SIST-TP CEN/TR 15615:2008
(Main)Explanation of the general relationship between various European Standards and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) - Umbrella document
Explanation of the general relationship between various European Standards and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) - Umbrella document
This document provides an outline of the calculation procedure for assessing the energy performance of buildings. It includes a list of the European standards, both existing and those that are being written, which together form the calculation methodology.
Erläuterung der allgemeinen Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Europäischen Normen und der europäischen Richtlinie über die Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden (EPBD) - Übergreifendes Dokument
Razlaga splošne povezave med različnimi standardi CEN in Direktivo o energetski učinkovitosti stavb (EPBD) - Krovni dokument
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15615:2008
01-november-2008
5D]ODJDVSORãQHSRYH]DYHPHGUD]OLþQLPLVWDQGDUGL&(1LQ'LUHNWLYRRHQHUJHWVNL
XþLQNRYLWRVWLVWDYE (3%' .URYQLGRNXPHQW
Explanation of the general relationship between various European Standards and the
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) - Umbrella document
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15615:2008
ICS:
91.120.10 Toplotna izolacija stavb Thermal insulation
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15615:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 15615:2008
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 15615:2008
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15615
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
April 2008
ICS 91.140.99
English Version
Explanation of the general relationship between various
European standards and the Energy Performance of Buildings
Directive (EPBD) - Umbrella Document
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 5 February 2008. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/SS B09.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15615:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Relationship of the standards to the EPBD .5
1.1 Overview.5
1.2 Calculation methodology.5
1.3 Energy performance certificate.6
1.4 Periodic inspections of boilers and air-conditioning systems .6
2 CEN Committees.8
3 Definitions .8
4 Overview of the calculation process .12
5 Outline of the standards .17
5.1 General.17
5.2 Section 1 – Standards concerned with calculation of overall energy use in buildings .17
5.3 Section 2 – Standards concerned with the calculation of delivered energy .18
5.4 Section 3 – Standards concerned with calculation of energy needs for heating and
cooling .18
5.5 Section 4 – Supporting standards .19
5.6 Section 5 – Standards concerned with monitoring and verification of energy performance.19
Annex A Standards arranged by hierarchy.20
Annex B Summarised content of standards, arranged by standard number.23
Annex C Definitions.31
Annex D Common symbols and subscripts .48
2
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 15615:2008) has been prepared by CEN/BT/TF 173, the secretariat of which is held
by CMC.
This report refers to EU Directive 2002/91/EC of December 2002 on the Energy Performance of Buildings.
Attention is drawn to the need for observance of EU Directives transposed into national legal requirements.
Existing national regulations (with or without reference to national standards) may restrict for the time being
the implementation of the European standards mentioned in this report.
3
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
Introduction
Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings (the EPBD) requires several different measures
to achieve prudent and rational use of energy resources and to reduce the environmental impact of the energy
use in buildings.
This is to be accomplished by increased energy efficiency in both new and existing buildings. One tool for this
will be the application by Member States of minimum requirements on the energy performance of new
buildings and for large existing buildings that are subject to major renovation (EPBD Articles 4, 5 and 6). Other
tools will be energy certification of buildings (Article 7) and inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems
(Articles 8 and 9).
A basic requirement for measures in Articles 4, 5, 6 and 7 is the existence of a general framework for a
methodology of calculation of the total energy performance of buildings, as set out in Article 3 and the Annex
to the Directive.
This technical report describes the European standards (ENs) that are intended to support the EPBD by
providing the calculation methods and associated material to obtain the overall energy performance of a
building.
In Annex A the standards concerned are arranged in a hierarchical fashion. Section 1 lists standards
concerned with overall energy performance in support of Articles 4 to 7 of the Directive. Sections 2 to 5 list the
standards relating to specific aspects or modules of building energy performance which contribute to the
overall calculation. The content of the individual standards is summarised in Annex B.
Annex C provides a list of definitions, and Annex D a list of principal symbols, that are used consistently in the
standards. It is intended that these annexes will form the basis of a future trilingual standard covering common
definitions and symbols for energy calculations.
4
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
Explanation of the general relationship between various European standards
and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)
1 Relationship of the standards to the EPBD
1.1 Overview
1
The calculation methodology follows the framework set out in the Annex to the EPBD . The various standards
used in this process are listed in Annex A. Many of the standards deal with specific aspects of the calculation
(e.g. fabric losses, air changes, energy use for lighting, system performance): these aspects are drawn
together in the following items:
EN number Content
EN 15603 Energy use, for space heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting, inclusive of
system losses and auxiliary energy; and definition of energy ratings
EN 15217 Ways of expressing energy performance (for the energy certificate) and ways of expressing
requirements (for regulations); content and format of energy performance certificate
EN 15378 Boiler inspections
EN 15240 Air-conditioning inspections
EN ISO 13790 Energy needs for heating and cooling (taking account of losses and gains)
The main goal of these standards is to facilitate the implementation of the Directive in Member States. In
consequence they do not prescribe a single definition of energy rating or the expression of energy
performance, but rather give a limited number of options. Similarly the items on inspections offer various
levels of inspection. It is up to national bodies to select one or more of the options given, depending on the
purpose of the calculation and the type and complexity of the buildings and their services.
