PSIST ETR 273-2:1999

ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 2: Anechoic chamber

* The various radiated methods of measurement used for the type test- ing of mobile radio equipment. * The corresponding measurement uncertainties * The correlation between results obtained using different test sites.  Consolidated ETR on Measurement Uncertainties.

Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) - Izboljšanje zvezdastih merilnih metod (z uporabo merilnih mest) in ovrednotenje ustreznih merilnih negotovosti - 2. del: Neodmevna komora

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Withdrawal Date: 30-Sep-2003
• ICS: 33.060.01 - Radiocommunications in general
• ICS: 33.100.01 - Electromagnetic compatibility in general
• Technical Committee: RES - Radio equipment and systems
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Due Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Completion Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Mandate: T-042-SI
• Ref Project: ETSI ETR 273-2 ed.1 (1998-02) - ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 2: Anechoic chamber

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
PSIST ETR 273-2:1999
01-april-1999
Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) -
Izboljšanje zvezdastih merilnih metod (z uporabo merilnih mest) in ovrednotenje
ustreznih merilnih negotovosti - 2. del: Neodmevna komora
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of
radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties; Part 2: Anechoic chamber
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 273-2 Edition 1
ICS:
33.060.01 Radijske komunikacije na Radiocommunications in
splošno general
33.100.01 Elektromagnetna združljivost Electromagnetic compatibility
na splošno in general
PSIST ETR 273-2:1999 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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PSIST ETR 273-2:1999

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PSIST ETR 273-2:1999
ETSI ETR 273-2
TECHNICAL February 1998
REPORT
Source: ERM Reference: DTR/ERM-RP01-018-2
ICS: 33.020
Key words: Analogue, data, measurement uncertainty, mobile, radio, testing
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement of radiated methods of
measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties;
Part 2: Anechoic chamber
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [e-mail]
Tel.: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1998. All rights reserved.

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ETR 273-2: February 1998
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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Contents
Foreword .7
1 Scope.9
2 References .9
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .10
3.1 Definitions.10
3.2 Symbols .14
3.3 Abbreviations .17
4 Introduction.18
5 Uncertainty contributions specific to an anechoic chamber.19
5.1 Effects of the metal shielding.19
5.1.1 Resonances.19
5.1.2 Imaging of antennas (or an EUT) .19
5.2 Effects of the radio absorbing materials .20
5.2.1 Introduction.20
5.2.2 Pyramidal absorbers.21
5.2.3 Wedge absorbers.22
5.2.4 Ferrite tiles.23
5.2.5 Ferrite grids .24
5.2.6 Urethane/ferrite hybrids.24
5.2.7 Floor absorbers.24
5.2.8 Performance comparison .25
5.2.9 Reflection in an anechoic chamber .26
5.2.10 Mutual coupling due to imaging in the absorbing material .28
5.3 Other effects.29
5.3.1 Extraneous reflections.29
5.3.2 Mutual coupling between antennas (or antenna and EUT) .29
5.3.3 Turntable and antenna mounting fixtures.31
5.3.4 Antenna cabling.32
5.3.5 Positioning of the EUT and antennas .32
5.3.6 Equipment cabling.33
6 Verification procedure for an anechoic chamber.33
6.1 Introduction.33
6.2 Normalized site attenuation.34
6.2.1 NSA for the ideal anechoic chamber.34
6.2.2 Mutual coupling.36
6.3 Overview of the verification procedure.37
6.3.1 Apparatus required.37
6.3.2 Site preparation.38
6.3.3 Measurement configuration.39
6.3.4 What to record .41
6.4 Verification procedure.41
6.4.1 Procedure 1: 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz .41
6.4.2 Alternative Procedure 1: 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz.47
6.4.3 Procedure 2: 1 GHz to 12,75 GHz .47
6.5 Processing the results of the verification procedure.52
6.5.1 Introduction.52
6.5.2 Procedure 1: 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz .52
6.5.3 Procedure 2 (1 GHz to 12,75 GHz).55

