ISO 15704:2019
(Main)Enterprise modelling and architecture — Requirements for enterprise-referencing architectures and methodologies
Enterprise modelling and architecture — Requirements for enterprise-referencing architectures and methodologies
This document specifies a reference base of concepts and principles for enterprise architectures that enable enterprise development, enterprise integration, enterprise interoperability, human understanding and computer processing. This document further specifies requirements for models and languages created for expressing such enterprise architectures. This document specifies those terms, concepts and principles considered necessary to address stakeholder concerns and to carry out enterprise creation programmes as well as any incremental change projects required by the enterprise throughout the whole life of the enterprise. This document forms the basis by which enterprise architecture and modelling standards can be developed or aligned. This document does not define standard enterprises, standard organizational structures, standard enterprise processes, or standard enterprise data. In addition, this standard does not specify enterprise modelling processes.
Modélisation et architecture d'entreprise — Exigences pour les architectures et les méthodologies de référencement d'entreprise
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15704
Second edition
2019-12
Enterprise modelling and
architecture — Requirements for
enterprise-referencing architectures
and methodologies
Modélisation et architecture d'entreprise — Exigences pour les
architectures et les méthodologies de référencement d'entreprise
Reference number
ISO 15704:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019
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ISO 15704:2019(E)
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© ISO 2019
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ISO 15704:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 5
5 Requirements for enterprise-referencing architectures and models .6
5.1 General requirements . 6
5.2 Applicability and coverage of enterprise architecture . 7
5.2.1 Kinds of enterprise. 7
5.2.2 Characterizing enterprise architecture . 7
5.2.3 Enterprise engineering and architecting methodology . 7
5.2.4 Enterprise design . 8
5.2.5 Enterprise operation . 8
5.3 Essential concepts for enterprise-referencing architecture . 8
5.3.1 Span of conceptual orientation . 8
5.3.2 Human oriented . 8
5.3.3 Process oriented . 8
5.3.4 Interoperation oriented . 8
5.3.5 Decision oriented . 8
5.3.6 Realization oriented . 9
5.3.7 Technology oriented . 9
5.3.8 Environment oriented . 9
5.3.9 Lifetime oriented . 9
5.3.10 Stakeholder oriented . .10
5.3.11 Viewpoint oriented .10
5.3.12 Model oriented .11
5.3.13 Model view oriented .12
5.3.14 Enterprise interoperation oriented .13
5.3.15 Verification and validation oriented .13
6 Components of enterprise-referencing architectures.13
6.1 Enterprise-referencing models .13
6.1.1 Purpose of enterprise-referencing models .13
6.1.2 Kinds of enterprise-referencing models .14
6.2 Modelling languages .16
6.2.1 Requirements for modelling languages and constructs .16
6.2.2 Expressiveness .16
6.2.3 Semantics and syntax of an enterprise-referencing model.16
6.2.4 Names, labels and glossary .17
6.2.5 Elements of interoperation .17
6.3 Models as representations .18
6.3.1 Representing enterprise characteristics .18
6.3.2 Concepts of internal structure .18
6.3.3 Compatibility of structuring approaches .18
6.3.4 Concepts of enterprise-referencing behaviour .19
6.3.5 Short-term and long-term behavioural change .19
6.3.6 Representation of behaviour .20
6.3.7 Concepts of hierarchy .20
6.3.8 Recursion in decomposition .21
6.3.9 Iteration .22
6.3.10 Availability and format of model information .22
6.3.11 Management of constituent parts .23
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ISO 15704:2019(E)
6.4 Impact of genericity .23
6.4.1 Generic enterprise elements .23
6.4.2 Partial enterprise models .23
6.4.3 Particular enterprise models .23
6.5 Enterprise perspectives and viewpoints .24
6.5.1 Primary concern perspectives .24
6.5.2 Additional concern perspectives .26
6.6 Enterprise-referencing modelling framework .26
6.7 Tools .27
6.8 Modules .27
6.9 Enterprise operational systems .27
6.10 Representation .27
Annex A (informative) Key principles of enterprise integration and interoperation .28
Annex B (informative) Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology
(GERAM) .32
Annex C (informative) Relationship of this document with other International Standards
related to architecture for enterprise systems .67
Bibliography .70
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ISO 15704:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
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iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 5, Interoperability, integration, and architecture for enterprise systems and automation
applications.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 15704:2000), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Amendment ISO 15704:2000/Amd.1:2005.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— alignment of terminology for consistency with other standards developed by ISO/TC 184/SC 5;
— incorporation of the rules and guidelines for modelling from ISO 14258 to express enterprise-
referencing architecture methodologies;
— revision of content related to recursive structure and iterative methods;
— redrafting of life history concept to address enterprise change management;
— discussion of modelling dimensions necessary for user views, including the extent of detail and
composite models that span dimensions;
— harmonization with ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 and other International Standards related to architecture
for enterprise systems;
— inclusion of discussion concerning the relationship of this document with other International
Standards related to architecture for enterprise systems (ISO/IEC 10746, IEC 62264, ISO 15745);
— updating of Annex B on Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM)
in accordance with GERAM 1.6.3.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO 15704:2019(E)
Introduction
0.1 Rationale for enterprise architectures and models
Industrial and information age enterprises create and modify manufacturing and business operations
to improve performance in local and global markets. In operation they deploy a variety of resources
including people, information systems, automated machinery and business services. Individually and
collectively these resources provide the functional capabilities required to perform manufacturing
and business processes and their constituent activities. The arrangement, targeting and interworking
of resources need to accomplish the enterprise mission, which requires suitable business rules and
organizational structures that enable the enterprise to provide products and services in conformance
with agreed upon criteria.