The four main components set out in the Directive relate to:
calculation methodology;
minimum energy performance requirements;
energy performance certificate;
inspections of boilers and air-conditioning.
Figure 1 illustrates how the standards are related to articles of the EPBD defining these requirements.
1.2 Calculation methodology
The standards providing the calculation methodology are indicated in Figure 1, either explicitly or by reference
to Annex A.
The calculation methodology is used to determine the data for energy certificates. EN ISO 13790 allows for
different levels of complexity:
simplified monthly or seasonal calculation;
1
Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
simplified hourly calculation;
detailed calculation,
which can be chosen according to relevant criteria related to the purpose of the calculation, such as new or
existing buildings or type and/or complexity of the building and its services. The calculations are based on
specified boundary conditions of indoor climate (EN 15251) and external climate. The simplified calculation
methods are fully specified in the EN ISO 13790. The detailed calculation methods are not fully specified in
EN ISO 13790, but any implementation needs to be validated according to the criteria in EN 15265 and the
input and boundary conditions are to be consistent with the fully specified methods. Zoning arrangements
(applicable to all calculation methods) are described in EN ISO 13790.
The characteristics of the technical building systems are included via:
heating systems, EN 15316-1, EN 15316-2-1, EN 15316-2-3, EN 15316-4 (various parts) and EN 15377;
cooling systems, EN 15243;
domestic hot water, EN 15316-3 (various parts);
ventilation, EN 15241;
lighting, EN 15193;
integrated building automation and controls, EN 15232.
1.3 Energy performance certificate
The indicative content of the energy performance certificate is set out in EN 15217. This standard also
includes the definition of the energy performance indicator and different options for the energy performance
classification.
EN 15603 provides ratings to define energy performance. The categories for the purposes of certification are:
2)
calculated rating, based on calculated energy use under standardised occupancy conditions ;
3)
measured rating, based on metered energy .
1.4 Periodic inspections of boilers and air-conditioning systems
These standards provide guidelines for the inspection of boilers and heating systems (EN 15378), ventilation
systems (EN 15239) and air-conditioning systems (EN 15240). They provide for different levels of inspection.
2)
Also known as "asset rating"
3)
Also known as "operational rating"
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
Energy Performance Energy Performance System inspection
Requirements Certificate and assessment
new buildings Articles 4,5 and Recommendations
major renovations Articles 4,6 Article 7 Articles 8, 9
Certificate format and Recommendations for
Energy performance
content improvements
ways of expressing Energy certification Heating systems
energy performance of buildings with boilers
EN 15378
EN 15217 EN 15217
Airconditioning
EN 15240
Total delivered energy
2)
Specific procedures/input procedures for calculated and
for existing buildings measured energy ratings
1)
Ventilation systems
EN 15603
EN 15239
System and building energy needs for space heating, space cooling
humidification, dehumidification, domestic hot water, lightning and
ventilation systems
standards in Sections 2 and 3 of Annex A
Definitions and terminology, external climate data, indoor conditions,
overheating and solar protection, thermal performance of building
components, ventilation and air infiltration, …
standards in Section 4 of Annex A
.
1)
Not explicitly mentioned in the Directive
2)
Unless covered by other standards
Figure 1 – Methodology for calculating energy performance (Article 3 and Annex)
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
2 CEN Committees
The Technical Committees of CEN that were involved in the preparation of the standards comprise:
CEN/TC 89 Thermal performance of buildings and building components;
CEN/TC 156 Ventilation for buildings;
CEN/TC 169 Light and lighting;
CEN/TC 228 Heating systems in buildings;
CEN/TC 247 Building automation, controls and building management.
The process has been overseen by CEN/BT TF 173, Energy performance of buildings project group, which
coordinated the work so as to ensure that standards prepared in different committees interface with each
other in a suitable way.
3 Definitions
NOTE The definitions given here are those used within the Technical Report. A more extensive list of definitions is
given in Annex C.
3.1
building
construction as a whole, including its envelope and all technical building systems, for which energy is used to
condition the indoor climate, to provide domestic hot water and illumination and other services related to the
use of the building
NOTE The term can refer to the building as a whole or to parts thereof that have been designed or altered to be used
separately.
3.2
new building
for calculated energy rating: building at design stage or under construction
for measured energy rating: building too recently constructed to have reliable records of energy use
3.3
existing building
for calculated energy rating: building that is erected
for measured energy rating: building for which actual data necessary to assess the energy use are known or
can be measured
3.4
technical building system
technical equipment for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, lighting and electricity production
NOTE 1 A technical building system can refer to one or to several building services (e.g. heating system, heating and
domestic hot water system).
