ISO 18941:2017
(Main)Imaging materials — Colour reflection prints — Test method for ozone gas fading stability
Imaging materials — Colour reflection prints — Test method for ozone gas fading stability
ISO 18941:2017 describes the equipment, methods and procedures for generating a known ozone exposure and the subsequent measurement and quantification of the amount of change produced within both digitally printed hardcopy images and traditional analogue photographic colour print images due to that exposure. The test method described in this document uses increased levels of ozone to achieve an accelerated test. If the principal "gas fading" mechanism for a system is not ozone, this method might not be suitable and might give misleading results as to resistance of the test image to polluted air.
Matériaux pour l'image — Tirages par réflexion en couleurs — Méthode d'essai de la stabilité de la décoloration à l'ozone
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18941
Second edition
2017-07
Imaging materials — Colour reflection
prints — Test method for ozone gas
fading stability
Matériaux pour l’image — Tirages par réflexion en couleurs —
Méthode d’essai de la stabilité de la décoloration à l’ozone
Reference number
ISO 18941:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Requirements . 3
5 Target selection . 3
6 Measurements . 4
6.1 Use of replicates and reference samples. 4
6.2 Holding and measurement conditions . 4
6.3 Measured attributes . 5
6.3.1 Definition of density terms . 5
6.3.2 Density attributes to be measured . 5
6.3.3 Definitions of colorimetry terms . 6
6.3.4 Colorimetry values to be measured . 6
7 Calculations and computations . 6
7.1 Computation of densitometric attributes . 6
7.2 Density change in d patches . 6
min
7.3 Percentage density change in primary colour patches . 6
7.4 Percentage density change in secondary (mixed) colour patches . 6
7.5 Percentage density change in composite neutral patch . 6
7.6 Colour balance shift in composite neutral patch . 7
7.7 Colour balance shift in secondary (mixed) colour patches . 7
7.8 Colour balance in d patches by colorimetry . 7
min
7.9 Effects of colorant fading and stain formation on colour photographs . 7
8 Test methods — Gas fading (ozone) . 7
8.1 General . 7
8.2 Apparatus . 8
8.3 Test procedure .15
9 Test environment conditions .16
9.1 Humidity control calibration .16
9.2 Relative humidity .16
9.3 Temperature .16
9.4 Ozone concentration .16
10 Test report .17
10.1 General reporting requirements .17
10.2 Ozone test reporting .17
Annex A (informative) Method for interpolation .19
Annex B (normative) Reciprocity considerations .20
Bibliography .22
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
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URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18941:2011), which has been technically
revised.
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
Introduction
In image permanence testing, there are four environmental variables known to affect the stability of a
[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
photographic image: heat, light, moisture and air pollution, such as ozone
[22][23][24][25][26]
. Although natural ageing under “real-world” environmental levels of these variables is
considered the only certain test for image permanence, the high stability of most modern photographic
products makes testing under ambient conditions too lengthy a process to be of practical use. Thus, a
widely used alternative to natural ageing is accelerated ageing, whereby a sample specimen is exposed
to each environmental variable individually and at levels considerably greater than ambient, forcing
degradation of the image by that single factor in a far shorter length of time.
This document covers the equipment, methods and procedures for generating a known ozone exposure
and the subsequent measurement and quantification of the amount of change produced within a
photographic image due to that exposure. It is important to note that if predictions of absolute product
longevity are of concern to the experimenter, then further knowledge needs to be gained regarding
the reciprocal behaviour of the test product under the experimental accelerated ozone conditions. See
Annex B for more information on reciprocity.
Additionally, there are other known variables in an ozone test setup that can affect the rate at which
an image will degrade in the presence of ozone. These include air flow over the sample, the nature of
the chemical reaction that is occurring, the relative quantities of the reactants (ozone and colorant
molecules) and the humidity content and the pH of the image recording layer. Each of these variables can
affect the reciprocal response and needs to be understood for a clear analysis of the accelerated data.
