ISO 16889:1999
(Main)Hydraulic fluid power filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance of a filter element
Hydraulic fluid power filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance of a filter element
Filtres pour transmissions hydrauliques — Évaluation des performances par la méthode de filtration en circuit fermé
Fluidna tehnika - Hidravlični filtri - Postopek "multi-pass" za ocenjevanje filtracijske sposobnosti filterskega vložka
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16889
First edition
1999-12-15
Hydraulic fluid power filters — Multi-pass
method for evaluating filtration
performance of a filter element
Filtres pour transmissions hydrauliques — Évaluation des performances
par la méthode de filtration en circuit fermé
Reference number
ISO 16889:1999(E)
©
ISO 1999
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
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© ISO 1999
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ii © ISO 1999 – All rights reserved
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols .4
5 General procedure.6
6 Test equipment .6
7 Accuracy of measurements and test conditions.7
8 Filter performance test circuit validation procedures .8
9 Summary of information required prior to testing .10
10 Preliminary preparation .10
11 Filter performance test.12
12 Calculations.14
13 Data presentation.16
14 Identification statement (reference to this International Standard) .17
Annex A (normative) Properties of base test fluid .20
Annex B (informative) Test system design guide .22
Annex C (informative) Example report calculations and graphs .26
Annex D (informative) Summary of ISO round robin for the multi-pass test (ISO/CD 4572).34
© ISO 1999 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 16889 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems,
Subcommittee SC 6, Contamination control and hydraulic fluids.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 4572:1981, of which it constitutes a technical revision.
Annex A forms a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B to D are for information only.
iv © ISO 1999 – All rights reserved
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
Introduction
In hydraulic fluid power systems, one of the functions of the hydraulic fluid is to separate and lubricate the moving
parts of components. The presence of solid particulate contamination produces wear, resulting in loss of efficiency,
reduced component life and subsequent unreliability.
A hydraulic filter is provided to control the number of particles circulating within the system to a level that is
commensurate with the degree of sensitivity of the components to contaminant and the level of reliability required
by the users.
To enable the relative performance of filters to be compared so that the most appropriate filter can be selected, test
procedures should be available. The performance characteristics of a filter are a function of the element (its
medium and geometry) and the housing (its general configuration and seal design).
In practice, a filter is subjected to a continuous flow of contaminant entrained in the hydraulic fluid until some
specified terminal differential pressure (relief valve cracking pressure or differential pressure indicator setting) is
reached.
Both the length of operating time (prior to reaching terminal pressure) and the contaminant level at any point in the
system are functions of the rate of contaminant addition (ingression plus generation rates) and the performance
characteristics of the filter.
Therefore, a realistic laboratory test that establishes the relative performance of a filter should provide the test filter
with a continuous supply of ingressed contaminant and allow the periodic monitoring of the filtration performance
characteristics of the filter.
The test should also provide an acceptable level of repeatability and reproducibility and a standard test
contaminant [ISO medium test dust (ISO 12103-A3) in accordance with ISO 12103-1] is featured. This has been
shown to have a consistent particle size distribution and is available worldwide. The filtration performance of the
filter is determined by measurement of the upstream and downstream particle size distributions using automatic
particle counters validated according to ISO standards.
Since it is difficult to specify, achieve and verify a cyclic flow requirement that is both realistic and consistent with
the flow variations occurring in actual systems, the compromise of steady-state condition has been used for this
test to enhance the repeatability and reproducibility of results.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16889:1999(E)
Hydraulic fluid power filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating
filtration performance of a filter element
1 Scope
1.1 This International Standard specifies:
� a multi-pass filtration performance test with continuous contaminant injection for hydraulic fluid power filter
elements;
� a procedure for determining the contaminant capacity, particulate removal and differential pressure
characteristics;
� a test currently applicable to hydraulic fluid power filter elements that exhibit an average filtration ratio greater
than or equal to 75 for particle sizes less than or equal to 25 μm(c), and a final reservoir gravimetric level of
less than 200 mg/l;
NOTE The range of flows and the lower particle size limit that can be used in test facilities will be determined by validation.
� a test using ISO medium test dust contaminant and a test fluid according to annex A.
1.2 This International Standard is intended to provide a test procedure that yields reproducible test data for
appraising the filtration performance of a hydraulic fluid power filter element without influence of electrostatic
charge.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 1219-1:1991, Fluid power systems and components — Graphic symbols and circuit diagrams — Part 1:
Graphic symbols.
ISO 2942:1994, Hydraulic fluid power — Filter elements — Verification of fabrication integrity and determination of
the first bubble point.
ISO 3722:1976, Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid sample containers — Qualifying and controlling cleaning methods.
ISO 3968:1981, Hydraulic fluid power — Filters — Evaluation of pressure drop versus flow characteristics.
ISO 4021:1992, Hydraulic fluid power — Particulate contamination analysis — Extraction of fluid samples from
lines of an operating system.
ISO 4405:1991, Hydraulic fluid power —- Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the
gravimetric method.
© ISO 1999 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
ISO 5598:1985, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary.
ISO 11171:1999, Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters.
ISO 11943:1999, Hydraulic fluid power — On-line automatic particle-counting systems for liquids — Methods of
calibration and validation.
ISO 12103–1:1997, Road vehicles — Test dust for filter evaluation — Part 1: Arizona test dust.
ASTM D 4308-95, Standard test method for electrical conductivity of liquid hydrocarbons by precision meter.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5598 and the following
apply.
3.1
contaminant mass injected
mass of specific particulate contaminant injected into the test circuit to obtain the terminal�p
3.2
differential pressure
�p
difference between the tested component inlet and outlet pressure as measured under the specified conditions
SeeFigure1.
3.2.1
clean assembly differential pressure
difference between the tested component inlet and outlet pressure as measured with a clean filter body containing
a clean filter element
SeeFigure1.
3.2.2
clean element differential pressure
differential pressure of the clean element calculated as the difference between the clean assembly �p and the
housing
SeeFigure1.
3.2.3
final assembly differential pressure
assembly differential pressure at end of test equal to sum of housing plus terminal element differential pressures
SeeFigure1.
3.2.4
housing differential pressure
differential pressure of the filter body without an element
SeeFigure1.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
3.2.5
terminal element differential pressure
maximum differential pressure across the filter element as designated by the manufacturer to limit useful
performance
SeeFigure1.
3.3
rest conductivity
electrical conductivity at the initial instant of current measurement after a d.c. voltage is impressed between
electrodes
NOTE It is equal to the reciprocal of the resistance of uncharged fluid in the absence of ionic depletion or polarization.
3.4
retained capacity
mass of specific particulate contaminant effectively retained by the filter element when terminal element �p is
reached
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
Key
1 Final assembly (end of test) differential pressure
2 Terminal element differential pressure
3 Clean element differential pressure
4 Housing differential pressure
5 Clean assembly differential pressure
Figure 1 — Differential pressure conventions for multi-pass test
4 Symbols
4.1 Graphic symbols
Graphic symbols used are in accordance with ISO 1219-1.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
4.2 Quantity symbols
Reference Symbol Units Description or explanation
4.2.1 A part/ml Overall average upstream count > size x
u,x
4.2.2 A part/ml Overall average downstream count > size x
d,x
a
4.2.3 � None Filtration ratio at particle size x (ISO 11171 calibration)
x
(c)
4.2.4 � None Filtration ratio at particle size x and time interval t
x,t
a
4.2.5 None Average filtration ratio at particle size x (ISO 11171 calibration)
�
x(c)
4.2.6 C g Retained capacity
R
4.2.7 G mg/l Average base upstream gravimetric level
b
4.2.8 G � mg/l Desired base upstream gravimetric level
b
4.2.9 G mg/l Average injection gravimetric level
i
4.2.10 G� mg/l Desired injection gravimetric level
i
4.2.11 G mg/l Test reservoir gravimetric level at 80 % assembly �p
80
4.2.12 M g Mass of contaminant needed for injection
4.2.13 M g Estimated filter element capacity (mass injected)
e
4.2.14 M g Contaminant mass injected
I
4.2.15 M g Contaminant mass injected at element differential pressure �p
p
4.2.16 n none Number of counts in specific time period
4.2.17 N part/ml Number of upstream particles > size x at count i
u,x,i
4.2.18 N part/ml Number of downstream particles > size x at count i
d,x,i
4.2.19 N part/ml Average upstream count > size x at time interval t
u,xt,
4.2.20 N part/ml Average downstream count > size x at time interval t
d,xt,
4.2.21 p Pa, kPa or bar Pressure
4.2.22 �p Pa, kPa or bar Differential pressure
4.2.23 q l/min Test flow rate
4.2.24 q l/min Discarded downstream sample flow rate
d
4.2.25 q l/min Average injection flow rate
i
4.2.26 q� l/min Desired injection flow rate
i
4.2.27 q l/min Discarded upstream sample flow rate
u
4.2.28 t min Test time
4.2.29 t� min Predicted test time
4.2.30 t min Final test time
f
4.2.31 t min Test time at element differential pressure �p
p
4.2.32 V l Final measured injection system volume
if
4.2.33 V l Initial measured injection system volume
ii
4.2.34 V l Minimum required operating injection system volume
min
4.2.35 V l Final measured filter test system volume
tf
4.2.36 V l Minimum validated injection system volume
v
a
The subscript (c) signifies that the filtration ratio, � , and the average filtration ratio, � , are based on this standard
x(c) x(c)
test method (ISO 16889) using particle counters calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
