ISO/FDIS 9784
(Main)Guidelines for biological filtration of secondary effluent for water reuse
Guidelines for biological filtration of secondary effluent for water reuse
This document provides guidance for deep purification of secondary effluent for non-potable reuse by using biological filtration systems in urban areas. It specifies general requirements, system selection, biological filtration system components, technical requirements of each component, water reuse applications and system design considerations. This document is applicable to: a) engineers that intend to implement biological filtration systems for deep purification of secondary effluent for reuse purposes in terms of design and implement, under safe and stable circumstances; b) enterprises who assist spreading high-efficiency water reuse technology among different countries and accelerate the technological progress in the field of secondary effluent reuse.
Lignes directrices relatives à la filtration biologique de l'effluent secondaire pour la réutilisation de l'eau
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FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 282/SC 2
Guidelines for biological filtration
Secretariat: SAC
of secondary effluent for water
Voting begins on:
reuse
2024-08-08
Voting terminates on:
2024-10-03
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 282/SC 2
Guidelines for biological filtration of
Secretariat: SAC
secondary effluent for water reuse
Voting begins on:
Voting terminates on:
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2024
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 2
4.1 Overall recommendations .2
4.2 Basic process .3
5 Process components. 4
5.1 Biofilter unit .4
5.2 Mixing unit .4
5.3 Backwashing unit .4
5.4 Controlling unit .4
6 Technical recommendations of the biofilter unit . 4
6.1 Filter media .4
6.2 Water and air distributor zone .5
6.3 Configuration of the biofilter unit .5
7 Technical recommendations of the mixing unit . 6
8 Technical recommendations of the backwashing unit . 6
8.1 Backwashing mode .6
8.2 Equipment .7
9 Technical recommendations of the controlling unit . 7
9.1 M onitoring instrumentation .7
9.2 M onitoring system .7
9.3 Control system .7
10 Post-treatment process . 7
11 Water reuse applications . 8
Annex A (informative) Example structure diagrams of BAF and DNF . 9
Annex B (informative) Cases of water reuse application using biological filtration for secondary
effluent treatment .12
Annex C (informative) Autotrophic denitrification.16
Bibliography . 17
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 2, Water
reuse in urban areas.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Global water consumption has been increasing by approximately 1 % annually since the 1980s, due to
population growth, socio-economic development and changing consumption patterns. It is expected
that global water demand will keep increasing at a similar rate, and that by 2050 the water use will have
[9]
increased by 20 %-30 % compared to the current level . Water reuse is an efficient measure to alleviate
the global water shortage problem and is a common action for many countries in the world. “Fit for purpose”
is a consensus in the field of water reuse, which reduces the demand for fresh water by reusing secondary
effluent in different scenarios, such as urban miscellaneous water, circulating cooling water, process and
product water, etc. Treated secondary effluent acts as an important source of water supply, providing
opportunities to strengthen traditional water supply in some cities, particularly where long-distance
transfers are required to meet water demands. Organics and nitrogen in wastewater are the key indicators
for the management and control of water reuse in various countries.
Biological filtration, as a mainstream technology for wastewater treatment and reuse, is widely used for
advanced treatment of secondary effluent to achieve the effective removal of carbon, nitrogen and solid
substances. However, due to differences in technological, economic, social and environmental conditions,
there is no unified guideline on technical recommendations for biological filtration on a global scale. This
hinders the effective application of biological filtration as a “fit for purpose” practice to treat secondary
effluent.
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 9784:2024(en)
Guidelines for biological filtration of secondary effluent for
water reuse
1 Scope
This document provides guidance for biological filtration of secondary effluent for water reuse. It specifies
general recommendations, process components and technical recommendations of each component, post-
treatment process and water reuse applications.
This document is applicable to all types of stakeholders involved in implementing biological filtration for
advanced treatment of secondary effluent for water reuse.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
biological filtration
wastewater treatment process depending on the physical filtration of the filter media (3.7) filled in the
treatment infrastructure and the biochemical action of the biofilm attached to the filter media
3.2
biofilter
bed of inert filter media (3.7) with large holes through which wastewater is caused to percolate for the
purpose of purification by means of an active biological film (bacteria bed) on the inert filter media
Note 1 to entry: Also known as biological filter.
[SOURCE: ISO 6107:2021, 3.72, modified — The preferred term has been changed from “bi
...