In some products, such as most dyes on swellable inkjet media and in silver halide products in
gelatine, the ozone reaction can be considered to be “diffusion-controlled,” whereby ozone first needs
to permeate a protective surrounding matrix before coming in contact with a colorant molecule and
reacting. Further, the reacted components then need to be desorbed and removed from the surface
before fresh, unreacted molecules can again diffuse, adsorb and react. In this type of process, a simple
increase in ozone concentration might or might not yield a proportional increase in reaction rate as
diffusion, adsorption and, in some cases, desorption may be the dominant factor controlling the rate of
reaction.
The relative quantities of the reactants (ozone and colorant) will also affect the rate of reaction and
reciprocal behaviour. Under the assumed ambient conditions, a photographic image would undoubtedly
contain a vast excess of colorant molecules relative to the local concentration of ozone molecules in the
air. Here, ozone would likely be the limiting factor controlling the rate of reaction and, in the absence
of other controlling factors, an increase in ozone concentration will produce a proportional increase
in the rate of reaction. At some precise ozone concentration, the quantity of reactants would be equal
and the reaction would proceed at a maximum rate. At this point, however, a further increase in ozone
concentration would not accelerate the reaction rate, causing a failure in the reciprocal relationship that
is required for converting accelerated data into predictions of ambient performance. For this reason, if
product longevity predictions are to be made, this ozone concentration needs to be determined and
never exceeded during testing.
This document has been primarily developed via testing with inkjet images on porous “instant-dry”
photographic media, which have been shown to be susceptible to fading by oxidative gases present in
[13][14][19][20][21]
polluted ambient air . While many chemical species may be present in polluted air, it has
been shown that most of the fade observed for current inkjet systems can be explained by oxidation
[21][27][28]
by ozone . Additionally, this method may reasonably be used for colour photographic images
made with other digital and traditional “continuous-tone” photographic materials such as chromogenic
[26]
silver halide, silver dye-bleach, dye transfer , dye-diffusion-transfer “instant” and other similar
systems. However, since these systems have, in general, been shown to be much less sensitive to
oxidative degradation by ozone, relatively small levels of image degradation with this accelerated test
method may not be realized within the typical duration of such a test for these imaging systems.
High levels of ozone, often found outside major metropolitan areas in summer months, together with
high levels of humidity, will greatly accelerate the fade. Since ozone is a highly reactive gas, storage of
photographs in any kind of gas-impermeable enclosure, such as framed behind glass or in an album,
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
will greatly reduce image degradation due to ozone. This method therefore relates primarily to the
display of unprotected photographs.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18941:2017(E)
Imaging materials — Colour reflection prints — Test
method for ozone gas fading stability
1 Scope
This document describes the equipment, methods and procedures for generating a known ozone
exposure and the subsequent measurement and quantification of the amount of change produced
within both digitally printed hardcopy images and traditional analogue photographic colour print
images due to that exposure.
The test method described in this document uses increased levels of ozone to achieve an accelerated
test. If the principal “gas fading” mechanism for a system is not ozone, this method might not be suitable
and might give misleading results as to resistance of the test image to polluted air.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 3: Spectral conditions
ISO 5-4, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for
reflection density
ISO 1431-3, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Resistance to ozone cracking — Part 3: Reference and
alternative methods for determining the ozone concentration in laboratory test chambers
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic
arts images
ISO 18913, Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
ISO 18944, Imaging materials — Reflection colour photographic prints — Test print construction and
measurement
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18913 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
air/gas
mixture of atmospheric air and ozone inside the test chamber
3.2
volume turnover
complete replacement of the air/gas (3.1) volume within the test chamber
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
3.3
volumetric turnover rate
rate at which volume turnover (3.2) occurs
3.4
agitation
degree to which air/gas (3.1) is circulated within the chamber resulting in a mixing of the air/gas at the
surface of the test sample to overcome concentration gradients
Note 1 to entry: Agitation can be directly related to flow rate but inversely related to volume turnover (3.2).