5 General procedure
5.1 Set up and maintain apparatus in accordance with clause 6 and clause 7.
5.2 Validate equipment in accordance with clause 8.
5.3 Run all tests in accordance with clauses 9, 10 and 11.
5.4 Analyse test data in accordance with clause 12.
5.5 Present data from clauses 10, 11 and 12 in accordance with clause 13.
6 Test equipment
6.1 Suitable timer.
6.2 Automatic particle counter(s), calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171.
6.3 ISO medium test dust (ISO 12103-A3), in accordance with ISO 12103-1, dried at 110 �Cto 150 �Cfor not
less than 1 h for quantities less than 200 g and for use in the test system, mix in the test fluid, mechanically agitate,
2 2
then disperse ultrasonically with a power density of 3 000 W/m to 10 000 W/m .
NOTE This dust is commercially available. For availability of ISO 12103-A3 test dust, contact the ISO secretariat service or
national members of ISO.
6.4 Online counting system,and dilution system if necessary, that has been validated in accordance with
ISO 11943.
6.5 Sample bottles containing less than 20 particles per millilitre of bottle volume greater than 6 μm(c), as
qualified in accordance with ISO 3722 to collect samples for gravimetric analyses.
6.6 Petroleum base test fluid in accordance with annex A.
NOTE 1 The use of this carefully controlled hydraulic fluid assures greater reproducibility of results and is based upon current
practices, other accepted filter standards and its world-wide availability.
NOTE 2 If an anti-static agent is added to this test fluid it may affect the test results.
6.7 Filter performance test circuit comprised of a "filter test system" and a "contaminant injection system".
6.7.1 Filter test system consisting of:
a) a reservoir, pump, fluid conditioning apparatus and instrumentation that are capable of accommodating the
range of flows, pressures and volumes required by the procedure and is capable of meeting the validation
requirements of clause 8;
b) a clean-up filter capable of providing an initial system contamination level as specified in Table 2;
c) a configuration that is relatively insensitive to the intended operative contaminant level;
d) a configuration that will not alter the test contaminant distribution over the anticipated test duration;
e) pressure taps in accordance with ISO 3968;
f) fluid sampling sections upstream and downstream of the test filter in accordance with ISO 4021.
NOTE For typical configurations that have proved to be satisfactory refer to annex B.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
6.7.2 Contaminant injection system consisting of:
a) a reservoir, pump, fluid conditioning apparatus and instrumentation that are capable of accommodating the
range of flows, pressures and volumes required by the procedure and is capable of meeting the validation
requirements of clause 8;
b) a configuration that is relatively insensitive to the intended operative contaminant level;
c) a configuration that will not alter the test contaminant distribution over the anticipated test duration;
d) a fluid sampling section in accordance with ISO 4021.
NOTE For typical configurations that have proven to be satisfactory, refer to annex B.
6.8 Membranes and associated laboratory equipment suitable for conducting the gravimetric method in
accordance with ISO 4405.
7 Accuracy of measurements and test conditions
7.1 Utilize and maintain instrument accuracy and test conditions within the limits given in Table 1.
7.2 Maintain specific test parameters within the limits given in Table 2 depending on the test condition being
conducted.
Table 1 — Instrument accuracy and test condition variation
Test parameter SI Unit Instrument Allowed test condition
accuracy (����) variation (����)
of reading
Conductivity pS/m 10 % —
Differential pressure PA, kPa or bar 5 % —
Base upstream gravimetric mg/l — 10 %
Flow:
Injection flow ml/min 2 % 5 %
Test flow l/min 2 % 5 %
a
APC sensor flow l/min 1,5 % 3 %
b 2 2
Kinematic viscosity mm /s 2% 1mm /s
Mass g 0,1 mg —
c
Temperature �C1 �C2 �C
Time s 1 s —
Volume:
Injection system l 2 % —
Filter test system l 2 % 5 %
a
Sensor flow variation to be included in the overall 10 % allowed between sensors.
b 2
1mm /s = 1 cSt (centistoke).
c
Or as required to guarantee the viscosity tolerance.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
Table 2 — Test condition values
Filter test condition Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3
Initial contamination level for filter test systems: Less than 1 % of the minimum level specified in Table 3 measured at
the minimum particle size to be counted.
Initial contamination level for injection system: Less than 1 % of injection gravimetric level.
a
Base upstream gravimetric level, mg/l 3 � 0,3 10 � 1,0 15 � 1,5
b
Recommended particle counting sizes Minimum of five sizes selected to cover the presumed filter performance
range from � =2 to � = 1 000. Typical sizes are: (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12,
14, 20, 25, 30) μm(c).
Sampling and counting method Online automatic particle counting
a
When comparing test results between two filters, the base upstream gravimetric level should be the same.
b
Particle sizes where betas are low (� = 2, 10.) may be unobtainable for fine filters and particle sizes where betas are high (� = ., 200,
1 000) may be unobtainable for coarser filters.
8 Filter performance test circuit validation procedures
NOTE These validation procedures reveal the effectiveness of the filter performance test circuit to maintain contaminant
entrainment and/or prevent contaminant size modification.
8.1 Validation of filter test system
8.1.1 Validate at the minimum flow at which the filter test system will be operated. Install a conduit in place of
filter housing during validation.
8.1.2 Adjust the total fluid volume of the filter test system (exclusive of the clean-up filter circuit) such that it is
numerically within the range of one-fourth (25 %) to one-half (50 %) of the minimum volume flow per minute value,
with a minimum of 5 l.
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the system be validated with a fluid volume numerically equal to one-half (50 %) of the
minimum test volume flow per minute value for flow rates less than or equal to 60 l/min, or one-fourth (25 %) of the minimum
test volume flow per value for flow rates greater than 60 l/min.
NOTE 2 This is the volume to flow ratio required by the filter test procedure (see 10.3.4).
8.1.3 Contaminate the system fluid for each test condition (1, 2, or 3) to be used to the base upstream
gravimetric level as shown in Table 2 using ISO 12103-A3 test dust.
8.1.4 Verify that the flow rate through each particle counting sensor is equal to the value used for the particle
counter calibration within the limits of Table 1.
8.1.5 Circulate the fluid in the test system for 1 h, conducting continuous online automatic particle counts from
the upstream sampling section for a period of 60 min.
Sample flow from this section shall not be interrupted for the duration of the validation.
8.1.6 Record cumulative online particle counts at equal time intervals not to exceed 1 min for the duration of the
60 min test at the particle sizes shown in Table 2.
8.1.7 Accept the validation test only if:
a) the particle count obtained for a given size at each sample interval does not deviate more than 15 % from the
average particle count from all sample intervals for that size;
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
b) the average of all cumulative particle counts per millilitre are within the range of acceptable counts shown in
Table 3.
8.1.8 Validate the online particle counting system, and dilution systems if used, in accordance with ISO 11943.
Table 3 — Acceptable cumulative particle count per millilitre
Particle size Test condition 1 Test condition 2 Test condition 3
(3 mg/l) (10 mg/l) (15 mg/l)
μm(c) min.max.min.max. min. max.