NOTE 2 A technical building system is composed of different subsystems.
NOTE 3 Electricity production can include cogeneration and photovoltaic systems.
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
3.5
building automation and control
products, software, and engineering services for automatic controls, monitoring and optimization, human
intervention, and management to achieve energy-efficient, economical, and safe operation of building services
equipment.
3.6
auxiliary energy
electrical energy used by technical building systems for heating, cooling, ventilation and/or domestic water to
support energy transformation to satisfy energy needs
NOTE 1 This includes energy for fans, pumps, electronics, etc. Electrical energy input to the ventilation system for air
transport and heat recovery is not considered as auxiliary energy, but as energy use for ventilation (C.4.18).
NOTE 2 In EN ISO 9488, Solar energy – Vocabulary, the energy used for pumps and valves is called "parasitic
energy".
3.7
cogeneration
simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical or mechanical energy
NOTE Also known as combined heat and power (CHP).
3.8
air conditioning system
combination of all components required to provide a form of air treatment in which temperature is controlled,
possibly in combination with the control of ventilation, humidity and air cleanliness
3.9
dehumidification
process of removing water vapour from air to reduce relative humidity
3.10
humidification
process of adding water vapour to air to increase relative humidity
3.11
ventilation
process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space
NOTE Such air is not required to have been conditioned.
3.12
ventilation heat recovery
heat recovered from the exhaust air to reduce the ventilation heat transfer
3.13
system thermal loss
thermal loss from a technical building system for heating, cooling, domestic hot water, humidification,
dehumidification or ventilation that does not contribute to the useful output of the system
NOTE 1 A system loss can become an internal heat gain for the building if it is recoverable.
NOTE 2 Thermal energy recovered directly in the subsystem is not considered as a system thermal loss but as heat
recovery and directly treated in the related system standard.
NOTE 3 Heat dissipated by the lighting system or by other services (e.g. appliances of computer equipment) is not part
of the system thermal losses, but part of the internal heat gains.
9
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
3.14
recoverable system thermal loss
part of a system thermal loss which can be recovered to lower either the energy need for heating or cooling or
the energy use of the heating or cooling system
NOTE This depends on the calculation approach chosen to calculate the recovered gains and losses (holistic or
simplified approach).
3.15
recovered system thermal loss
part of the recoverable system thermal loss which has been recovered to lower either the energy need for
heating or cooling or the energy use of the heating or cooling system
NOTE This depends on the calculation approach chosen to calculate the recovered gains and losses (holistic or
simplified approach).
3.16
energy source
source from which useful energy can be extracted or recovered either directly or by means of a conversion or
transformation process
NOTE Examples include oil or gas fields, coal mines, sun, forests etc.
3.17
energy carrier
substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or
physical processes [ISO 13600:1997]
NOTE The energy content of fuels is given by their gross calorific value.
3.18
delivered energy
total energy, expressed per energy carrier, supplied to the technical building systems through the system
boundary, to satisfy the uses taken into account (heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, lighting,
appliances etc.) or to produce electricity
NOTE 1 For active solar and wind energy systems the incident solar radiation on solar panels or on solar collectors or
the kinetic energy of wind is not part of the energy balance of the building. It is decided at national level whether or not
renewable energy produced on site is part of the delivered energy.
NOTE 2 Delivered energy can be calculated for defined energy uses or it can be measured.
3.19
exported energy
energy, expressed per energy carrier, delivered by the technical building systems through the system
boundary and used outside the system boundary
NOTE 1 It can be specified by generation types (e.g. CHP, photovoltaic, etc) in order to apply different weighting
factors.
NOTE 2 Exported energy can be calculated or it can be measured.
3.20
non-renewable energy
energy taken from a source which is depleted by extraction (e.g. fossil fuels)
3.21
renewable energy
energy from a source that is not depleted by extraction, such as solar energy (thermal and photovoltaic), wind,
water power, renewed biomass
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
NOTE In ISO 13602-1:2002 Technical energy systems – Methods for analysis – Part 1: General, renewable resource
is defined as "natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from
nature to the technosphere is equal to or greater than one".
3.22
primary energy
energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process
NOTE 1 Primary energy includes non-renewable energy and renewable energy. If both are taken into account it can be
called total primary energy.
NOTE 2 For a building, it is the energy used to produce the energy delivered to the building. It is calculated from the
delivered and exported amounts of energy carriers, using conversion factors.
3.23
energy performance of a building
calculated or measured amount of weighted net delivered energy actually used or estimated to meet different
needs associated with a standardised use of a building, which may include, inter alia, energy used for heating,
cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting
3.24
energy rating
evaluation of the energy performance of a building based on the weighted sum of the calculated or measured
use of energy carriers
3.25
calculated energy rating
energy rating based on calculations of the net delivered energy used by a building for heating, cooling,
ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting
NOTE National bodies decide whether other energy uses resulting from occupants' activities such as cooking,
production, laundering, etc. are included or not. If included, standard input data shall be provided for the various types of
building and uses. Lighting is always included except (by decision of national bodies) for residential buildings.