For a given incoming gas-flow velocity, the actual flow across the samples, and therefore the agitation, can be
affected by chamber volume, with, for example, larger chamber volumes resulting in lower flow over the samples.
Agitation of air/gas is important to ensure mixing so that any reaction by-products are carried away from the
test samples.
3.5
air velocity at sample
rate of flow of air/gas (3.1) across the sample plane, as opposed to the flow of air/gas within the chamber
volume, or within the entering or exiting ports
–1
Note 1 to entry: Expressed in reciprocal milliseconds (m·s ).
3.6
effective concentration
concentration of ozone as experienced by the test object
Note 1 to entry: Concentration that results in a specific change in a specific sample after exposure for a specific time.
3.7
closed-loop system
system in which the air/gas (3.1) volume is recirculated within the test chamber, with ozone added as
needed to maintain the desired aim concentration
3.8
open-loop system
system where the air/gas (3.1) volume continually enters, flows through and exits the system with no
recirculation
3.9
ideal mixing
sufficient agitation (3.4) that results in uniform concentration throughout the chamber, such that no
localized concentration gradients exist across the test samples
3.10
operational control point
set point for equilibrium conditions measured at one or more sensor locations in an exposure device
[SOURCE: ASTM G113]
3.11
operational fluctuations
positive and negative deviations from the setting of the sensor at the operational control set point
during equilibrium conditions in a laboratory-accelerated weathering device
Note 1 to entry: Operational fluctuations are the result of unavoidable machine variables and do not include
measurement uncertainty. Operational fluctuations apply only at the location of the control sensor and do not
imply uniformity of conditions throughout the test chamber.
[SOURCE: ASTM G113]
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
3.12
operational uniformity
range around the operational control point (3.10) for measured parameters within the intended
exposure area, within the limits of intended operational range
[SOURCE: ASTM G113]
3.13
uncertainty (of measurement)
parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values
that could be reasonably attributed to the measurement
Note 1 to entry: The parameter might be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-
width of an interval having a stated confidence level.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components
can be evaluated from statistical distribution of the results of series of measurements and can be characterized
by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which can also be characterized by standard
deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information.
Note 3 to entry: It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of the value of the
measurement and that all components of uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as
components associated with corrections and reference standards, contribute to the dispersion.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.2.3]
4 Requirements
This document specifies a set of recommended test methods with associated requirements for permitted
reporting. Data from these tests shall not be used to make life expectancy claims, such as time-based
print lifetime claims, either comparative or absolute. Conversion of data obtained from these methods
for the purpose of making public statements regarding product life shall be in accordance with the
applicable documents for specification of print life.
The test methods in this document can be useful as stand-alone test methods for comparing the
stability of image materials with respect to one specific failure mode. Data from the test methods of
this document can be used in stand-alone reporting of the absolute or comparative stability of image
materials with respect to the specific failure mode described in this document, when reported in
accordance with the reporting requirements of this document. Caution shall be used when comparing
test results for different materials. Comparisons shall be limited to test cases using equipment with
matching specifications and matching test conditions.
5 Target selection
For general testing purposes, users of this document are free to choose whatever target patches
and starting densities they feel are appropriate for their testing needs. An example of such a target
is included in ISO 18944, along with requirements and recommendations for sample preparation.
Applicable International Standards for specification of print life may require the use of specific targets.
Other recommendations for sample preparation are contained in ISO 18909. Image prints may also be
used. When specific starting densities are desired or required, there may often times not be a step on a
properly designed and printed test target that is of exactly the desired density. Interpolation between
two neighbouring density patches can be used to predict the values for the exact desired starting
density. See Annex A for details on interpolation between two neighbouring density patches.
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
6 Measurements
6.1 Use of replicates and reference samples
At least two replicate prints are required for each test case. Replicates shall be located for testing in
different regions of the test chamber volume.