1 104 000 128 000 348 000 426 000 522 000 639 000
2 26 100 31 900 86 900 106 000 130 000 159 000
3 10 800 13 200 36 000 44 000 54 000 66 000
4 5 870 7 190 19 600 24 000 29 400 35 900
5 3 590 4 390 12 000 14 600 17 900 22 000
6 2 300 2 830 7 690 9 420 11 500 14 100
7 1 510 1 860 5 050 6 190 7 570 9 290
8 1 010 1 250 3 380 4 160 5 080 6 230
10 489 609 1 630 2 030 2 460 3 030
12 265 335 888 1 110 1 340 1 660
14 160 205 536 681 810 1 020
20 46 64 155 211 237 312
25 16 27 56 86 87 126
30 6 12 21 40 34 58
40 1,1 4,5 4,4 14,2 7,9 20
50 0,15 2,4 1,0 7,6 2,4 11
8.2 Validation of contaminant injection system
8.2.1 Validate the contaminant injection system at the maximum gravimetric level, maximum injection system
volume, minimum injection flow rate, and for a length of time required to deplete the complete usable volume.
8.2.2 Prepare the contaminant injection system to contain the required amount of test contaminant and required
fluid volume consistent with the configuration of that system.
NOTE All ancillary procedures utilized in preparation of the contaminant injection system become part of the validation
procedure. Alteration of these procedures will require revalidation of the system.
8.2.3 Add dust and circulate for a minimum of 15 min.
8.2.4 Initiate injection flow from the contaminant injection system, collecting this flow externally from the system.
Obtain initial sample at this point and measure the injection flow rate.
8.2.5 Maintain the injection flow rate within� 5 % of the desired injection flow rate.
8.2.6 Obtain samples of the injection flow and measure the injection flow rate at (30, 60, 90 and 120) min or at
least four equal intervals depending upon the depletion rate of the system.
8.2.7 Analyse each sample from 8.2.6 gravimetrically in accordance with ISO 4405.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
8.2.8 Measure the volume of the injection system at the end of the validation test. This is the minimum validated
volume, V .
v
8.2.9 Accept the validation only if the gravimetric level of each sample is within � 10 % of the gravimetric level
determined in 8.2.1 and the variation between samples does not exceed � 5 % of the mean.
8.2.10 Accept the validation only if the injection flow rate at each sample point is within � 5 % of the selected
validation flow rate (8.2.1) and the variation between sample flow rates does not exceed � 5 % of the average.
8.2.11 Accept the validation only if the volume remaining in the injection system (8.2.8) plus the quantity [average
injection flow rate (8.2.10) times total injection time (8.2.6)] is equal within � 10 % to the initial volume (8.2.2).
9 Summary of information required prior to testing
The following information is needed prior to applying this International Standard to a particular filter element:
a) fabrication integrity test pressure (see ISO 2942);
b) filter element test flow;
c) terminal element differential pressure;
d) the presumed micrometre values for specific filtration ratios;
e) the presumed value, M , of the filter element capacity (mass injected).
e
10 Preliminary preparation
10.1 Test filter assembly
10.1.1 Insure that test fluid cannot bypass the filter element to be evaluated.
10.1.2 Subject the test filter element to a fabrication integrity test in accordance with ISO 2942.
NOTE 1 The test fluid used in 6.6 can be used for fabrication integrity testing.
NOTE 2 If the element is not readily accessible as in the case of a spin-on configuration, the fabrication integrity test can be
conducted following the multi-pass test with the element removed. However, it should be appreciated that a low and perhaps
st
unacceptable 1 bubble point value does not necessarily mean such a value at the start of the test.
NOTE 3 Disqualify the element from further testing if it fails to exhibit at least the designated test pressure.
NOTE 4 Allow the fluid to evaporate from the test filter element before installing in the test filter housing, where applicable.
10.2 Contaminant injection system
10.2.1 Select a desired base upstream gravimetric level (G �) from Table 2 such that the predicted test time (t�)
b
calculated by the following equation is preferably in the range of 1 h to 3 h:
1000� M
e
t � (1)
�
Gq��
b
NOTE 1 A second element may be tested for capacity analysis if the value of the estimated capacity of the test element is not
supplied by the filter manufacturer.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
NOTE 2 Predicted test times of less than 1 h or longer than 3 h are acceptable as long as test conditions 1, 2, or 3 are
maintained.
10.2.2 Calculate the minimum required operating injection system volume that is compatible with the predicted
test time, t�, and a desired value for the injection flow using the following equation:
�
Vt��(,12 ��q )�V (2)
min iv
NOTE 1 The volume calculated above will assure a sufficient quantity of contaminated fluid to load the test element plus 20 %
for adequate circulation throughout the test. Larger injection system volumes may be used
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 16889:2001
01-december-2001
)OXLGQDWHKQLND+LGUDYOLþQLILOWUL3RVWRSHNPXOWLSDVV]DRFHQMHYDQMH
ILOWUDFLMVNHVSRVREQRVWLILOWHUVNHJDYORåND
Hydraulic fluid power filters -- Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance of a
filter element
Filtres pour transmissions hydrauliques -- Évaluation des performances par la méthode
de filtration en circuit fermé
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 16889:1999
ICS:
23.100.60 )LOWULWHVQLODLQ Filters, seals and
RQHVQDåHYDQMHWHNRþLQ contamination of fluids
SIST ISO 16889:2001 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 16889:2001
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SIST ISO 16889:2001
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16889
First edition
1999-12-15
Hydraulic fluid power filters — Multi-pass
method for evaluating filtration
performance of a filter element
Filtres pour transmissions hydrauliques — Évaluation des performances
par la méthode de filtration en circuit fermé
Reference number
ISO 16889:1999(E)
©
ISO 1999
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SIST ISO 16889:2001
ISO 16889:1999(E)
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© ISO 1999
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body
in the country of the requester.
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Printed in Switzerland
ii © ISO 1999 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 16889:2001
ISO 16889:1999(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols .4
5 General procedure.6
6 Test equipment .6
7 Accuracy of measurements and test conditions.7
8 Filter performance test circuit validation procedures .8
9 Summary of information required prior to testing .10
10 Preliminary preparation .10
11 Filter performance test.12
12 Calculations.14
13 Data presentation.16
14 Identification statement (reference to this International Standard) .17
Annex A (normative) Properties of base test fluid .20
Annex B (informative) Test system design guide .22
Annex C (informative) Example report calculations and graphs .26
Annex D (informative) Summary of ISO round robin for the multi-pass test (ISO/CD 4572).34
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 16889 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems,
Subcommittee SC 6, Contamination control and hydraulic fluids.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 4572:1981, of which it constitutes a technical revision.
Annex A forms a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B to D are for information only.
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Introduction
In hydraulic fluid power systems, one of the functions of the hydraulic fluid is to separate and lubricate the moving
parts of components. The presence of solid particulate contamination produces wear, resulting in loss of efficiency,
reduced component life and subsequent unreliability.
A hydraulic filter is provided to control the number of particles circulating within the system to a level that is
commensurate with the degree of sensitivity of the components to contaminant and the level of reliability required
by the users.
To enable the relative performance of filters to be compared so that the most appropriate filter can be selected, test
procedures should be available. The performance characteristics of a filter are a function of the element (its
medium and geometry) and the housing (its general configuration and seal design).
In practice, a filter is subjected to a continuous flow of contaminant entrained in the hydraulic fluid until some
specified terminal differential pressure (relief valve cracking pressure or differential pressure indicator setting) is
reached.
Both the length of operating time (prior to reaching terminal pressure) and the contaminant level at any point in the
system are functions of the rate of contaminant addition (ingression plus generation rates) and the performance
characteristics of the filter.
Therefore, a realistic laboratory test that establishes the relative performance of a filter should provide the test filter
with a continuous supply of ingressed contaminant and allow the periodic monitoring of the filtration performance
characteristics of the filter.
The test should also provide an acceptable level of repeatability and reproducibility and a standard test
contaminant [ISO medium test dust (ISO 12103-A3) in accordance with ISO 12103-1] is featured. This has been
shown to have a consistent particle size distribution and is available worldwide. The filtration performance of the
filter is determined by measurement of the upstream and downstream particle size distributions using automatic
particle counters validated according to ISO standards.
Since it is difficult to specify, achieve and verify a cyclic flow requirement that is both realistic and consistent with
the flow variations occurring in actual systems, the compromise of steady-state condition has been used for this
test to enhance the repeatability and reproducibility of results.