ISO/DIS FDIS 9784:2023(E)
ISO/TC 282/SC 2/WG 6
Secretariat: SAC
Date: 2024-06-1507-25
Guidelines for biological filtration of secondary effluent for water
reuse
FDIS stage
ISO/DIS FDIS 9784:2023(E2024(en)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/DIS FDIS 9784:2023(E2024(en)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 2
4.1 Overall recommendations . 2
4.2 Basic process . 3
5 Process components . 5
5.1 Biofilter unit . 5
5.2 Mixing unit . 5
5.3 Backwashing unit . 5
5.4 Controlling unit . 5
6 Technical recommendations of the biofilter unit . 5
6.1 Filter media . 5
6.2 Water and air distributor zone . 6
6.3 Configuration of the biofilter unit . 6
7 Technical recommendations of the mixing unit . 9
8 Technical recommendations of the backwashing unit . 9
8.1 Backwashing mode . 9
8.2 Equipment . 10
9 Technical recommendations of the controlling unit . 10
9.1 Monitoring instrumentation . 10
9.2 Monitoring system . 10
9.3 Control system . 11
10 Post-treatment process . 11
11 Water reuse applications . 11
Annex A (informative) Example structure diagrams of BAF and DNF . 12
A.1 BAF . 12
A.2 Upflow DNF . 13
A.3 Downflow DNF. 15
Annex B (informative) Cases of water reuse application using biological filtration for secondary
effluent treatment . 17
Annex C (informative) Autotrophic denitrification . 23
Bibliography . 24
iii
ISO/DIS FDIS 9784:2023(E2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 2, Water
reuse in urban areas.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/DIS FDIS 9784:2023(E2024(en)
Introduction
Global water consumption has been increasing by approximately 1 % annually since the 1980s, due to
population growth, socio-economic development and changing consumption patterns. It is expected that
global water demand will keep increasing at a similar rate, and that by 2050 the water use will have increased
[9 ]
by 20%~ %-30 % compared to the current level (WWDR, 2019). . Water reuse is an efficient measure to
alleviate the global water shortage problem and is a common action for many countries in the world. "“Fit for
purpose"” is a consensus in the field of water reuse, which reduces the demand for fresh water by reusing
secondary effluent in different scenarios, such as urban miscellaneous water, circulating cooling water,
process and product water, etc. Treated secondary effluent acts as an important source of water supply,
providing opportunities to strengthen traditional water supply in some cities, particularly where long-
distance transfers are required to meet water demands. Organics and nitrogen in wastewater are the key
indicators for the management and control of water reuse in various countries.
Biological filtration, as a mainstream technology for wastewater treatment and reuse, is widely used for
advanced treatment of secondary effluent to achieve the effective removal of carbon, nitrogen and solid
substances. However, due to differences in technological, economic, social and environmental conditions,
there is no unified guideline on technical recommendations for biological filtration on a global scale. This
hinders the effective application of biological filtration as a "“fit for purpose"” practice to treat secondary
effluent.
v
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 9784:2023(E)
Guidelines for biological filtration of secondary effluent for water
reuse
1 Scope
This document provides guidance for biological filtration of secondary effluent for water reuse. It specifies
general recommendations, process components and technical recommendations of each component, post-
treatment process and water reuse applications.
This document is applicable to all types of stakeholders involved in implementing biological filtration for
advanced treatment of secondary effluent for water reuse.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
biological filtration
(3.7)) filled in the
wastewater treatment process depending on the physical filtration of the filter media (3.7
treatment infrastructure and the biochemical action of the biofilm attached to the filter media
3.2
biofilter
bed of inert filter media (3.7) with large holes through which wastewater is caused to percolate for the purpose
of purification by means of an active biological film (bacteria bed) on the inert filter media
Note 1 to entry: Also known as biological filter.
[SOURCE: ISO 6107:2021, 3.72, modified – — The preferred term has been changed from “biological filter” to
“biofilter”; Note 1 to entry has been addedmodified.]
3.3
biological aerated filter
BAF
combination of contact oxidation and filtration by means of artificial aeration, intermittent backwashing and
other measures, aiming to remove organic pollutants, ammonium -nitrogen and suspended solids
ISO/DIS FDIS 9784:2023(E2024(en)
3.4
backwash rate
flow rate of backwashing water or backwashing air passing through filter bed (3.6) per unit area per unit time,
3 2
represented as m /(m ·h)
3 2
Note 1 to entry: Generally Backwash rate is generally represented as m /(m ·h).
3.5
denitrification filter
DNF
biofilter (3.2) for the purpose of denitrifying nitrate nitrogen in wastewater
3.6
filter bed
filter that consists of layers of filter media (3.7) arranged over one another so that a liquid flowing through
one filter media does not carry it into the next to clog it
Note 1 to entry: Also known as graded filter.
[SOURCE: ISO 6707-1: 20172020, 3.3.4.45, modified – — The preferred term “graded filter” and the admitted
term “leaching field” have been removed; in the definition, “coarse gravel, coarse sand, and fine sand” has been
changed to “filter media”; Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.7
filter media
materials used in the filter bed (3.6,), such as coarse gravel, fine gravel, ceramsite, coarse sand and fine sands
serving as support for microorganisms’ adhesion and growth, and also with the function of physical
interception and filtration for suspended solids in supplied water
3.8
graded gravel layer
granular material layer which is laid between the water distribution system and the filter bed (3.6,), to prevent
the filter media (3.7) from leaking into the water distribution system
3.9
heterotrophic denitrification
process by which bacteria convert nitrate nitrogen into nitrogen and other gases using organic matter (such
as methanol, acetic acid, sodium acetate, etc.) as energy and electron donor
3.1.10
volumetric nitrogen loading rate
amount of nitrogen (such as ammonium nitrogen and n
...
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