It is recommended that reference samples be included in every exposure test to track consistency of the
test procedures as well as unintended changes in test conditions (see Reference [12]).
6.2 Holding and measurement conditions
Measurements and sample holding for measurement and next test phase preparation shall be conducted
in a controlled environment with no time constraint, or in a less controlled environment with a time
constraint. The measurement environment and sample holding environment can influence measured
densities.
NOTE 1 “Sample holding environment” refers to the environment in which samples are held between test
phases, such as before and after measurement, while the samples are not in the active test environment.
The controlled sample holding environment with no time constraint shall meet the following set
of conditions: samples shall be kept in the dark at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 10) % RH while waiting for
measurement and while holding between test stages.
The sample holding environment shall be ozone-free (≤2 nl/l average ozone concentration over any
24 h period) for ozone-sensitive samples.
NOTE 2 1 nl/l = 1 ppb (1 × 10 − 9). Although the notation “ppb” (parts per billion) is widely used in the
measurement and reporting of trace amounts of pollutants in the atmosphere, it is not used in International
Standards because it is language-dependent.
Ozone sensitivity is determined in accordance with this document and ISO 18944. A material that is not
sensitive to ozone shall have demonstrated no measurable change in minimum density, d , or printed
min
patch colour, at ambient ozone exposure levels and measurement condition temperature and humidity,
over time periods consistent with measurement and test-staging time periods.
The controlled measurement environment with no measurement-process time constraint shall
meet the following set of conditions: ambient illuminance on the sample surface not less than 200 lx,
temperature of (23 ± 2) °C, (50 ± 10) % RH and ozone-free (≤2 nl/l average ozone concentration over
any 24 h period) for ozone-sensitive samples.
If either sample holding or measurement is conducted in a less controlled environment, samples shall
be held or measured in the less controlled environment for a maximum of 2 h for each test stage. The
less controlled environment may be unfiltered for ozone and shall have a maximum RH of 75 % and a
maximum temperature of 30 °C, with ambient illuminance on the sample surface up to 1 000 lx.
NOTE 3 Stray light decreases the accuracy of measurements taken in less controlled lighting environments.
Shielding the measurement instrument from direct lighting so that the actual measurement surface lighting is
not less than 200 lx can improve measurement accuracy and repeatability.
The temperature and humidity tolerances for the sample holding and measurement environments apply
specifically to the vicinities in which the samples are held and measured. Operational fluctuations,
operational uniformity and uncertainty of measurement shall be contained within the stated tolerances
in those vicinities.
The measurement environment and sample holding environment with respect to temperature, relative
humidity, ozone and light levels, fluctuations and uniformity shall be reported in the test report.
The CIE colour coordinates of the d patch (unprinted paper) shall be measured in accordance with
min
ISO 13655 measurement condition M0 for the relative spectral power distribution of the flux incident
on the specimen surface. White backing is recommended in accordance with ISO 13655. Report the
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ISO 18941:2017(E)
backing used or the material opacity according to ISO 2471, stating that the backing has no influence
on the measurement. Measurement conditions shall be consistent throughout the test process. In
accordance with ISO 13655, calculated tristimulus values and corresponding CIELAB values shall be
computed using CIE illuminant D50 and the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer (often referred to
as the 2° standard observer).
NOTE 4 With completely opaque materials, such as the aluminium substrate used in outdoor testing, the
backing has no relevance.
Optical densities shall be measured according to ISO 5-3, with the relative spectral power distribution
of the flux incident on the specimen surface conforming to CIE illuminant A, ISO 13655 measurement
condition M0 and spectral products conforming to Status A or Status T density, as appropriate for the
material under test.
White backing is recommended in accordance with ISO 5-4. ISO 5 standard reflection density as
defined in ISO 5-4 shall be used, allowing either annular influx mode or annular efflux mode. Either
white or black backing is allowed. Report the backing used. Measurement conditions shall be consistent
throughout the test process.
NOTE 5 When testing in accordance with an image life specification standard, either standard status
...
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