3.26
standard energy rating
calculated energy rating using actual data for the building and standard use data set
NOTE 1 It represents the intrinsic annual energy use of a building under standardised conditions. This is particularly
relevant to certification of standard energy performance.
NOTE 2 It can also be termed "asset energy rating".
3.27
measured energy rating
energy rating based on measured amounts of delivered and exported energy
NOTE 1 The measured rating is the weighted sum of all energy carriers used by the building, as measured by meters
or other means. It is a measure of the in-use performance of the building. This is particularly relevant to certification of
actual energy performance.
NOTE 2 Also known as "operational rating".
3.28
energy certificate
certificate recognised by a member state or a legal person designated by it, which includes the energy
performance of a building
NOTE The meaning of the terms “certificate” and "certification" in this standard differ from that in EN 45020:2006,
Standardization and related activities – General vocabulary (ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004).
11
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
3.29
space heating
process of heat supply for thermal comfort
3.30
space cooling
process of heat extraction for thermal comfort
3.31
heat gains
heat generated within or entering into the conditioned space from heat sources other than energy intentionally
utilised for heating, cooling or domestic hot water preparation
NOTE 1 These include internal heat gains and solar heat gains. Sinks that extract heat from the building are included
as gains, with a negative sign. In contrast with heat transfer, for a heat source (or sink) the difference between the
temperature of the considered space and the temperature of the source is not the driving force for the heat flow.
NOTE 2 For summer conditions heat gains with a positive sign constitute extra heat load on the space.
3.32
internal heat gains
heat provided within the building by occupants (sensible metabolic heat) and by appliances such as lighting,
domestic appliances, office equipment, etc., other than energy intentionally provided for heating, cooling or hot
water preparation
NOTE This includes recoverable system thermal losses, if the holistic approach for the calculation of the recovered
system losses is chosen.
3.33
solar heat gain
heat provided by solar radiation entering, directly or indirectly (after absorption in building elements), into the
building through windows, opaque walls and roofs, or passive solar devices such as sunspaces, transparent
insulation and solar walls
NOTE Active solar devices such as solar collectors are considered as part of the technical building system.
4 Overview of the calculation process
The calculation is based on the characteristics of the building and its installed equipment, as listed in the
Annex to the EPBD. It is structured in three levels:
calculation of the building energy needs for heating and cooling;
calculation of the building delivered energy for heating and cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and
lighting;
calculation of the overall energy performance indicators (primary energy, CO emissions, etc.).
2
The calculation sequence is:
a) Calculate the building energy needs for heating and cooling, using applicable standards listed in
Section 3 of Annex A. This part of the calculation considers only the building properties and not those
of the heating/cooling system and results in the energy to be emitted by heat emitters, or energy to be
extracted from the conditioned space, in order to maintain the intended internal temperature. EN ISO
13790 covers both heating and cooling. To perform this calculation, data for indoor climate
requirements, internal heat gains, building properties and outdoor climatic conditions are needed, and
these are obtained using the standards listed in Section 4 of Annex A. EN ISO 13790 includes
guidance for partitioning a complex building into separate zones for the purposes of the calculation.
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
b) Take account of the characteristics of the space heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and
lighting systems, inclusive of controls and building automation, to calculate the delivered energy, using
standards listed in Section 2. Energy used for different purposes and by different fuels is recorded
separately. The calculations take account of heat emission, distribution, storage and generation, and
include the auxiliary energy needed for fans, pumps etc.
c) Combine the results from b) for different purposes and from different fuels to obtain the overall energy use
and associated performance indicators, using standards listed in Section 1.
There is an interlinkage between steps a) and b) because system losses that are recovered can be counted
as gains for the building part of the calculation. Two approaches are permitted:
Holistic approach
The effect of all heat gains associated with building and its technical building systems are considered in
the calculation of the energy needs for heating and cooling. When these gains cannot be predicted
without knowing the heating and cooling needs, steps a) and b) may have to be iterated. In the first
calculation the gains from systems are omitted in the calculation of the energy needs, in subsequent
iterations they are included from the system calculations in the previous iteration.
Simplified approach
The recovered system heat losses, obtained by multiplying the recoverable thermal system losses by a
conventional recovery factor, are directly subtracted from the loss of each technical building system.
