are identical.
It is recognized that diazo images may show density changes after ex-
posure to light. However, this International Standard covers only films
used as storage copies, not as work copies (as defined in annex C). The
light-fading requirements specified in this International Standard ensure
satisfactory behaviour for storage copies which are not intended to be
subjected to frequent light exposure.
In addition to the characterization of films with respect to their expected
storage life, diazo films are also separated into two classes (A and B);
these classes are dependent upon their intended use. Class A films are
those which retain density in both the visual and actinic region (printing)
after storage. Such films can be viewed directly or reprinted onto ultra-
violet (UV)-sensitive materials. However, some diazo films are not in-
tended to be reprinted onto UV-sensitive materials. Such films require only
visual capabilities after storage and are designated as Class B films. Ob-
viously, both Class A and Class B films can fall into the LE-10 and LE-100
categories. The requirements for Class A and Class B films are identical,
with the exception of image-stability tests after dark-ageing and after
light-fading.
Everyone concerned with the preservation of records on photographic film
should realize that specifying the chemical and physical characteristics of
the material does not, by itself, assure satisfactory behaviour. It is also
iv
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0 IS0
IS0 8225: 1995(E)
essential to provide the correct storage temperature and humidity, and
protection from the hazards of fire, water, light and certain atmospheric
pollutants. Conditions for the storage of record films are specified in
IS0 5466 and IS0 10214.
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IS0 8225: 1995(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0
Photography - Ammonia-processed diazo
- Specifications for stability
photographic film
based on this International Standard are encouraged
1 Scope
to investigate the possibility of applying the most re-
cent editions of the standards indicated below.
1 .l This International Standard establishes specifi-
Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of cur-
cations for the stability of polyester-base safety film
rently valid International Standards.
which has an ammonia-processed diazo photographic
image. It covers photographic film intended for LE-10
IS0 5-l : 1984, Photography - Density measurements
and LE-100 records.
- Part 7: Terms, symbols and notations.
1.2 This International Standard applies to photo-
IS0 5-2:1991, Photography - Density measurements
graphic film in which the image layer is a discrete
- Part 2: Geometric conditions for transmission
layer attached to a transparent support.
density.
IS0 5-3: 1995, Photography - Density measurements
1.3 It applies to roll film and sheet film.
- Part 3: Spectral conditions.
1.4 This International Standard characterizes only
IS0 527-3: 1995, Plastics - Determination of tensile
the inherent keeping behaviour of the film. However,
properties - Part 3: Test conditions for films and
the suitability of a film record after extended storage
sheets.
depends on both the inherent ageing characteristics
of the film and the original image quality. The latter is
IS0 543:1990, Photography - Photographic films -
discussed in annex B.
Specifications for safety film.
1.5 This International Standard applies only to diazo
IS0 5466:1992, Photography -- Processed safety
photographic film intended and used as LE-10 and
photographic films - Storage practices.
LE-100 storage copies. Storage copies should be
stored in accordance with IS0 5466 and IS0 10214.
IS0 6077: 1993, Photography - Photographic films
It does not apply to diazo film records intended and
and papers - Wedge test for brittleness.
used as “work” or “use” copies (as discussed in an-
nex C).
IS0 9718: 1995, Photography - Processed vesicular
photographic film - Specifications for stability.
IS0 10214: 1991, Photography - Processed photo-
2 Normative references
graphic materials - Filing enclosures for storage.
The following standards contain provisions which,
IS0 10602: 1995, Photography - Processed silver-
through reference in this text, constitute provisions
gelatin type black-and-white film - Specifications for
of this International Standard. At the time of publi-
stability.
cation, the editions indicated were valid. All standards
are subject to revision, and parties to agreements
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0 IS0
IS0 8225: 1995(E)
3.10 safety photographic film: Photographic film
3 Definitions
which passes the ign ition time test and t urning time
test as specified in IS0 543.
For the purposes of this International Standard, the
following definitions apply.
3.11 safety poly(ethylene terephtha ate) base:
Film base composed mainly of a polymer of ethylene
3.1 archival medium: Recording material that can
glycol and terephthalic acid.
be expected to retain information for ever so that it
can be retrieved without significant loss when prop-
3.12 density: Degree of light absorption, reflection
erly stored.
or scattering characteristics of a photographic image,
expressed as the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio
NOTE 1 There is, however, no such material and it is not
of incident radiant flux to the transmitted, reflected
a term to be used in International Standards or system
or scattered flux. (See IS0 5-3.)
specifications.
