ISO 20468-2:2019
(Main)Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse systems — Part 2: Methodology to evaluate performance of treatment systems on the basis of greenhouse gas emissions
Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse systems — Part 2: Methodology to evaluate performance of treatment systems on the basis of greenhouse gas emissions
This document provides guidelines for evaluating the performance of treatment systems on the basis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from a treatment system, this document covers the estimate, types of GHG emission and sources, emission factor for each GHG, and global warming potential. The weight of greenhouse gases to be used in an evaluation is equivalent to emissions during operation of a treatment system. This document also defines a method for calculating carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emission intensity, in which GHG emissions are divided by the volume of reclaimed water. It also includes a method for evaluating the performance of a treatment system using CO2eq emission intensity.
Lignes directrices pour l’évaluation des performances des techniques de traitement des systèmes de réutilisation de l’eau — Partie 2: Titre manque
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20468-2
First edition
2019-07
Guidelines for performance evaluation
of treatment technologies for water
reuse systems —
Part 2:
Methodology to evaluate performance
of treatment systems on the basis of
greenhouse gas emissions
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4 Symbols . 3
5 Principles . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 Relevance . 4
5.3 Completeness . 4
5.4 Consistency . 4
5.5 Accuracy . 4
5.6 Transparency . 4
6 Boundary conditions . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Treatment system . 6
6.3 Residue management system . 6
6.4 Auxiliary system . 6
7 Calculation . 6
7.1 Calculation procedure . 6
7.2 Step 1: Establish boundary conditions of evaluation . 7
7.3 Step 2: Calculate annual amount of reclaimed water . 8
7.4 General descriptions of methodological issues when calculating GHG emissions for
Step 3 to Step 6 . 9
7.4.1 Choice of method to determine GHG emissions . 9
7.4.2 Choice of activity data . 9
7.4.3 Choice of emission factors . 9
7.5 Step 3: Calculate GHG emissions resulting from energy consumption . 9
7.5.1 Data acquisition . 9
7.5.2 Calculate GHG emissions .10
7.6 Step 4: Calculate GHG emissions resulting from biological treatment processes .10
7.6.1 Data acquisition .10
7.6.2 Calculate GHG emissions .11
7.7 Step 5: Calculate GHG emissions resulting from consumables and generation of wastes .11
7.7.1 Data acquisition .11
7.7.2 Calculate GHG emissions .12
7.8 Step 6: Calculate GHG emissions reduced through the effective utilization of
resources resulting from the production of reclaimed water .12
7.9 Step 7: Calculate total GHG emissions.17
7.10 Step 8: Calculate CO emission intensity .18
2eq
8 Application of CO emission intensity in evaluating the environmental
2eq
performance of a treatment system .18
Annex A (informative) Examples of emission factors .19
Annex B (informative) Example of a worksheet for calculating total GHG emissions .21
Annex C (informative) Example of CO emission intensity calculation .22
2eq
Bibliography .27
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 3,
Risk and performance evaluation of water reuse systems.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20468 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to define a methodology more specifically for evaluating the
environmental performance of treatment systems among treatment technologies for water reuse
systems, which is covered in Clause 7 “Non-functional requirements” of ISO 20468-1:2018, Guidelines
for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse systems Part 1 General.
Water reuse has been drawing attention for contributing to environmental protection, as well as
providing solutions for water scarcity. For example, a water reclamation plant plays the additional
role of removing pollutants such as emerging pollutants, pathogens, and toxic elements. Otherwise,
water discharged into the environment can increase health risks and/or have negative impacts on
ecosystems. Compared to conventional water supply systems, including waterworks consisting of dams
and water conveyance facilities, water reuse systems can save operational energies and resources of
constructions. In addition, water reuse can minimize environmental destruction during development.
In order to establish sustainable water reuse services, while protecting the environment, appropriate
evaluation methods are needed. However, in the international community, there is no common approach
to using parameters concerning the environment in evaluations of treatment technologies for water
reuse systems. Although rules may be established for each region where water reuse systems are to be
installed, having specialists work out rules and standardizing them through the ISO is more economical
and convenient.
When discussing evaluations of environmental aspects, first of all, two aspects should be defined. One
comprises boundary conditions that determine which areas are evaluated. The other is the evaluation
parameter concerned.
Typical boundary conditions concerning environmental aspects in water reuse projects consist
of intake, conveyance, treatment, reservoir, distribution, end-use, and final discharge into the
environment. Taking into consideration the scope defined in Part 1, this document addresses treatment
systems.