13
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CEN/TR 15615:2008 (E)
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST-TP prCEN/TR 15615:2007
01-november-2007
5D]ODJDVSORãQHSRYH]DYHPHGUD]OLþQLPLVWDQGDUGL&(1LQ'LUHNWLYRRHQHUJHWVNL
XþLQNRYLWRVWLVWDYE (3%' .URYQLGRNXPHQW
Explanation of the general relationship between various European Standards and the
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) - Umbrella document
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prCEN/TR 15615
ICS:
91.140.99 Druge napeljave v stavbah Other installations in
buildings
oSIST-TP prCEN/TR 15615:2007 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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TECHNICAL REPORT
FINAL DRAFT
prCEN/TR 15615
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2007
ICS 91.140.99
English Version
Explanation of the general relationship between various
European Standards and the Energy Performance of Buildings
Directive (EPBD) - Umbrella document
This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Technical Committee Approval. It has been drawn up by CEN/BT/WG 173.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prCEN/TR 15615:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prCEN/TR 15615:2007 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Relationship of the standards to the EPBD .5
1.1 Overview.5
1.2 Calculation methodology.5
1.3 Energy performance certificate.6
1.4 Periodic inspections of boilers and air-conditioning systems .6
2 CEN Committees.8
3 Definitions .8
4 Overview of the calculation process .12
5 Outline of the standards .17
5.1 General.17
5.2 Section 1 – Standards concerned with calculation of overall energy use in buildings .17
5.3 Section 2 – Standards concerned with the calculation of delivered energy .18
5.4 Section 3 – Standards concerned with calculation of energy needs for heating and
cooling .18
5.5 Section 4 – Supporting standards .19
5.6 Section 5 – Standards concerned with monitoring and verification of energy performance.19
Annex A Standards arranged by hierarchy.21
Annex B Summarised content of standards, arranged by standard number.25
Annex C Definitions.33
Annex D Common symbols and subscripts .49
2
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prCEN/TR 15615:2007 (E)
Foreword
This document (prCEN/TR 15615:2007) has been prepared by CEN/BT/WG 173, the secretariat of which is
held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the Technical Committee Approval.
This report refers to EU Directive 2002/91/EC of December 2002 on the Energy Performance of Buildings.
Attention is drawn to the need for observance of EU Directives transposed into national legal requirements.
Existing national regulations (with or without reference to national standards) may restrict for the time being
the implementation of the European standards mentioned in this report.
3
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prCEN/TR 15615:2007 (E)
Introduction
Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings (the EPBD) requires several different measures
to achieve prudent and rational use of energy resources and to reduce the environmental impact of the energy
use in buildings.
This is to be accomplished by increased energy efficiency in both new and existing buildings. One tool for this
will be the application by Member States of minimum requirements on the energy performance of new
buildings and for large existing buildings that are subject to major renovation (EPBD Articles 4, 5 and 6). Other
tools will be energy certification of buildings (Article 7) and inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems
(Articles 8 and 9).
A basic requirement for measures in Articles 4, 5, 6 and 7 is the existence of a general framework for a
methodology of calculation of the total energy performance of buildings, as set out in Article 3 and the Annex
to the Directive.
This technical report describes the European standards (ENs) that are intended to support the EPBD by
providing the calculation methods and associated material to obtain the overall energy performance of a
building.
In Annex A the standards concerned are arranged in a hierarchical fashion. Section 1 lists standards
concerned with overall energy performance in support of Articles 4 to 7 of the Directive. Sections 2 to 5 list the
standards relating to specific aspects or modules of building energy performance which contribute to the
overall calculation. The content of the individual standards is summarised in Annex B.
Annex C provides a list of definitions, and Annex D a list of principal symbols, that are used consistently in the
standards. It is intended that these annexes will form the basis of a future trilingual standard covering common
definitions and symbols for energy calculations.
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Explanation of the general relationship between various European standards
and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)
1 Relationship of the standards to the EPBD
1.1 Overview
The calculation methodology follows the framework set out in the Annex to the EPBD. The various standards
used in this process are listed in Annex A. Many of the standards deal with specific aspects of the calculation
(e.g. fabric losses, air changes, energy use for lighting, system performance): these aspects are drawn
together in the following items:
EN number Content
prEN 15603 Energy use, for space heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting, inclusive of
system losses and auxiliary energy; and definition of energy ratings
EN 15217 Ways of expressing energy performance (for the energy certificate) and ways of expressing
requirements (for regulations); content and format of energy performance certificate
EN 15378 Boiler inspections
EN 15240 Air-conditioning inspections
EN ISO 13790 Energy needs for heating and cooling (taking account of losses and gains)
The main goal of these standards is to facilitate the implementation of the Directive in Member States. In
consequence they do not prescribe a single definition of energy rating or the expression of energy
performance, but rather give a limited number of options. Similarly the items on inspections offer various
levels of inspection. It is up to national bodies to select one or more of the options given, depending on the
purpose of the calculation and the type and complexity of the buildings and their services.
The four main components set out in the Directive relate to:
calculation methodology;
minimum energy performance requirements;
energy performance certificate;
inspections of boilers and air-conditioning.
Figure 1 illustrates how the standards are related to articles of the EPBD defining these requirements.