3.13 printing density: Density of a processed
3.2 life expectancy (LE): Length of time that infor-
photographic image in which the incident and trans-
mation is predicted to be retrievable in a system un-
mitted radiant flux are evaluated by a receiver having
der extended-term storage conditions.
the same spectral response as the photographic ma-
terial on which the sample is to be printed, and the
NOTE 2 However, the actual useful life of film is very
incident radiant flux has the same spectral energy
dependent upon the existing storage conditions (see
distribution as the printing light source.
IS0 5466 and IS0 10214).
3.14 visual diffuse density: Density of a processed
3.3 LE designation: Rating for the “life photographic image in which the incident and the
of recording materials and associated transmitted or reflected radiant flux are evaluated by
expectancy”
the human eye, or by a receiver having the same
retrieval systems. The number following the LE sym-
spectral response as the human eye.
bol is a prediction of the minimum life expectancy, in
years, for which information can be retrieved without
3.15 projection density: Density of a processed
significant loss when stored under extended-term
photographic image in which the angular distributions
storage conditions.
of the incident and transmitted radiant flux are equal
NOTE 3 For example, l-E-1 00 indicates that information
and specified.
can be retrieved for at least 100 years’ storage.
NOTE 4 For microfilm applications, the angular distri-
bution is a nominal half-angle of 6,4 ”, which corresponds to
3.4 extended-term storage conditions: Storage
an *f-number of -f/4,5 and simulates a microfilm reader.
conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded
information having permanent value.
4 Safety and hazards
3.5 medium-term storage conditions: Storage
conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded
4.1 Hazard warnings
information for a minimum of 10 years.
Some of the chemicals specified in the test pro-
3.6 film base: Plastic support for the emulsion and
cedures are caustic, toxic or otherwise hazardous.
backing layers.
Safe laboratory practice for the handling of chemicals
requires the use of safety glasses or goggles, rubber
gloves and other protective apparel such as face
3.7 emulsion layer(s): Image or image-forming
masks or aprons where appropriate. Specific danger
layer(s) of photographic films, papers and plates.
notices are given in the text and footnotes for par-
ticularly dangerous materials, but normal precautions
3.8 Class A films: Films which are usable both vis-
are required during the performance of any chemical
ually and for printing onto ultraviolet-sensitive ma-
procedure at all times. The first time that a hazardous
terials.
material is noted in the test procedure section, the
hazard will be indicated by the word “DANGER” fol-
3.9 Class B films: Films which are usable visually lowed by a symbol consisting of angle brackets “( )”
but do not have any density requirements for printing containing a letter which designates the specific haz-
onto ultraviolet-sensitive materials. ard. A double bracket I ’(( ))” will be used for particu-
2
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0 IS0
IS0 8225:1995(E)
larly perilous situations. In subsequent statements
4.3 Safety precautions
involving handling of these hazardous materials, only
the hazard symbol consisting of the brackets and All pipette operations shall be performed with a
letter(s) will be displayed. Furthermore, for a given pipette bulb or plunger pipette.
material, the hazard symbol will be used only once in
Safety glasses shall be worn for all laboratory
a single paragraph.
work.
Detailed warnings for handling chemicals and their
diluted solutions are beyond the scope of this Inter-
5 Requirements for film base
national Standard.
The base used for record film, as specified in this
Employers shall provide training and health and
International Standard, shall be of a safety polyester
safety information in conformance with legal re-
[i.e. poly(ethylene terephthalate)] and can be identi-
quirements.
fied by the method described in 9.1.
The hazard symbol system used in this International
Some films on polyester base can have a maximum
Standard is intended to provide information to the
LE rating of 500.
users and is not meant for compliance with any legal
requirements for labelling as these vary from country
6 Requirements for processed film
to country.
It is strongly recommended that anyone using 6.1 Safety film
these chemicals obtain from the manufacturer
The film shall meet the requirements specified in
pertinent information about the hazards, hand-
ling, use and disposal of these chemicals. IS0 543.