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SIST ISO 16889:2001
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16889:1999(E)
Hydraulic fluid power filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating
filtration performance of a filter element
1 Scope
1.1 This International Standard specifies:
� a multi-pass filtration performance test with continuous contaminant injection for hydraulic fluid power filter
elements;
� a procedure for determining the contaminant capacity, particulate removal and differential pressure
characteristics;
� a test currently applicable to hydraulic fluid power filter elements that exhibit an average filtration ratio greater
than or equal to 75 for particle sizes less than or equal to 25 μm(c), and a final reservoir gravimetric level of
less than 200 mg/l;
NOTE The range of flows and the lower particle size limit that can be used in test facilities will be determined by validation.
� a test using ISO medium test dust contaminant and a test fluid according to annex A.
1.2 This International Standard is intended to provide a test procedure that yields reproducible test data for
appraising the filtration performance of a hydraulic fluid power filter element without influence of electrostatic
charge.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 1219-1:1991, Fluid power systems and components — Graphic symbols and circuit diagrams — Part 1:
Graphic symbols.
ISO 2942:1994, Hydraulic fluid power — Filter elements — Verification of fabrication integrity and determination of
the first bubble point.
ISO 3722:1976, Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid sample containers — Qualifying and controlling cleaning methods.
ISO 3968:1981, Hydraulic fluid power — Filters — Evaluation of pressure drop versus flow characteristics.
ISO 4021:1992, Hydraulic fluid power — Particulate contamination analysis — Extraction of fluid samples from
lines of an operating system.
ISO 4405:1991, Hydraulic fluid power —- Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the
gravimetric method.
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SIST ISO 16889:2001
ISO 16889:1999(E)
ISO 5598:1985, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary.
ISO 11171:1999, Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters.
ISO 11943:1999, Hydraulic fluid power — On-line automatic particle-counting systems for liquids — Methods of
calibration and validation.
ISO 12103–1:1997, Road vehicles — Test dust for filter evaluation — Part 1: Arizona test dust.
ASTM D 4308-95, Standard test method for electrical conductivity of liquid hydrocarbons by precision meter.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5598 and the following
apply.
3.1
contaminant mass injected
mass of specific particulate contaminant injected into the test circuit to obtain the terminal�p
3.2
differential pressure
�p
difference between the tested component inlet and outlet pressure as measured under the specified conditions
SeeFigure1.
3.2.1
clean assembly differential pressure
difference between the tested component inlet and outlet pressure as measured with a clean filter body containing
a clean filter element
SeeFigure1.
3.2.2
clean element differential pressure
differential pressure of the clean element calculated as the difference between the clean assembly �p and the
housing
SeeFigure1.
3.2.3
final assembly differential pressure
assembly differential pressure at end of test equal to sum of housing plus terminal element differential pressures
SeeFigure1.
3.2.4
housing differential pressure
differential pressure of the filter body without an element
SeeFigure1.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
3.2.5
terminal element differential pressure
maximum differential pressure across the filter element as designated by the manufacturer to limit useful
performance
SeeFigure1.
3.3
rest conductivity
electrical conductivity at the initial instant of current measurement after a d.c. voltage is impressed between
electrodes
NOTE It is equal to the reciprocal of the resistance of uncharged fluid in the absence of ionic depletion or polarization.
3.4
retained capacity
mass of specific particulate contaminant effectively retained by the filter element when terminal element �p is
reached
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
Key
1 Final assembly (end of test) differential pressure
2 Terminal element differential pressure
3 Clean element differential pressure
4 Housing differential pressure
5 Clean assembly differential pressure
Figure 1 — Differential pressure conventions for multi-pass test
4 Symbols
4.1 Graphic symbols
Graphic symbols used are in accordance with ISO 1219-1.
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4.2 Quantity symbols
Reference Symbol Units Description or explanation
4.2.1 A part/ml Overall average upstream count > size x
u,x
4.2.2 A part/ml Overall average downstream count > size x
d,x
a
4.2.3 � None Filtration ratio at particle size x (ISO 11171 calibration)
x
(c)
4.2.4 � None Filtration ratio at particle size x and time interval t
x,t
a
4.2.5 None Average filtration ratio at particle size x (ISO 11171 calibration)
�
x(c)
4.2.6 C g Retained capacity
R
4.2.7 G mg/l Average base upstream gravimetric level
b
4.2.8 G � mg/l Desired base upstream gravimetric level
b
4.2.9 G mg/l Average injection gravimetric level
i
4.2.10 G� mg/l Desired injection gravimetric level
i
4.2.11 G mg/l Test reservoir gravimetric level at 80 % assembly �p
80
4.2.12 M g Mass of contaminant needed for injection
4.2.13 M g Estimated filter element capacity (mass injected)
e
4.2.14 M g Contaminant mass injected
I
4.2.15 M g Contaminant mass injected at element differential pressure �p
p
4.2.16 n none Number of counts in specific time period
4.2.17 N part/ml Number of upstream particles > size x at count i
u,x,i
4.2.18 N part/ml Number of downstream particles > size x at count i
d,x,i
4.2.19 N part/ml Average upstream count > size x at time interval t
u,xt,
4.2.20 N part/ml Average downstream count > size x at time interval t
d,xt,
4.2.21 p Pa, kPa or bar Pressure
4.2.22 �p Pa, kPa or bar Differential pressure
4.2.23 q l/min Test flow rate
4.2.24 q l/min Discarded downstream sample flow rate
d
4.2.25 q l/min Average injection flow rate
i
4.2.26 q� l/min Desired injection flow rate
i
4.2.27 q l/min Discarded upstream sample flow rate
u
4.2.28 t min Test time
4.2.29 t� min Predicted test time
4.2.30 t min Final test time
f
4.2.31 t min Test time at element differential pressure �p
p
4.2.32 V l Final measured injection system volume
if
4.2.33 V l Initial measured injection system volume
ii
4.2.34 V l Minimum required operating injection system volume
min
4.2.35 V l Final measured filter test system volume
tf
4.2.36 V l Minimum validated injection system volume
v
a
The subscript (c) signifies that the filtration ratio, � , and the average filtration ratio, � , are based on this standard
x(c) x(c)
test method (ISO 16889) using particle counters calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171.
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5 General procedure
5.1 Set up and maintain apparatus in accordance with clause 6 and clause 7.
5.2 Validate equipment in accordance with clause 8.
5.3 Run all tests in accordance with clauses 9, 10 and 11.
5.4 Analyse test data in accordance with clause 12.
5.5 Present data from clauses 10, 11 and 12 in accordance with clause 13.
6 Test equipment
6.1 Suitable timer.
6.2 Automatic particle counter(s), calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171.
6.3 ISO medium test dust (ISO 12103-A3), in accordance with ISO 12103-1, dried at 110 �Cto 150 �Cfor not
less than 1 h for quantities less than 200 g and for use in the test system, mix in the test fluid, mechanically agitate,
2 2
then disperse ultrasonically with a power density of 3 000 W/m to 10 000 W/m .
NOTE This dust is commercially available. For availability of ISO 12103-A3 test dust, contact the ISO secretariat service or
national members of ISO.
6.4 Online counting system,and dilution system if necessary, that has been validated in accordance with
ISO 11943.
6.5 Sample bottles containing less than 20 particles per millilitre of bottle volume greater than 6 μm(c), as
qualified in accordance with ISO 3722 to collect samples for gravimetric analyses.
6.6 Petroleum base test fluid in accordance with annex A.
NOTE 1 The use of this carefully controlled hydraulic fluid assures greater reproducibility of results and is based upon current
practices, other accepted filter standards and its world-wide availability.
NOTE 2 If an anti-static agent is added to this test fluid it may affect the test results.
6.7 Filter performance test circuit comprised of a "filter test system" and a "contaminant injection system".
6.7.1 Filter test system consisting of:
a) a reservoir, pump, fluid conditioning apparatus and instrumentation that are capable of accommodating the
range of flows, pressures and volumes required by the procedure and is capable of meeting the validation
requirements of clause 8;
b) a clean-up filter capable of providing an initial system contamination level as specified in Table 2;
c) a configuration that is relatively insensitive to the intended operative contaminant level;
d) a configuration that will not alter the test contaminant distribution over the anticipated test duration;
e) pressure taps in accordance with ISO 3968;
f) fluid sampling sections upstream and downstream of the test filter in accordance with ISO 4021.
NOTE For typical configurations that have proved to be satisfactory refer to annex B.