1.2 Calculation methodology
The standards providing the calculation methodology are indicated in Figure 1, either explicitly or by reference
to Annex A.
The calculation methodology is used to determine the data for energy certificates. EN ISO 13790 allows for
different levels of complexity:
simplified monthly or seasonal calculation;
simplified hourly calculation;
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detailed calculation,
which can be chosen according to relevant criteria related to the purpose of the calculation, such as new or
existing buildings or type and/or complexity of the building and its services. The calculations are based on
specified boundary conditions of indoor climate (EN 15251) and external climate. The simplified calculation
methods are fully specified in the EN ISO 13790. The detailed calculation methods are not fully specified in
EN ISO 13790, but any implementation needs to be validated according to the criteria in EN 15265 and the
input and boundary conditions are to be consistent with the fully specified methods. Zoning arrangements
(applicable to all calculation methods) are described in EN ISO 13790.
The characteristics of the technical building systems are included via:
heating systems, EN 15316-1, EN 15316-2-1, EN 15326-2-3, EN 15316-4 (various parts) and EN 15377;
cooling systems, prEN 15243;
domestic hot water, prEN 15316-3 (various parts);
ventilation, EN 15241;
lighting, EN 15193;
integrated building automation and controls, EN 15232.
1.3 Energy performance certificate
The indicative content of the energy performance certificate is set out in EN 15217. This standard also
includes the definition of the energy performance indicator and different options for the energy performance
classification.
prEN 15603 provides ratings to define energy performance. The categories for the purposes of certification
are:
1)
calculated rating, based on calculated energy use under standardised occupancy conditions ;
2)
measured rating, based on metered energy .
1.4 Periodic inspections of boilers and air-conditioning systems
These standards provide guidelines for the inspection of boilers and heating systems (EN 15378), ventilation
systems (EN 15239) and air-conditioning systems (EN 15240). They provide for different levels of inspection.
1)
Also known as "asset rating"
2)
Also known as "operational rating"
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Figure 1 Methodology for calculating energy performance (Article 3 and Annex)
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2 CEN Committees
The Technical Committees of CEN that were involved in the preparation of the standards comprise:
CEN/TC 89 Thermal performance of buildings and building components;
CEN/TC 156 Ventilation for buildings;
CEN/TC 169 Light and lighting;
CEN/TC 228 Heating systems in buildings;
CEN/TC 247 Building automation, controls and building management.
The process has been overseen by CEN/BT TF 173, energy performance of buildings project group, which
coordinated the work so as to ensure that standards prepared in different committees interface with each
other in a suitable way.
3 Definitions
NOTE The definitions given here are those used within the Technical Report. A more extensive list of definitions is
given in Annex C.
3.1
building
construction as a whole, including its envelope and all technical building systems, for which energy is used to
condition the indoor climate, to provide domestic hot water and illumination and other services related to the
use of the building
NOTE The term can refer to the building as a whole or to parts thereof that have been designed or altered to be used
separately.
3.2
new building
for calculated energy rating: building at design stage or under construction
for measured energy rating: building too recently constructed to have reliable records of energy use
3.3
existing building
for calculated energy rating: building that is erected
for measured energy rating: building for which actual data necessary to assess the energy use are known or
can be measured
3.4
technical building system
technical equipment for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, lighting and electricity production
NOTE 1 A technical building system can refer to one or to several building services (e.g. heating system, heating and
domestic hot water system).
NOTE 2 A technical building system is composed of different subsystems.
NOTE 3 Electricity production can include cogeneration and photovoltaic systems.
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3.5
building automation and control
products, software, and engineering services for automatic controls, monitoring and optimization, human
intervention, and management to achieve energy-efficient, economical, and safe operation of building services
equipment.
3.6
auxiliary energy
electrical energy used by technical building systems for heating, cooling, ventilation and/or domestic water to
support energy transformation to satisfy energy needs
NOTE 1 This includes energy for fans, pumps, electronics, etc. Electrical energy input to the ventilation system for air
transport and heat recovery is not considered as auxiliary energy, but as energy use for ventilation (C.4.18).
NOTE 2 In EN ISO 9488, Solar energy – Vocabulary, the energy used for pumps and valves is called "parasitic
energy".
3.7
cogeneration
simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical or mechanical energy
NOTE Also known as combined heat and power (CHP).
3.8
air conditioning system
combination of all components required to provide a form of air treatment in which temperature is controlled,
possibly in combination with the control of ventilation, humidity and air cleanliness
3.9
dehumidification
process of removing water vapour from air to reduce relative humidity
3.10
humidification
process of adding water vapour to air to increase relative humidity
3.11
ventilation
process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space
NOTE Such air is not required to have been conditioned.