6.2 Amount of free acid
4.2 Hazard information code system
The polyester base shall not have an amount of free
acid greater than the equivalent of I,0 ml of
Harmful if inhaled. Avoid breathing dust,
w
0,l mol/l sodium hydroxide solution per gram of film.
vapour, mist or gas. Use only with ad-
The amount of free acid shall be measured in accord-
equate ventilatio n.
ance with 9.3.
Harmful if contact occurs. Avoid contact
0
The volume of 0,l mol/l sodium hydroxide equivalent
with eyes, skin or clothing. Wash thor-
to the amount of free acid of the processed film shall
oughly after handling.
not increase more than 0,5 ml over its original value
Harmful if swallowed. Wash thoroughly
after the accelerated ageing described in 9.2.
(3
after handling. If swallowed, obtain med-
ical attention immediately.
6.3 Tensile properties and loss in tensile
properties
May be fatal if swallowed. If swallowed,
((SD
obtain medical attention immediately.
The film samples shall be processed and dried under
the conditions used for the film records. Processed
Will burn. Keep away from heat, sparks
03
films shall be tested for tensile properties as de-
and open flame. Use with adequate venti-
scribed in 9.4 and shall have a tensile stress and
lation ?
elongation at break as specified in table 1 (unheated
Oxidizer. Contact with other material may
film). The loss in tensile properties after accelerated
(0)
cause fire. Do not store near combustible
ageing as described in 9.2 shall not exceed the per-
materials.
centage specified in table 1 (heated film).
1) The flammable warning symbol (F) will not be used for quantities of common solvents under 1 litre.
3
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0 IS0
IS0 8225: 1995(E)
7.4 Thermal sticking
- Limits for tensile properties and loss
Table 1
Processed film shall show no evidence of blocking
in tensile properties on accelerated ageing of
(sticking), delamination or surface damage at high
polyester-base film
temperature when tested before and after acceler-
Tensile
Elongation
ated ageing as specified in 9.2. Thermal sticking shall
stress at
Film type
at break
be tested as specified in 9.8. A slight sticking of film
break
to glass which does not result in physical damage
Unheated film
shall be acceptable.
Minimum permissible 140 MPal) 75 %
tensile properties
Heated film
8 Requirements for image stability
Maximum permissible 15 % 30 %
loss in tensile properties
compared with unheated
8.1 Proper development
film
1) 1 MPa=10 ”N/m2
Processed film shall not show a visual diffuse trans-
mission density decrease greater than 30 % when
tested as specified in 10.2.
7 Requirements for the emulsion
8.2 Image stability: Light-fading
and backing layers of processed film
Low-density and high-density patches of the pro-
7.1 Layer adhesion
cessed film shall be tested in a light-exposure appar-
atus as described in 10.3. After testing, the
7.1 .I Tape-stripping adhesion
low-density patches shall have a diffuse density of 0,4
or less, and the difference between the high-density
The processed film shall not show any removal of the
and low-density patches shall be 0,8 or greater (see
emulsion layer or backing layer when tested as de-
table2). These density requirements shall apply to
scribed in 9.5.
both visual and printing densities for Class A film and
to visual density only for Class B films (see annex D).
7.1.2 Humidity-cycling adhesion
The same density requirements shall apply for both
The emulsion layer or backing layer of the processed
LE-10 and LE-100 films.
film shall not show separation or cracking that can
impair its intended use, when tested as described in
Table 2 - Limits for change in diffuse density
96 . .
of image after accelerated testing
LE-10 and
7.2 Blocking
Diazo density levels
LE-100 film
Processed film shall show no evidence of blocking
Original
(sticking), delamination or surface damage when
Low density 0,lO + 0,05
tested as described in 9.7. A slight sticking of the film
High density 1,2 T 0,l
-
samples that does not result in physical damage or a
Final 1)
change in surface gloss shall be acceptable.
Low density
< 0,4
High density - low density
> 03
7.3 Binder stability
NOTE - These requirements apply to both visual and
Processed film shall not exceed a 1 mm increase in
printing densities for Class A films and to visual density
brittleness after accelerated ageinq as specified in
.
only for Class B films.