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6.7.2 Contaminant injection system consisting of:
a) a reservoir, pump, fluid conditioning apparatus and instrumentation that are capable of accommodating the
range of flows, pressures and volumes required by the procedure and is capable of meeting the validation
requirements of clause 8;
b) a configuration that is relatively insensitive to the intended operative contaminant level;
c) a configuration that will not alter the test contaminant distribution over the anticipated test duration;
d) a fluid sampling section in accordance with ISO 4021.
NOTE For typical configurations that have proven to be satisfactory, refer to annex B.
6.8 Membranes and associated laboratory equipment suitable for conducting the gravimetric method in
accordance with ISO 4405.
7 Accuracy of measurements and test conditions
7.1 Utilize and maintain instrument accuracy and test conditions within the limits given in Table 1.
7.2 Maintain specific test parameters within the limits given in Table 2 depending on the test condition being
conducted.
Table 1 — Instrument accuracy and test condition variation
Test parameter SI Unit Instrument Allowed test condition
accuracy (����) variation (����)
of reading
Conductivity pS/m 10 % —
Differential pressure PA, kPa or bar 5 % —
Base upstream gravimetric mg/l — 10 %
Flow:
Injection flow ml/min 2 % 5 %
Test flow l/min 2 % 5 %
a
APC sensor flow l/min 1,5 % 3 %
b 2 2
Kinematic viscosity mm /s 2% 1mm /s
Mass g 0,1 mg —
c
Temperature �C1 �C2 �C
Time s 1 s —
Volume:
Injection system l 2 % —
Filter test system l 2 % 5 %
a
Sensor flow variation to be included in the overall 10 % allowed between sensors.
b 2
1mm /s = 1 cSt (centistoke).
c
Or as required to guarantee the viscosity tolerance.
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ISO 16889:1999(E)
Table 2 — Test condition values
Filter test condition Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3
Initial contamination level for filter test systems: Less than 1 % of the minimum level specified in Table 3 measured at
the minimum particle size to be counted.
Initial contamination level for injection system: Less than 1 % of injection gravimetric level.
a
Base upstream gravimetric level, mg/l 3 � 0,3 10 � 1,0 15 � 1,5
b
Recommended particle counting sizes Minimum of five sizes selected to cover the presumed filter performance
range from � =2 to � = 1 000. Typical sizes are: (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12,
14, 20, 25, 30) μm(c).
Sampling and counting method Online automatic particle counting
a
When comparing test results between two filters, the base upstream gravimetric level should be the same.
b
Particle sizes where betas are low (� = 2, 10.) may be unobtainable for fine filters and particle sizes where betas are high (� = ., 200,
1 000) may be unobtainable for coarser filters.
8 Filter performance test circuit validation procedures
NOTE These validation procedures reveal the effectiveness of the filter performance test circuit to maintain contaminant
entrainment and/or prevent contaminant size modification.
8.1 Validation of filter test system
8.1.1 Validate at the minimum flow at which the filter test system will be operated. Install a conduit in place of
filter housing during validation.
8.1.2 Adjust the total fluid volume of the filter test system (exclusive of the clean-up filter circuit) such that it is
numerically within the range of one-fourth (25 %) to one-half (50 %) of the minimum volume flow per minute value,
with a minimum of 5 l.
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the system be validated with a fluid volume numerically equal to one-half (50 %) of the
minimum test volume flow per minute value for flow rates less than or equal to 60 l/min, or one-fourth (25 %) of the minimum
test volume flow per value for flow rates greater than 60 l/min.
NOTE 2 This is the volume to flow ratio required by the filter test procedure (see 10.3.4).
8.1.3 Contaminate the system fluid for each test condition (1, 2, or 3) to be used to the base upstream
gravimetric level as shown in Table 2 using ISO 12103-A3 test dust.
8.1.4 Verify that the flow rate through each particle counting sensor is equal to the value used for the particle
counter calibration within the limits of Table 1.
8.1.5 Circulate the fluid in the test system for 1 h, conducting continuous online automatic particle counts from
the upstream sampling section for a period of 60 min.
Sample flow from this section shall not be interrupted for the duration of the validation.
8.1.6 Record cumulative online particle counts at equal time intervals not to exceed 1 min for the duration of the
60 min test at the particle sizes shown in Table 2.
8.1.7 Accept the validation test only if:
a) the particle count obtained for a given size at each sample interval does not deviate more than 15 % from the
average particle count from all sample intervals for that size;
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b) the average of all cumulative particle counts per millilitre are within the range of acceptable counts shown in
Table 3.
8.1.8 Validate the online particle counting system, and dilution systems if used, in accordance with ISO 11943.
Table 3 — Acceptable cumulative particle count per millilitre
Particle size Test condition 1 Test condition 2 Test condition 3
(3 mg/l) (10 mg/l) (15 mg/l)
μm(c) min.max.min.max. min. max.
1 104 000 128 000 348 000 426 000 522 000 639 000
2 26 100 31 900 86 900 106 000 130 000 159 000
3 10 800 13 200 36 000 44 000 54 000 66 000
4 5 870 7 190 19 600 24 000 29 400 35 900
5 3 590 4 390 12 000 14 600 17 900 22 000
6 2 300 2 830 7 690 9 420 11 500 14 100
7 1 510 1 860 5 050 6 190 7 570 9 290
8 1 010 1 250 3 380 4 160 5 080 6 230
10 489 609 1 630 2 030 2 460 3 030
12 265 335 888 1 110 1 340 1 660
14 160 205 536 681 810 1 020
20 46 64 155 211 237 312
25 16 27 56 86 87 126
30 6 12 21 40 34 58
40 1,1 4,5 4,4 14,2 7,9 20
50 0,15 2,4 1,0 7,6 2,4 11
8.2 Validation of contaminant injection system
8.2.1 Validate the contaminant injection system at the maximum gravimetric level, maximum injection system
volume, minimum injection flow rate, and for a length of time required to deplete the complete usable volume.
8.2.2 Prepare the contaminant injection system to contain the required amount of test contaminant and required
fluid volume consistent with the configuration of that system.
NOTE All ancillary procedures utilized in preparation of the contaminant injection system become part of the validation
procedure. Alteration of these procedures will require revalidation of the system.
8.2.3 Add dust and circulate for a minimum of 15 min.
8.2.4 Initiate injection flow from the contaminant injection system, collecting this flow externally from the system.
Obtain initial sample at this point and measure the injection flow rate.
8.2.5 Maintain the injection flow rate within� 5 % of the desired injection flow rate.
8.2.6 Obtain samples of the injection flow and measure the injection flow rate at (30, 60, 90 and 120) min or at
least four equal intervals depending upon the depletion rate of the system.
8.2.7 Analyse each sample from 8.2.6 gravimetrically in accordance with ISO 4405.
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8.2.8 Measure the volume of the injection system at the end of the validation test. This is the minimum validated
volume, V .
v
8.2.9 Accept the validation only if the gravimetric level of each sample is within � 10 % of the gravimetric level
determined in 8.2.1 and the variation between samples does not exceed � 5 % of the mean.
8.2.10 Accept the validation only if the injection flow rate at each sample point is within � 5 % of the selected
validation flow rate (8.2.1) and the variation between sample flow rates does not exceed � 5 % of the average.
8.2.11 Accept the validation only if the volume remaining in the injection system (8.2.8) plus the quantity [average
injection flow rate (8.2.10) times total injection time (8.2.6)] is equal within � 10 % to the initial volume (8.2.2).
9 Summary of information required prior to testing
The following information is needed prior to applying this International Standard to a particular filter element:
a) fabrication integrity test pressure (see ISO 2942);
b) filter element test flow;
c) terminal element differential pressure;
d) the presumed micrometre values for specific filtration ratios;
e) the presumed value, M , of the filter element capacity (mass injected).
e
10 Preliminary preparation
10.1 Test filter assembly
10.1.1 Insure that test fluid cannot bypass the filter element to be evaluated.
10.1.2 Subject the test filter element to a fabrication integrity test in accordance with ISO 2942.
NOTE 1 The test fluid used in 6.6 can be used for fabrication integrity testing.
NOTE 2 If the element is not readily accessible as in the case of a spin-on configuration, the fabrication integrity test can be
conducted following the multi-pass test with the element removed. However, it should be appreciated that a low and perhaps
st
unacceptable 1 bubble point value does not necessarily mean such a value at the start of the test.