3.12
ventilation heat recovery
heat recovered from the exhaust air to reduce the ventilation heat transfer
3.13
system thermal loss
thermal loss from a technical building system for heating, cooling, domestic hot water, humidification,
dehumidification or ventilation that does not contribute to the useful output of the system
NOTE 1 A system loss can become an internal heat gain for the building if it is recoverable.
NOTE 2 Thermal energy recovered directly in the subsystem is not considered as a system thermal loss but as heat
recovery and directly treated in the related system standard.
NOTE 3 Heat dissipated by the lighting system or by other services (e.g. appliances of computer equipment) is not part
of the system thermal losses, but part of the internal heat gains.
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3.14
recoverable system thermal loss
part of a system thermal loss which can be recovered to lower either the energy need for heating or cooling or
the energy use of the heating or cooling system
NOTE This depends on the calculation approach chosen to calculate the recovered gains and losses (holistic or
simplified approach).
3.15
recovered system thermal loss
part of the recoverable system thermal loss which has been recovered to lower either the energy need for
heating or cooling or the energy use of the heating or cooling system
NOTE This depends on the calculation approach chosen to calculate the recovered gains and losses (holistic or
simplified approach).
3.16
energy source
source from which useful energy can be extracted or recovered either directly or by means of a conversion or
transformation process
NOTE Examples include oil or gas fields, coal mines, sun, forests etc.
3.17
energy carrier
substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or
physical processes [ISO 13600:1997]
NOTE The energy content of fuels is given by their gross calorific value.
3.18
delivered energy
total energy, expressed per energy carrier, supplied to the technical building systems through the system
boundary, to satisfy the uses taken into account (heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, lighting,
appliances etc.) or to produce electricity
NOTE 1 For active solar and wind energy systems the incident solar radiation on solar panels or on solar collectors or
the kinetic energy of wind is not part of the energy balance of the building. It is decided at national level whether or not
renewable energy produced on site is part of the delivered energy.
NOTE 2 Delivered energy can be calculated for defined energy uses or it can be measured.
3.19
exported energy
boundary and used outside the system boundary
NOTE 1 It can be specified by generation types (e.g. CHP, photovoltaic, etc) in order to apply different weighting
factors.
NOTE 2 Exported energy can be calculated or it can be measured.
3.20
non-renewable energy
energy taken from a source which is depleted by extraction (e.g. fossil fuels)
3.21
renewable energy
energy from a source that is not depleted by extraction, such as solar energy (thermal and photovoltaic), wind,
water power, renewed biomass
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NOTE In ISO 13602-1:2002, renewable resource is defined as "natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of
the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the technosphere is equal to or greater than one".
3.22
primary energy
energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process
NOTE 1 Primary energy includes non-renewable energy and renewable energy. If both are taken into account it can be
called total primary energy.
NOTE 2 For a building, it is the energy used to produce the energy delivered to the building. It is calculated from the
delivered and exported amounts of energy carriers, using conversion factors.
3.23
energy performance of a building
calculated or measured amount of weighted net delivered energy actually used or estimated to meet different
needs associated with a standardised use of a building, which may include, inter alia, energy used for heating,
cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting
3.24
energy rating
evaluation of the energy performance of a building based on the weighted sum of the calculated or measured
use of energy carriers
3.25
calculated energy rating
energy rating based on calculations of the net delivered energy used by a building for heating, cooling,
ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting
NOTE National bodies decide whether other energy uses resulting from occupants' activities such as cooking,
production, laundering, etc. are included or not. If included, standard input data shall be provided for the various types of
building and uses. Lighting is always included except (by decision of national bodies) for residential buildings.
3.26
standard energy rating
calculated energy rating using actual data for the building and standard use data set
NOTE 1 It represents the intrinsic annual energy use of a building under standardised conditions. This is particularly
relevant to certification of standard energy performance.
NOTE 2 It can also be termed "asset energy rating".
3.27
measured energy rating
energy rating based on measured amounts of delivered and exported energy
NOTE 1 The measured rating is the weighted sum of all energy carriers used by the building, as measured by meters
or other means. It is a measure of the in-use performance of the building. This is particularly relevant to certification of
actual energy performance.
NOTE 2 Also known as "operational rating".
3.28
energy certificate
certificate recognised by a member state or a legal person designated by it, which includes the energy
performance of a building
NOTE The meaning of the terms “certificate” and "certification" in this standard differ from that in EN 45020,
Standardization and related activities – General vocabulary (ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004).
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3.29
space heating
process of heat supply for thermal comfort
3.30
space cooling
process of heat extraction for thermal comfort
3.31
heat gains
heat generated within or entering into the conditioned space from heat sources other than energy intentionally
utilised for heating, cooling or domestic hot water preparation
NOTE 1 These include internal heat gains and solar heat gains. Sinks that extract heat from the building are included
as gains, with a negative sign. In contrast with heat transfer, for a heat source (or sink) the difference between the
temperature of the considered space and the temperature of the source is not the driving force for the heat flow.