9.2. Brittleness shall be determined at 50 % relative
humidity and shall be tested in accordance with
I) That is, after the light-fading test (see 10.3) or the
IS0 6077. Films shall be tested preferably in low- dark-ageing test (see 10.4).
density areas.
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0 IS0 IS0 8225: 1995(E)
specimens, it may be necessary to interleave them
8.3 Image stability: Dark-ageing
with aluminium foil. Ensure a high ratio of film to air
Low-density and high-density patches of the pro- volume by squeezing out excess air prior to heat-
cessed film shall be incubated as specified in 10.4 sealing. Use a separate envelope for each film sam-
under the conditions specified for either LE-10 or ple. Heat the envelopes in an oven for 72 h at
(100 & 2) “C 3).
LE-100 film. After incubation, the low-density patch
shall have a diffuse density of 0,4 or less, and the
An alternative method of incubating the specimens in
difference between the high-density and low-density
a closed environment is by placing them in 25 mm
patches shall be 0,8 or greater (see table2). These
borosilicate glass tubes (see reference [3]). Each tube
density requirements shall apply to both visual and
shall have two flanged sections separated by a gasket
printing densities for Class A films and to visual den-
to provide a moisture seal41 and shall be held together
sity- only for Class B films.
by a metal clamp. Sufficient film specimens shall be
used to provide a high ratio of film to air volume.
9 Test methods
NOTE 5 In the subsequent text, samples subjected to
these accelerated ageing conditions are designated “heated
9.1 Identification of film base
film ”. Comparison samples kept under room conditions are
designated “unheated film ”.
Remove all emulsion and backing layers from a sam-
ple of the unknown film by scraping. Then remove all
sublayers by scraping. Prepare a sample of the base
9.3 Determination of the amount of free acid
material by scuffing the surface with a suitable tool
such as a razor blade. The general procedure is to
9.3.1 Specimen preparation
move the scuffing device back and forth over the
sample manually while exerting a very slight pressure.
Measurements shall be made on two unheated and
This removes the top layer of the base as a very fine
two heated specimens of imaged film that weigh ap-
dust. Carefully brush this into a mortar.
proximately 1 g to 2 g each. Weigh the specimens to
the nearest 0,Ol g. Heat the films in accordance with
Mix the sample with about 100 times its mass of
9.2. Remove all coatings from the film base by scrap-
potassium bromide, previously ground to about
ing. Cut each specimen into small pieces and accu-
75 pm. Prepare a strip or pellet as described in refer-
rately weigh it prior to dissolving it in the appropriate
ence [I].
solvents.
Obtain an infrared absorption curve from the prepared
strip or pellet by means of an infrared absorption
9.3.2 Solution preparation
spectrometer. By comparing the infrared absorption
curve for the unknown with curves for known
Immerse the specimens in 30 ml of a 70/30 (m/m)
polymers, the identity of the unknown can be estab-
mixture of purified ecresoI/chIoroform (DANGER:
lished (see reference [2]).
(B) (C> m
WARNING - Chloroform is harmful if inhaled.
9.2 Accelerated ageing conditions
Avoid breathing vapour, mist or gas. Use with
Processed film shall be subjected to accelerated age- adequate ventilation. If inhaled, move to fresh air.
ing conditions to meet the requirements for increase Contact should be avoided between chloroform
in the amount of free acid, loss in tensile properties, and the eyes, skin or clothing. In case of contact,
binder stability and thermal sticking. obtain medical attention immediately.
The test specimens shall be conditioned at o-Cresol is toxic if swallowed. Contact should be
(23 + 1) “C and (50 + 2) % relative humidity for at avoided between o-cresol and the eyes, skin or
-
least-l 5 h. After conditioning, place the specimens in clothing. Wash after handling. In case of contact,
a moisture-proof envelope and heat-seal the flush eyes and skin thoroughly with water. Obtain
envelope 2). To prevent sticking between adjacent
medical attention immediately.
2) A suitable moisture-proof envelope is a metal foil bag that is coated on the inside with polyethylene for heat-sealing.
3) Incubation is accomplished in a closed environment to prevent escape of any acid that may be produced during incubation.
Such acid may catalyse further film base degradation.
4) A suitable inert gasket can be made from polytetrafluoroethylene.