NOTE 3 Disqualify the element from further testing if it fails to exhibit at least the designated test pressure
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 16889
Première édition
1999-12-15
Filtres pour transmissions hydrauliques —
Évaluation des performances par la
méthode de filtration en circuit fermé
Hydraulic fluid power filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration
performance of a filter element
Numéro de référence
ISO 16889:1999(F)
©
ISO 1999
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
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ii © ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
Sommaire Page
1 Domaine d'application.1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Termes et définitions.2
4 Symboles.4
5 Procédure générale .6
6 Appareillage d'essai .6
7 Exactitude des instruments de mesure et conditions d'essai.7
8 Procédures de validation du banc d'essai des filtres.8
9 Résumé des informations nécessaires préalables à l'essai .10
10 Préparatifs de l'essai.10
11 Essai d'efficacité du filtre.12
12 Calculs .14
13 Présentation des résultats.16
14 Phrase d'identification (Référence à la présente Norme internationale) .17
Annexe A (normative) Propriétés du fluide d'essai de base .20
Annexe B (informative) Guide de conception du circuit d'essai.22
Annexe C (informative) Exemple de rapport de calculs et graphiques .27
Annexe D (informative) Résumé de l'essai interlaboratoire ISO relatif à l'essai en circuit fermé
(ISO/CD 4572) .35
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en
liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 3.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour
vote. Leur publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités
membres votants.
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent faire
l’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de
ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
La Norme internationale ISO 16889 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 131, Transmissions
hydrauliques et pneumatiques, sous-comité SC 6, Contrôle de la contamination et fluides hydrauliques.
Cette première édition annule et remplace l’ISO 4572:1981, dont elle constitue une révision technique.
L’annexe A constitue un élément normatif de la présente Norme internationale. Les annexes B à D sont données
uniquement à titre d’information.
iv © ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
Introduction
Dans les systèmes à transmission hydraulique, l'une des fonctions du fluide hydraulique est de séparer et de
lubrifier les pièces mobiles des composants. La présence d'une pollution particulaire solide entraîne une usure qui
aboutit à une perte de rendement, à une réduction de la durée de vie des composants et par conséquent, à un
manque de fiabilité.
Un filtre hydraulique sert à maintenir le nombre de particules circulant à l'intérieur du circuit, à un niveau qui soit
proportionné au degré de sensibilité des composants vis-à-vis des polluants et au niveau de fiabilité exigé par les
utilisateurs.
Il convient de disposer de procédures d'essai pour permettre la comparaison des performances relatives des filtres,
de façon à pouvoir sélectionner le filtre le plus approprié. Les caractéristiques de rendement d'un filtre sont fonction
de l'élément filtrant (forme et milieu filtrant) et du corps du filtre (forme générale et mode d'étanchéité).
Dans la pratique, le filtre est soumis à un écoulement continu de polluants dans le fluide hydraulique, jusqu'à ce
que la pression différentielle finale déterminée (pression d'ouverture du limiteur de pression ou réglage de
l'indicateur de pression différentielle) soit atteinte.
Le temps de fonctionnement (avant d'atteindre la pression finale) et le niveau de pollution en un point donné du
système sont tous deux fonction du flux de pollution (flux d'entrée et de génération) et des caractéristiques de
rendement du filtre.
Aussi, un essai réaliste de laboratoire qui détermine les performances relatives d'un filtre assure-t-il normalement
une alimentation continue du filtre essayé en polluant et permet la vérification périodique des caractéristiques de
rendement de ce filtre.
Il y a lieu que l’essai assure également un niveau acceptable de répétabilité et de reproductibilité et mette en
œuvre un polluant d'essai normalisé [poudre d'essai moyenne ISO (ISO 12103-A3) conformément à l'ISO 12103-
1]. Il a été montré que ce polluant avait une distribution granulométrique constante des particules. De plus, il est
disponible dans le monde entier. L'efficacité du filtre est déterminée par le comptage en ligne de particules en aval
et en amont, à l'aide de compteurs automatiques validés selon les normes ISO.
Parce qu’il est difficile de spécifier, d’obtenir et de vérifier une exigence de débit variable qui soit à la fois réaliste et
cohérente avec les variations de débit qui se produisent dans les systèmes réels, le compromis de conditions
stationnaires a été choisi dans cet essai pour améliorer la répétabilité et la reproductibilité des résultats.
© ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés v
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 16889:1999(F)
Filtres pour transmissions hydrauliques — Évaluation
des performances par la méthode de filtration en circuit fermé
1 Domaine d'application
1.1 La présente Norme internationale spécifie:
a) une méthode pour vérifier, en circuit fermé, les caractéristiques séparatives des éléments filtrants pour
transmissions hydrauliques, avec injection continue de polluants;
b) une procédure pour déterminer l'efficacité de filtration, la capacité de rétention et la pression différentielle;
c) un essai couramment applicable aux éléments filtrants pour transmissions hydrauliques possédant un rapport
de filtration moyen supérieur ou égal à 75 pour les tailles de particules inférieures ou égales à 25 μm(c) et une
concentration finale dans le réservoir inférieur à 200 mg/l;
NOTE L'étendue des débits et la plus petite dimension des particules qui peuvent être utilisées dans les installations
d'essai seront déterminées par validation.
d) un essai utilisant la poudre d'essai moyenne ISO (ISO MTD) et un fluide d'essai conforme à l’annexe A.
1.2 La présente Norme internationale est destinée à proposer une méthode d'essai donnant des résultats
reproductibles permettant l'évaluation du rendement de filtration d'un élément filtrant pour transmissions
hydrauliques, sans influence de la charge électrostatique.
2 Références normatives
Les documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite,
constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Pour les références datées, les
amendements ultérieurs ou les révisions de ces publications ne s’appliquent pas. Toutefois, les parties prenantes
aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les
éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Pour les références non datées, la dernière
édition du document normatif en référence s’applique. Les membres de l'ISO et de la CEI possèdent le registre des
Normes internationales en vigueur.
ISO 1219-1:1991, Transmissions hydrauliques et pneumatiques — Symboles graphiques et schémas de circuit —
Partie 1: Symboles graphiques.
ISO 2942:1994, Transmissions hydrauliques — Éléments filtrants — Vérification de la conformité de fabrication et
détermination du point de première bulle.
ISO 3722:1976, Transmissions hydrauliques — Flacons de prélèvement — Homologation et contrôle des
méthodes de nettoyage.
ISO 3968:1981, Transmissions hydrauliques — Filtres — Évaluation de la perte de charge en fonction du débit.
ISO 4021:1992, Transmissions hydrauliques — Analyse de la pollution par particules — Prélèvement des
échantillons de fluide dans les circuits en fonctionnement.
© ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
ISO 4405:1991, Transmissions hydrauliques — Pollution des fluides — Détermination de la pollution particulaire
par la méthode gravimétrique.
ISO 5598:1985, Transmissions hydrauliques et pneumatiques — Vocabulaire.
ISO 11171:1999, Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en
suspension dans les liquides.
ISO 11943:1999, Transmissions hydrauliques — Systèmes de comptage automatique en ligne de particules en
suspension dans les liquides — Méthodes d'étalonnage et de validation.
ISO 12103-1:1997, Véhicules routiers — Poussière pour l'essai des filtres — Partie 1: Poussière d'essai d'Arizona.
ASTM D 4308:1995, Test method for electrical conductivity of liquid hydrocarbons by precision meter.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins de la présente Norme internationale, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 5598 et les
suivants s'appliquent.
3.1
masse de polluant injectée
masse de polluant particulaire spécifique injectée dans le circuit d'essai pour obtenir la pression différentielle
finale �p
3.2
pression différentielle
�p
différence entre les pressions d'entrée et de sortie de l'élément en essai, mesurée dans des conditions
déterminées
Voir Figure 1.
3.2.1
pression différentielle de l'ensemble propre
différence entre les pressions d'entrée et de sortie de l'élément en essai, mesurée avec un corps de filtre propre
contenant un élément filtrant propre
Voir Figure 1.
3.2.2
pression différentielle de l'élément filtrant propre
pression différentielle de l'élément propre calculée comme la différence entre la pression différentielle de
l'ensemble propre et la pression différentielle du corps de filtre
Voir Figure 1.
3.2.3
pression différentielle finale de l'ensemble
pression différentielle de l'ensemble à la fin de l'essai égale à la somme des pressions différentielles du corps de
filtre et de l'élément final
Voir Figure 1.