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ETR 273-2: February 1998
6.5.4 Report format.58
6.6 Calculation of measurement uncertainty (Procedure 1) .58
6.6.1 Uncertainty contribution, direct attenuation measurement .58
6.6.2 Uncertainty contribution, NSA measurement.59
6.6.3 Expanded uncertainty of the verification procedure .61
6.7 Calculation of measurement uncertainty (Procedure 2) .61
6.7.1 Uncertainty contribution, direct attenuation measurement .61
6.7.2 Uncertainty contribution, NSA measurement.62
6.7.3 Expanded uncertainty of the verification procedure .63
6.8 Summary .64
7 Test methods .64
7.1 Introduction.64
7.1.1 Site preparation.65
7.1.2 Preparation of the EUT.66
7.1.3 Standard antennas.66
7.1.4 Mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors.67
7.1.5 Power supplies to the EUT .67
7.1.6 Restrictions.67
7.2 Transmitter tests .68
7.2.1 Frequency error (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz).68
7.2.1.1 Apparatus required.68
7.2.1.2 Method of measurement.68
7.2.1.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets.69
7.2.1.4 Log book entries .70
7.2.1.5 Statement of results .70
7.2.2 Expanded uncertainty for frequency error test.71
7.2.3 Effective radiated power (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz) .71
7.2.3.1 Apparatus required.71
7.2.3.2 Method of measurement.72
7.2.3.3 Procedure for the completion of the results sheets.75
7.2.3.4 Log book entries .76
7.2.3.5 Statement of results .77
7.2.4 Measurement uncertainty for effective radiated power.77
7.2.4.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 1: EUT measurement .77
7.2.4.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution
measurement.78
7.2.4.3 Expanded uncertainty of the ERP measurement .80
7.2.5 Spurious emissions (30 MHz to 4 GHz or 12,75 GHz).80
7.2.5.1 Apparatus required.81
7.2.5.2 Method of measurement.81
7.2.5.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets.86
7.2.5.4 Log book entries .88
7.2.5.5 Statement of results .89
7.2.6 Measurement uncertainty for Spurious emissions .89
7.2.6.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 1: EUT measurement .90
7.2.6.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 2: Substitution
measurement.91
7.2.6.3 Expanded uncertainty of the spurious emission.92
7.2.7 Adjacent channel power .93
7.3 Receiver tests.93
7.3.1 Sensitivity tests (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz) .93
7.3.1.1 Apparatus required.94
7.3.1.2 Method of measurement.94
7.3.1.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets.100
7.3.1.4 Log book entries .101
7.3.1.5 Statement of results .103
7.3.2 Measurement uncertainty for Receiver sensitivity.104
7.3.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 1: Determination of
Transform Factor.104

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ETR 273-2: February 1998
7.3.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 2: EUT measurement.105
7.3.2.3 Expanded uncertainty of the receiver sensitivity
measurement.107
7.3.3 Co-channel rejection .107
7.3.4 Adjacent channel selectivity .107
7.3.5 Intermodulation immunity.107
7.3.6 Blocking immunity or desensitization.107
7.3.7 Spurious response immunity to radiated fields (30 MHz to 4 GHz) .107
7.3.7.1 Apparatus required .108
7.3.7.2 Method of measurement.108
7.3.7.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets.114
7.3.7.4 Log book entries.115
7.3.7.5 Statement of results.117
7.3.8 Measurement uncertainty for Spurious response immunity .118
7.3.8.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 1: Transform factor.118
7.3.8.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 2: EUT measurement.120
7.3.8.3 Expanded uncertainty of the spurious response immunity
measurement.121
Annex A (informative): Bibliography.122
History .124

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Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been produced by the Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM) Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI).
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status. An
ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or the
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
an I-ETS.
The present document is part 2 of a multi-part Technical Report (ETR) covering Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement
(using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties, as identified below:
Part 1-1: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 1:
Introduction";
Part 1-2: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2:
Examples and annexes";
Part 2: "Anechoic chamber";
Part 3: "Anechoic chamber with a ground plane";
Part 4: "Open area test site";
Part 5: "Striplines";
Part 6: "Test fixtures";
Part 7: "Artificial human beings".