Enterprises operate under uncertain and changing market and environmental conditions that make
ongoing enterprise engineering beneficial. Enterprises cooperate within a heterogeneous environment
with multiple constituents using different models and systems. In addition, most enterprises operate
within the context of another enterprise with which it interoperates, as with a supply chain or the
parent company. It follows that enterprise personnel have a variety of responsibilities in the conception
and ongoing development of the mission, business rules, manufacturing and business processes,
organizational structures, and supporting resources and services. Because of the complexity involved
in enterprise engineering, invariably it becomes necessary to deploy means of assessing, structuring,
coordinating and supporting these engineering activities, including means for collaboration support
and interoperation.
Generalized enterprise-referencing architecture concerns and components of enterprise modelling
constitute a reference base that provides a generally applicable means of arranging and coordinating
enterprise engineering and associated technology development and deployment projects. By adopting
and adapting such a reference base, enterprise personnel can cooperate in progressing enterprise
engineering projects, improving the enterprise, improving stakeholder's communications and utilizing
enterprise resources. By adopting appropriate tool sets, enterprise personnel can reuse in a practical
way explicit enterprise designs and models to realize the benefits of enterprise engineering on a
continual basis and realize further improvements in enterprise operation.
Such a reference base needs to include capabilities that:
— capture concerns of mission fulfilment stakeholders (manufacturing, transport, service delivery,
etc.) and of business stakeholders;
— describe suitable solutions to identified problems within the enterprise;
— model the whole life history of an enterprise integration project from its initial concept through
development, operation and finally decommissioning or obsolescence; and
— encompass the people, processes, resources and organizations involved in performing, managing,
and controlling the enterprise mission.
From an enterprise engineering perspective, the following distinction is drawn:
— enterprise architecture refers to the arrangement of physical components, logical relationships, and
human interactions involved in the development, implementation and operation for a programme
such as enterprise integration or other enterprise related programme, usually including a set of
projects; and
— system architecture refers to the arrangement of physical components and logical relations of a
system that is a constituent of an enterprise; for example, the computer-control-system part of an
overall enterprise or product.
This document does not present or adopt specific methodologies for creating or using enterprise
architectures or models. The focus is on establishing a reference base capable of supporting specific
enterprise programmes, rather than a design intended to fulfil the stated requirements.
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ISO 15704:2019(E)
This document identifies an extensive collection of potential artefacts for expressing an enterprise-
referencing architecture and its associated methodologies. Not all of these artefacts will be applicable,
necessary or even desirable for all architecting efforts. The identification of these artefacts assures that
this document meets the needs of the widest possible number of enterprise-referencing architecture
and methodology situations. Users of this document need to assess not only the value of generating an
identified artefact but also the value of maintaining that artefact under the changing circumstances of
the referenced enterprise.
0.2 Rationale for this document
Well-designed standards in the domain of enterprise integration and modelling provide a point of
reference for enterprise architects and designers, thereby significantly reducing the risk of investing
in islands of integration. Where an island does exist, these standards assist the architect or designer to
create the translation necessary for the island to interact within an established context. A standard for
enterprise-referencing models enhances interoperability by establishing the elements that are required
in a model intended to support enterprise architecture.
This document defines concepts, rules and requirements for architecture descriptions that refer to an
enterprise, most often articulated as models, with the intent to guide and constrain other standards
or implementations that do or will exist on the topic. To realize this intent, this document specifies
the concepts to use when producing an enterprise-referencing architecture (see Clause 5) and when
constructing enterprise-referencing models (see Clause 6). This document provides a reference base,
guidelines and constraints for enterprise architecture and models to anyone engaged in enterprise
activities where models are utilized.