5
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IS0 8225: 1995(E)
Take care to dispose of chloroform and o-cresol in 9.4 Tensile property test for processed fil m
accordance with national and local hazardous
waste disposal regulations.
9.4.1 Specimen preparation
Dissolve the polyester support by heating it at
Processed film already in 16 mm format may be
(93 + 2) “C for 30 min or until the specimen has dis-
tested in this width. In the case of perforated 16 mm
-
solved. Precautions should be taken to prevent ex- film, specimens shall be cut from between the per-
cessive evaporation of the solvent. Cool the dissolved forations. Film in other sizes shall be cut into sections
specimens to room temperature. 15 mm to 16 mm wide and at least 150 mm long,
using a sharp tool that does not nick the edges of the
specimen. Five specimens are required for the un-
heated film and five specimens for the heated film.
9.3.3 Titration
The specimens to be heated and the control speci-
mens shall be cut alternately and contiguously from
Titrate the polyester solution potentiometrically with
a single piece of film. The thickness of each specimen
standardized 0,l mol/l tetrabutylammonium hydroxide
shall be measured with a suitable gauge to the near-
using an automatic recording titrimeter and a
est 0,002 mm and the width to the nearest 0,l mm.
glass/calomel electrode system. The electrodes
shall have been preconditioned for 24 h in the
9.4.2 Accelerated ageing
ecresoI/chIoroform solvent mixture ((B) (C) (S)) to
prevent excessive instrumentation noise.
Five specimens shall be subjected to accelerated
ageing as described in 9.2.
During titration, the burette tip shall be immersed into
the solution as far as possible, and shall also be as far
9.4.3 Conditioning
from the electrodes as is practical. The stirring rate
shall be as rapid as can be maintained without causing
All specimens, both unheated and heated, shall be
bubbles. Also titrate 30 ml of a blank solution which
conditioned at (23 -+ 1) “C and at (50 I~I 2) % relative
has been heated for the same length of time as the
humidity for at least 15 h. This can be accomplished
polyester solution. Details of the preparation of stan-
by means of an air-conditioned room or an air-con-
dardized tetrabutylammonium hydroxide are given in
ditioned cabinet. The specimens shall be supported in
annex A.
such a way as to permit free circulation of air around
the film and the linear air velocity shall be at least
150 mm/s.
9.3.4 Calculation
9.4.4 Procedure
The amount of free acid, A, expressed in equivalent
millilitres of 0,l mol/l sodium hydroxide per gram of
The film specimens shall not be removed from the
film base, is calculated as follows for each specimen:
conditioning atmosphere for testing. The tensile
stress and percent elongation at break of unheated
A (vs - vB)cT
=
and heated film specimens shall be tested alternately
0,Im
by means of a tensile machine, as specified in
IS0 527-3.
where
The initial grip separation shall be 100 mm and the
is the volume, in millilitres, of titrant used
VS
rate of grip separation shall be 50 mm/min. The
for the specimen;
tensile stress and elongation at break shall be calcu-
is the volume, in millilitres, of titrant used
lated separately for the unheated and heated film.
for the blank;
9.5 Tape-stripping adhesion test
is the concentration, in moles per litre, of
the titrant;
9.5.1 Specimen preparation
m is the mass, in grams, of the specimen.
Although the dimensions of the processed film
Carry out the titration in duplicate on separately pre- specimen are not critical, one dimension shall be at
pared solutions. The average amount of free acid for least 150 mm. Four specimens shall be used for the
the unheated and heated film specimens shall be cal- emulsion surface and four specimens for the backing
culated and reported separately. layer, if present.
6
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0 IS0
IS0 8225: 1995(E)
9.52 Conditioning 9.6.2 Procedure
Specimens shall be conditioned as described in 9.4.3. Mount the test specimens in a specimen rack and
place them in a glass laboratory desiccator jar in such
a way that they are freely exposed to the required
9.5.3 Procedure
conditioning atmosphere. Place the jar in a forced-air
circulating oven for 8 h at (50 _+ 2) “C. The atmos-
The film specimens shall not be removed from the
phere within the jar shall be maintained at 96 % rela-
conditioning atmosphere for testing. Apply a strip of
ti
...
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