3.2.4
pression différentielle du corps de filtre
pression différentielle du corps de filtre sans élément
Voir Figure 1.
2 © ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
3.2.5
pression différentielle finale de l'élément
pression différentielle maximale à travers l'élément filtrant, comme indiqué par le fabricant pour limiter le rendement
utile
Voir Figure 1.
3.3
conductivité résiduelle
conductivité électrique à l'instant initial de la mesure de courant, après impression d'une tension continue entre les
électrodes
NOTE Elle est égale à la réciproque de la résistance de fluide non chargé en l'absence de déplétion ou de dépolarisation
ionique
3.4
capacité de rétention
masse de polluant particulaire spécifique effectivement retenue par l'élément filtrant lorsque la pression
différentielle finale �p est atteinte
© ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés 3
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
Légende
1 Pression différentielle finale de l'ensemble (fin de l'essai) 4 Pression différentielle du corps du filtre
2 Pression différentielle finale de l'élément 5 Pression différentielle de l'ensemble propre
3 Pression différentielle de l'élément filtrant propre
Figure 1 — Conventions en matière de pression différentielle pour l'essai de filtration en circuit fermé
4 Symboles
4.1 Symboles graphiques
Les symboles graphiques utilisés sont conformes à l'ISO 1219-1.
4 © ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
4.2 Lettres symboles
Référence Symbole Unités Description ou explication
4.2.1 A part./ml Comptage global moyen à l'amont > taille, x
u,x
4.2.2 A part./ml Comptage global moyen à l'aval > taille, x
d,x
a
4.2.3 � aucun Rapport de filtration à la taille de particule, x (étalonnage ISO 11171)
x(c
)
4.2.4 � aucun Rapport de filtration à la taille de particule, x, et intervalle de temps, t
x,t
a
4.2.5 � aucun Rapport de filtration moyen à la taille de particule, x (étalonnage ISO 11171)
x(c)
4.2.6 C g Capacité de rétention
R
4.2.7 G mg/l Concentration théorique moyenne à l'amont
b
4.2.8 G � mg/l Concentration théorique voulue à l'amont
b
4.2.9 G mg/l Concentration moyenne d'injection
i
4.2.10 G � mg/l Concentration voulue d'injection
i
4.2.11 G mg/l Concentration du réservoir d'essai à 80 % de la �p de l'ensemble
80
4.2.12 M g Masse de polluant nécessaire à l'injection
4.2.13 M g Capacité estimée de l'élément filtrant (masse injectée)
e
4.2.14 M g Masse de polluant injectée
l
4.2.15 M g Masse de polluant injectée à la pression différentielle de l'élément filtrant, �p
p
4.2.16 n sans Nombre de particules comptées sur un intervalle de temps donné
4.2.17 N part./ml Nombre de particules à l'amont > taille, x, au comptage, i
u,x,i
4.2.18 N part./ml Nombre de particules à l'aval > taille, x, au comptage, i
d,x, i
4.2.19 N part./ml Comptage moyen à l'amont > taille, x, à l'intervalle de temps, t
u,xt,
4.2.20 N part./ml Comptage moyen à l'aval > taille, x, à l'intervalle de temps, t
d,xt,
4.2.21 p Pa, kPa ou bar Pression
4.2.22 �p Pa, kPa ou bar Pression différentielle
4.2.23 q l/min Débit d'essai
4.2.24 q l/min Débit d'échantillonnage recueilli à l'aval
d
4.2.25 q l/min Débit d'injection moyen
i
4.2.26 q� l/min Débit d'injection voulu
i
4.2.27 q l/min Débit d'échantillonnage recueilli à l'amont
u
4.2.28 t min Temps d'essai
4.2.29 t� min Temps d'essai prévu
4.2.30 t min Temps de fin d'essai
f
4.2.31 t min Temps d'essai à la pression différentielle de l'élément filtrant, �p
p
4.2.32 V l Volume d'injection final mesuré du circuit
if
4.2.33 V l Volume d'injection initial mesuré du circuit
ii
4.2.34 V l Volume d'injection minimal requis en fonctionnement
min
4.2.35 V l Volume du circuit d'essai de filtre mesuré en fin d'essai
tf
4.2.36 V l Volume minimal validé du circuit d'injection
v
a
L’indice (c) signifie que le rapport de filtration, � , et le rapport de filtration moyen, � , ont été établis par une méthode
x(c) x(c)
d’essai normalisée (ISO 16889) à l’aide de compteurs de particules étalonnés conformément à l’ISO 11171.
© ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés 5
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
5 Procédure générale
5.1 Régler et entretenir l'appareillage conformément aux articles 6 et 7.
5.2 Valider l'équipement conformément à l'article 8.
5.3 Procéder à tous les essais de la manière indiquée aux articles 9, 10 et 11.
5.4 Analyser les résultats des essais de la manière indiquée à l'article 12.
5.5 Présenter les résultats des articles 10, 11 et 12 de la manière indiquée à l'article 13.
6 Appareillage d'essai
6.1 Chronomètre convenable.
6.2 Compteur(s) automatique(s) de particules, étalonné(s) conformément à l'ISO 11171.
6.3 Poudre d'essai moyenne ISO (ISO MTD) (ISO 12103-A3), conformément à l'ISO 12103-1, étuvée de
110 °C à 150 °C pendant au moins 1 h par lot de masse inférieure à 200 g, et mélangée au fluide d'essai, agitée
2 2
mécaniquement puis dispersée par des ultrasons d'une puissance de 3 000 W/m à10000W/m avant utilisation.
NOTE Cette poudre est disponible dans le commerce. Pour obtenir des informations sur l'ISO 12103-A3, contacter le
secrétariat de l'ISO ou les comités membres de l'ISO.
6.4 Système de comptage et, si nécessaire, système de dilution en ligne, validé conformément à
l'ISO 11943.
6.5 Flacons de prélèvement, vérifiés selon l'ISO 3722, contenant moins de 20 particules de plus de 6 μm(c)
par millilitre de volume du flacon, pour recueillir des échantillons à des fins d'analyses gravimétriques.
6.6 Fluide d’essai à base d’huile minérale, dont les propriétés sont détaillées dans l'annexe A.
NOTE 1 L'utilisation de ce fluide hydraulique soigneusement contrôlé assure une plus grande reproductibilité des résultats et
s’appuie sur des pratiques courantes, sur d'autres normes d'essais de filtres acceptées et sur sa disponibilité dans le monde
entier.
NOTE 2 Si un agent antistatique est ajouté à ce fluide d'essai, les résultats des essais peuvent en être affectés.
6.7 Circuit d'essai d'efficacité de filtre, composé d'un «circuit d'essai du filtre» et d'un «système d'injection du
polluant».
6.7.1 Circuit d'essai du filtre, comportant:
a) un réservoir, une pompe, un dispositif de conditionnement du fluide et des instruments capables de s'adapter
à l'étendue des débits, pressions et volumes exigés par la procédure et qui puissent satisfaire aux exigences
de validation de l'article 8;
b) un filtre de dépollution capable d'assurer un niveau de pollution initial du système comme spécifié dans le
Tableau 2;
c) un dispositif qui soit relativement insensible à la concentration du polluant prévu pour l'essai;
d) un dispositif qui ne modifie pas la distribution granulométrique du polluant d'essai pendant toute la durée
prévue de l'essai;
e) des prises de pression conformes à l'ISO 3968;
f) des prises d'échantillon de fluide en amont et en aval du filtre d'essai, conformes à l'ISO 4021.
6 © ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
NOTE Pour des configurations classiques qui se sont avérées satisfaisantes, se reporter à l'annexe B.
6.7.2 Système d'injection de polluant, comportant:
a) un réservoir, une pompe, un dispositif de conditionnement du fluide et des instruments capables de s'adapter
à l'étendue des débits, pressions et volumes exigés par la procédure et qui puisse satisfaire aux exigences de
validation de l'article 8;
b) un dispositif qui soit relativement insensible à la concentration du polluant prévu pour l’essai;
c) un dispositif qui ne modifie pas la distribution de la pollution pendant toute la durée prévue de l'essai;
d) une prise d'échantillon du fluide conforme à l'ISO 4021.
NOTE Se reporter à l'annexe B pour connaître les configurations types de circuits d'injection qui se sont révélées
satisfaisantes.