0.3 Benefits of this document
The requirements of the reference base for enterprise-referencing architecture and models in this
document allow assessment of an enterprise architecture framework or other approach as well as
associated methodology and languages for completeness with respect to current and future purpose of
the architecture effort. This document will help guide development programmes.
When conforming implementation designs have the same technology areas and nomenclature, or can
map to them readily, the information from one enterprise or process is more readily sharable with
information of another enterprise or process.
The benefit will be most relevant to any group charged with improving an enterprise infrastructure or
its processes. Such a group will find it necessary to either select or create a reference architecture of its
own with terminology that pertains specifically to the company, industry, and culture involved. This
document will help guide that selection or creation.
This document expects users that are:
— enterprise planners, builders, modifiers, and analysts using the requirements to check completeness
of their activity;
— enterprise-referencing model builders using the requirements to assure consistency between
models to enable model interoperability; and
— developers of standards for enterprise representation using the requirements to assure consistency
between their standards and this document.
NOTE While the requirements specified herein cover a broad range of enterprise considerations, many users
find it advantageous to structure the topics considered into a specific framework for their own work. Such a
framework is a methodological choice of the user and goes beyond the scope of this document. Annex B discusses
a framework consistent with this document and other International Standards provide further framework
guidance.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15704:2019(E)
Enterprise modelling and architecture — Requirements for
enterprise-referencing architectures and methodologies
1 Scope
This document specifies a reference base of concepts and principles for enterprise architectures
that enable enterprise development, enterprise integration, enterprise interoperability, human
understanding and computer processing. This document further specifies requirements for models and
languages created for expressing such enterprise architectures.
This document specifies those terms, concepts and principles considered necessary to address
stakeholder concerns and to carry out enterprise creation programmes as well as any incremental
change projects required by the enterprise throughout the whole life of the enterprise. This document
forms the basis by which enterprise architecture and modelling standards can be developed or aligned.
This document does not define standard enterprises, standard organizational structures, standard
enterprise processes, or standard enterprise data. In addition, this standard does not specify enterprise
modelling processes.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
architecture
conceptualization of the form, function, and fitness-for-purpose of an enterprise (3.4) in its environment
(3.9), as embodied in the elements of the enterprise, the relationships between those elements, the
relationship of the enterprise to its environment and the principles guiding the design and evolution of
the enterprise
Note 1 to entry: Since architecture in an enterprise context, e.g. an enterprise architecture, is always conceptual,
the expression of architecture as an architecture description is through models of the enterprise reality to which
the architecture applies. Detailed designs conforming to an enterprise architecture description often take less
abstract forms as they approach enterprise reality.
Note 2 to entry: The notion of fitness-for-purpose distinguishes architecture from other characteristics of design
by adding the obligation of elegance in efficiency and effectiveness to design form and function — a distinguishing
characteristic separating an ad hoc assemblage of parts necessary to conduct an enterprise from an intentional
composition of constituent elements necessary to achieve and sustain superior enterprise performance.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011, 3.2, modified — Content of original definition has been adapted to
the context of this document and Notes to entry have been added.]
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ISO 15704:2019(E)
3.2
aspect
distinguishing characteristic, manifest by content projection from an integrating enterprise model (3.6)
Note 1 to entry: In this document the term aspect usually refers to a collection of concerns that are better
addressed by looking across various views (3.23), i.e. concerns best addressed by a view across other model
views. The scale and scope of these kinds of broad-based concern collections are poorly handled by a single model
representation but can be effectively rendered by selecting a composite view from existing model view content.
3.3
business process
partially ordered, often nested, set of enterprise (3.4) activities that can be executed to achieve some
desired result in pursuit of a specified objective of an enterprise or a part of an enterprise
3.4
enterprise
human undertaking or venture that has explicit and clearly defined mission (3.13), goals, and objectives
to offer products or services, or to achieve a desired project outcome or business outcome
Note 1 to entry: When in operation, an enterprise functions as a system that realizes the mission through life
cycle activities within a life history.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, “enterprise” refers to concrete (e.g. company, project or extended supply chain
enterprise) or abstract (e.g. virtual enterprise) entities.
Note 3 to entry: One or more organizational unit participates in an enterprise. For an enterprise involving
more than one such unit, each brings various resources (3.21) forward for use, participating to the extent that it
benefits from their involvement, which most often occurs to address some challenge that it is unable to address
on its own.
3.5
enterprise engineering
discipline applied in carrying out any efforts to establish, modify, or reorganize any enterprise (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: An enterprise engineering and architecting methodology provides guidance for efforts to
establish, modify, validate
...
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