On the other hand, evaluation parameters concerning the environment attributable to treatment systems
vary widely. For example, reclaimed water quality having adverse effects on a regional ecosystem and
ground water can be one parameter for evaluation. Another can be the level of soil contamination
caused by using reclaimed water. Moreover, the degree of noise and vibration from treatment systems
can be utilized for evaluations because of the impacts on the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions
in the course of plant operation should also be taken into consideration with more attention given to
preventing global warming. Naturally, a treatment system should be evaluated by taking into account
all of these parameters. How
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20468-2
First edition
2019-07
Guidelines for performance evaluation
of treatment technologies for water
reuse systems —
Part 2:
Methodology to evaluate performance
of treatment systems on the basis of
greenhouse gas emissions
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4 Symbols . 3
5 Principles . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 Relevance . 4
5.3 Completeness . 4
5.4 Consistency . 4
5.5 Accuracy . 4
5.6 Transparency . 4
6 Boundary conditions . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Treatment system . 6
6.3 Residue management system . 6
6.4 Auxiliary system . 6
7 Calculation . 6
7.1 Calculation procedure . 6
7.2 Step 1: Establish boundary conditions of evaluation . 7
7.3 Step 2: Calculate annual amount of reclaimed water . 8
7.4 General descriptions of methodological issues when calculating GHG emissions for
Step 3 to Step 6 . 9
7.4.1 Choice of method to determine GHG emissions . 9
7.4.2 Choice of activity data . 9
7.4.3 Choice of emission factors . 9
7.5 Step 3: Calculate GHG emissions resulting from energy consumption . 9
7.5.1 Data acquisition . 9
7.5.2 Calculate GHG emissions .10
7.6 Step 4: Calculate GHG emissions resulting from biological treatment processes .10
7.6.1 Data acquisition .10
7.6.2 Calculate GHG emissions .11
7.7 Step 5: Calculate GHG emissions resulting from consumables and generation of wastes .11
7.7.1 Data acquisition .11
7.7.2 Calculate GHG emissions .12
7.8 Step 6: Calculate GHG emissions reduced through the effective utilization of
resources resulting from the production of reclaimed water .12
7.9 Step 7: Calculate total GHG emissions.17
7.10 Step 8: Calculate CO emission intensity .18
2eq
8 Application of CO emission intensity in evaluating the environmental
2eq
performance of a treatment system .18
Annex A (informative) Examples of emission factors .19
Annex B (informative) Example of a worksheet for calculating total GHG emissions .21
Annex C (informative) Example of CO emission intensity calculation .22
2eq
Bibliography .27
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 3,
Risk and performance evaluation of water reuse systems.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20468 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to define a methodology more specifically for evaluating the
environmental performance of treatment systems among treatment technologies for water reuse
systems, which is covered in Clause 7 “Non-functional requirements” of ISO 20468-1:2018, Guidelines
for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse systems Part 1 General.
Water reuse has been drawing attention for contributing to environmental protection, as well as
providing solutions for water scarcity. For example, a water reclamation plant plays the additional
role of removing pollutants such as emerging pollutants, pathogens, and toxic elements. Otherwise,
water discharged into the environment can increase health risks and/or have negative impacts on
ecosystems. Compared to conventional water supply systems, including waterworks consisting of dams
and water conveyance facilities, water reuse systems can save operational energies and resources of
constructions. In addition, water reuse can minimize environmental destruction during development.
In order to establish sustainable water reuse services, while protecting the environment, appropriate
evaluation methods are needed. However, in the international community, there is no common approach
to using parameters concerning the environment in evaluations of treatment technologies for water
reuse systems. Although rules may be established for each region where water reuse systems are to be
installed, having specialists work out rules and standardizing them through the ISO is more economical
and convenient.
When discussing evaluations of environmental aspects, first of all, two aspects should be defined. One
comprises boundary conditions that determine which areas are evaluated. The other is the evaluation
parameter concerned.
Typical boundary conditions concerning environmental aspects in water reuse projects consist
of intake, conveyance, treatment, reservoir, distribution, end-use, and final discharge into the
environment. Taking into consideration the scope defined in Part 1, this document addresses treatment
systems.
On the other hand, evaluation parameters concerning the environment attributable to treatment systems
vary widely. For example, reclaimed water quality having adverse effects on a regional ecosystem and
ground water can be one parameter for evaluation. Another can be the level of soil contamination
caused by using reclaimed water. Moreover, the degree of noise and vibration from treatment systems
can be utilized for evaluations because of the impacts on the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions
in the course of plant operation should also be taken into consideration with more attention given to
preventing global warming. Naturally, a treatment system should be evaluated by taking into account
all of these parameters. How
...
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