6.8 Membranes et des matériels de laboratoire, permettant de réaliser l'essai gravimétrique conformément à
l'ISO 4405.
7 Exactitude des instruments de mesure et conditions d'essai
7.1 Utiliser et maintenir l'exactitude des instruments de mesure et des conditions d'essai dans les limites
indiquées dans le Tableau 1.
7.2 Maintenir les paramètres d'essai spécifiques dans les limites du Tableau 2 selon la condition retenue pour
l'essai.
Tableau 1 — Exactitude des instruments de mesure et variation des conditions d'essai
Exactitude Variations autorisées
Paramètre d'essai Unité SI
de l'instrument des conditions d'essai
(en � de la valeur lue) (�)
Conductivité pS/m 10 % —
Pression différentielle Pa, kPa ou bar 5 % —
Concentration théorique amont mg/l — 10 %
Débit:
Débit d'injection ml/min 2 % 5 %
Débit d'essai l/min 2 % 5 %
a
Débit du capteur optique l/min 1,5 % 3 %
b
2 2
Viscosité cinématique mm /s 2% 1mm /s
Masse mg 0,1 mg —
c
Température �C1 �C2 �C
Temps s 1 s —
Volume:
Circuit d'injection l 2 % —
Circuit d'essai l 2 % 5 %
a
La variation du débit du capteur doit être inclue dans les 10 % autorisés entre les capteurs.
b 2
1mm /s = 1 cSt (centistoke).
c
Ou comme exigé pour garantir la tolérance de viscosité.
© ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés 7
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
Tableau 2 — Valeurs des conditions d'essai
Condition de l'essai de filtre Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3
Niveau de pollution initial du circuit d'essai: Moins de 1 % du niveau minimum déterminé dans le Tableau 3
mesuré au seuil de comptage minimum.
Niveau de pollution initial du circuit d'injection: Moins de 1 % de la concentration d'injection.
a
Concentration théorique amont, mg/l 3 � 0,3 10 � 1,0 15 � 1,5
b
Seuils de comptage des particules recommandés Minimum de cinq tailles choisies pour couvrir la gamme présumée
du rendement du filtre depuis �� =2 jusqu’à � = 1 000. Les seuils
recommandés sont: (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20, 25 et 30) μm(c).
Méthode de comptage et d'échantillonnage Comptage automatique en ligne de particules.
a
Pour comparer les résultats d'essais de deux filtres, les concentrations théoriques amonts doivent être identiques.
b
Les tailles de particules pour lesquelles les valeurs bêta sont faibles (� = 2, 10, .) peuvent être impossibles à obtenir
avec des filtres fins et celles pour lesquelles les valeurs bêta sont élevées (� = ., 200, 1 000) peuvent être impossibles à
obtenir avec des filtres plus grossiers.
8 Procédures de validation du banc d'essai des filtres
NOTE Ces procédures démontrent l'efficacité du circuit d'essai d'efficacité des filtres à maintenir le polluant d'essai en
suspension et/ou à empêcher une modification de sa granulométrie.
8.1 Validation du circuit d'essai du filtre
8.1.1 Effectuer la validation au débit minimal avec lequel le circuit d'essai doit fonctionner. Installer un tube à la
place du corps du filtre pendant la validation.
8.1.2 Régler le volume total du fluide du circuit d'essai du filtre (à l'exception du circuit du filtre de dépollution) à
une valeur numérique comprise entre ¼ (25 %) et ½ (50 %) du débit-volume minimal par minute, avec un minimum
de5l.
NOTE 1 Il est recommandé de valider le système avec un volume de fluide numériquement égal à ½ (50 %) du débit-volume
minimal par minute pour les débits inférieurs ou égaux à 60 l/min ou à ¼ (25 %) du débit-volume minimal par minute pour les
débits supérieurs à 60 l/min.
NOTE 2 Cette valeur correspond au rapport volume/débit exigé pour la procédure d'essai de filtre (voir 10.3.4).
8.1.3 Pour chaque condition d'essai (1, 2 ou 3) à utiliser, polluer le fluide à la concentration théorique amont
comme précisé dans le Tableau 2, avec la poudre d'essai ISO 12103-A3.
8.1.4 Vérifier que le débit à travers chaque capteur est égal à la valeur utilisée pour son étalonnage dans les
limites du Tableau 1.
8.1.5 Faire circuler le fluide dans le circuit d'essai pendant 1 h, en réalisant des comptages en ligne continus par
la prise d'échantillon en amont, pendant 60 min.
Le débit d'échantillonnage de cette section ne doit pas être interrompu pendant la durée de la validation.
8.1.6 Enregistrer les comptages cumulés à des intervalles égaux ne dépassant pas 1 min pendant les 60 min de
l’essai aux seuils de comptage indiqués dans le Tableau 2.
8.1.7 La validation de l'essai n'est acceptée que si:
a) le comptage des particules d'une taille donnée à chaque intervalle d'échantillonnage ne s'écarte pas de plus
de 15 % du comptage moyen sur tous les intervalles d'échantillonnage pour cette taille;
b) la moyenne de tous les comptages de particules cumulés par millilitre se situe à l'intérieur de l'intervalle des
comptages acceptables indiqué dans le Tableau 3.
8 © ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
8.1.8 Valider le système de comptage en ligne, et les systèmes de dilution le cas échéant, conformément à
l'ISO 11943.
Tableau 3 — Comptage cumulé de particules par millilitre acceptable
Granulométrie Condition d'essai 1 Condition d'essai 2 Condition d'essai 3
μm(c) (3 mg/l) (10 mg/l) (15 mg/l)
min. max. min. max. min. max.
1 104 000 128 000 348 000 426 000 522 000 639 000
2 26 100 31 900 86 900 106 000 130 000 159 000
3 10 800 13 200 36 000 44 000 54 000 66 000
4 5 870 7 190 19 600 24 000 29 400 35 900
5 3 590 4 390 12 000 14 600 17 900 22 000
6 2 300 2 830 7 690 9 420 11 500 14 100
7 1 510 1 860 5 050 6 190 7 570 9 290
8 1 010 1 250 3 380 4 160 5 080 6 230
10 489 609 1 630 2 030 2 460 3 030
12 265 335 888 1 110 1 340 1 660
14 160 205 536 681 810 1 020
20 46 64 155 211 237 312
25 16 27 56 86 87 126
30 61221 403458
40 1,1 4,5 4,4 14,2 7,9 20
50 0,15 2,4 1,0 7,6 2,4 11
8.2 Validation du circuit d'injection du polluant
8.2.1 Valider le circuit d'injection du polluant à la concentration maximale, au volume maximal du circuit
d'injection, au débit d'injection minimal, et pour la durée nécessaire à la vidange du volume total.
8.2.2 Préparer le circuit d'injection du polluant de façon qu'il contienne la masse de polluant et le volume de
fluide adaptés au circuit.
NOTE Toutes les procédures auxiliaires utilisées dans la préparation du circuit d'injection de polluant font partie de la
procédure de validation. Toute modification de ces procédures implique de revalider le circuit.
8.2.3 Ajouter la poudre et faire circuler pendant au moins 15 min.
8.2.4 Commencer l’injection à partir du circuit d'injection du polluant, en recueillant le flux à l'extérieur du circuit.
Prélever un échantillon initial à ce point et mesurer le débit d'injection.
8.2.5 Maintenir le débit d'injection à � 5 % du débit d'injection souhaité.
8.2.6 Prélever des échantillons du flux d'injection et mesurer le débit à (30, 60, 90 et 120) min ou à au moins
quatre intervalles égaux, selon la vitesse de vidange du circuit.
8.2.7 Analyser chaque échantillon prélevé selon le point 8.2.6. par gravimétrie conformément à l'ISO 4405.
8.2.8 Mesurer le volume du circuit d'injection à la fin de l'essai de validation. Cette valeur est le volume minimum
validé, V .
v
© ISO 1999 – Tous droits réservés 9
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ISO 16889:1999(F)
8.2.9 La validation n’est acceptée que si la concentration de chaque échantillon correspond à � 10 % de la
concentration déterminée au 8.2.1 et si l'écart entre les échantillons ne s’écarte pas de plus de �5% de la
moyenne.
8.2.10 La validation n’est acceptée que si le débit d'injection à chaque point d'échantillonnage correspond à �5%
du débit de validation choisi (8.2.1) et que l'écart entre les débits d’échantillonnage ne s’écar
...
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