NOTE 2 For summer conditions heat gains with a positive sign constitute extra heat load on the space.
3.32
internal heat gains
heat provided within the building by occupants (sensible metabolic heat) and by appliances such as lighting,
domestic appliances, office equipment, etc., other than energy intentionally provided for heating, cooling or hot
water preparation
NOTE This includes recoverable system thermal losses, if the holistic approach for the calculation of the recovered
system losses is chosen.
3.33
solar heat gain
heat provided by solar radiation entering, directly or indirectly (after absorption in building elements), into the
building through windows, opaque walls and roofs, or passive solar devices such as sunspaces, transparent
insulation and solar walls
NOTE Active solar devices such as solar collectors are considered as part of the technical building system.
4 Overview of the calculation process
The calculation is based on the characteristics of the building and its installed equipment, as listed in the
Annex to the EPBD. It is structured in three levels:
calculation of the building energy needs for heating and cooling;
calculation of the building delivered energy for heating and cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and
lighting;
calculation of the overall energy performance indicators (primary energy, CO emissions, etc.).
2
The calculation sequence is:
a) Calculate the building energy needs for heating and cooling, using applicable standards listed in
Section 3 of Annex A. This part of the calculation considers only the building properties and not those
of the heating/cooling system and results in the energy to be emitted by heat emitters, or energy to be
extracted from the conditioned space, in order to maintain the intended internal temperature. EN ISO
13790 covers both heating and cooling. To perform this calculation, data for indoor climate
requirements, internal heat gains, building properties and outdoor climatic conditions are needed, and
these are obtained using the standards listed in Section 4 of Annex A. EN ISO 13790 includes
guidance for partitioning a complex building into separate zones for the purposes of the calculation.
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b) Take account of the characteristics of the space heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and
lighting systems, inclusive of controls and building automation, to calculate the delivered energy, using
standards listed in Section 2. Energy used for different purposes and by different fuels is recorded
separately. The calculations take account of heat emission, distribution, storage and generation, and
include the auxiliary energy needed for fans, pumps etc.
c) Combine the results from b) for different purposes and from different fuels to obtain the overall energy use
and associated performance indicators, using standards listed in Section 1.
There is an interlinkage between steps a) and b) because system losses that are recovered can be counted
as gains for the building part of the calculation. Two approaches are permitted:
Holistic approach
The effect of all heat gains associated with building and its technical building systems are considered in
the calculation of the energy needs for heating and cooling. When these gains cannot be predicted
without knowing the heating and cooling needs, steps a) and b) may have to be iterated. In the first
calculation the gains from systems are omitted in the calculation of the energy needs, in subsequent
iterations they are included from the system calculations in the previous iteration.
Simplified approach
The recovered system heat losses, obtained by multiplying the recoverable thermal system losses by a
conventional recovery factor, are directly subtracted from the loss of each technical building system.
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Key
[1] represents the energy needed to fulfil the user's requirements for heating, cooling, lighting etc, according to levels
that are specified for the purposes of the calculation
[2] represents the "natural" energy gains – passive solar heating, passive cooling, natural ventilation, daylighting –
together with internal gains (occupants, lighting, electrical equipment, etc)
[3] represents the building's energy needs, obtained from [1] and [2] along with the characteristics of the building itself
[4] represents the delivered energy, recorded separately for each energy carrier and inclusive of auxiliary energy, used
by space heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting systems, taking into account renewable
energy sources and cogeneration. This may be expressed in energy units or in units of the energy carrier (kg, m³,
kWh, etc)
[5] represents renewable energy produced on the building premises
[6] represents generated energy, produced on the premises and exported to the market; this can include part of [5]
[7] represents the primary energy usage or the CO emissions associated with the building
2
[8] represents the primary energy or CO emissions associated with on-site generation which is used on-site and thus
2
is not subtracted from [7]
[9] represents the primary energy or CO savings associated with energy exported to the market, which is thus
2
subtracted from [7]
Figure 2 Schematic illustration of the calculation scheme
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The overall calculation process involves following the energy flows from the left to the right of Figure 2.
Figure 2 is a schematic illustration and is not intended to cover all possible combinations of energy supply, on-
site energy production and energy use. For example, a ground-source heat pump uses both electricity and
renewable energy from the ground; and electricity generated on site by photovoltaics could be used entirely
within the building, or it could be exported entirely, or a combination of the two. Renewable energy carriers like
biomass are included in [7], but are distinguished from non-renewable energy carriers by low CO emissions.
2
In the case of cooling, the direction of energy flow is from the building to the system.
Energy certification and
ways of expressing energy requirements
Primary energy and
CO emissions
2
Conversion factors
Delivered energy
Heating system Ventilation
DHW Lighting Cooling system
characteristics system
characteristics
Building
energy needs
Automation
and controls
Building
Internal heat
Heat Air change Internal and Solar heat gains
gains transmission external climate and daylighting
Figure 3 Energy flows
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