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1 Scope
This ETR covers the methods of radiated measurements on mobile radio equipment in anechoic chambers
and applies to the assessment of the associated measurement uncertainties.
This ETR also provides the methods for evaluation and calculation of the measurement uncertainties for
each of the measured parameters and the required corrections for measurement conditions and results.
2 References
Within this ETR the following references apply:
[1] "ANSI C63.5-(1988): "Electromagnetic Compatibility-Radiated Emission
Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control - Calibration of
Antennas".
[2] "Antenna theory", C. Balanis, J. E. Wiley 1982.
[3] "Calculation of site attenuation from antenna factors" A. A. Smith Jr, RF German
and J B Pate. IEEE transactions EMC. Vol. EMC 24 pp 301-316 Aug 1982.
[4] CCITT Recommendation O.153: "Basic parameters for the measurement of
error performance at bit rates below the primary rate".
[5] CCITT Recommendation O.41: "Psophometer for use on telephone-type
circuits".
[6] CISPR 16-1: "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods - Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus".
[7] EN 50147-2 (1996): "Anechoic chambers -- Part 2: Alternative test site suitability
with respect to site attenuation".
[8] ETR 273-1-1: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties
in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 1:
Introduction".
[9] ETR 273-1-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties
in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2:
Examples and annexes".
[10] "The gain resistance product of the half-wave dipole", W. Scott Bennet
Proceedings of IEEE vol. 72 No. 2 Dec 1984 pp 1824-1826.
[11] The new IEEE standard dictionary of electrical and electronic terms. Fifth
edition, IEEE Piscataway, NJ USA 1993.

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3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETR, the following definitions apply:
Audio Frequency (AF) load: Normally a resistor of sufficient power rating to accept the maximum audio
output power from the EUT. The value of the resistor is normally that stated by the manufacturer and is
normally the impedance of the audio transducer at 1 000 Hz.
NOTE 1: In some cases it may be necessary to place an isolating transformer between the
output terminals of the receiver under test and the load.
A-M1: A test modulation consisting of a 1 000 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation.
A-M2: A test modulation consisting of a 1 250 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation.
A-M3: A test modulation consisting of a 400 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the
channel separation. This signal is used as an unwanted signal for analogue and digital measurements.
AF termination: Any connection other than the audio frequency load which may be required for the
purpose of testing the receiver. (i.e. in a case where it is required that the bit stream be measured, the
connection may be made, via a suitable interface, to the discriminator of the receiver under test).
NOTE 2: The termination device is normally agreed between the manufacturer and the testing
authority and details included in the test report. If special equipment is required then it
is normally provided by the manufacturer.
antenna: That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive
electromagnetic waves.
antenna factor: Quantity relating the strength of the field in which the antenna is immersed to the output
voltage across the load connected to the antenna. When properly applied to the meter reading of the
measuring instrument, yields the electric field strength in V/m or the magnetic field strength in A/m.
antenna gain: The ratio of the maximum radiation intensity from an (assumed lossless) antenna to the
radiation intensity that would be obtained if the same power were radiated isotropically by a similarly
lossless antenna.
bit error ratio: The ratio of the number of bits in error to the total number of bits.
combining network: A multipole network allowing the addition of two or more test signals produced by
different sources for connection to a receiver input.
NOTE 3: Sources of test signals are normally connected in such a way that the impedance
presented to the receiver is 50 W. The combining networks are designed so that
effects of any intermodulation products and noise produced in the signal generators are
negligible.
correction factor: The numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multiplied to
compensate for an assumed systematic error.
confidence level: The probability of the accumulated error of a measurement being within the stated
range of uncertainty of measurement.
directivity: The ratio of the maximum radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the
radiation intensity averaged over all directions (i.e. directivity = antenna gain + losses).

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DM-0: A test modulation consisting of a signal representing an infinite series of "0" bits.
DM-1: A test modulation consisting of a signal representing an infinite series of "1" bits.
DM-2: A test modulation consisting of a signal representing a pseudorandom bit sequence of at least
511 bits in accordance with CCITT Recommendation O.153 [4].
DM-3: A test signal agreed between the testing authority and the manufacturer in the cases where it is not
possible to measure a bit stream or if selective messages are used and are generated or decoded within
an equipment.
NOTE 4: The agreed test signal may be formatted and may contain error detection and
correction. Details of the test signal are be supplied in the test report.
duplex filter: A device fitted internally or externally to a transmitter/receiver combination to allow
simultaneous transmission and reception with a single antenna connection.
error of measurement (absolute): The result of a measurement minus the true value of the measurand.
error (relative): The ratio of an error to the true value.
estimated standard deviation: From a sample of n results of a measurement the estimated standard
deviation is given by the formula:
n
2
(x-x)
∑ i
i =
1
s=
n-1
th
x being the i result of measurement (i = 1,2,3, .,n) and x the arithmetic mean of the n results
i
considered.
A practical form of this formula is:
2
X
Y-
n
s=
n-1
Where X is the sum of the measured values and Y is the sum of the squares of the measured values.
extreme test conditions: Conditions defined in terms of temperature and supply voltage. Tests are
normally made with the extremes of temperature and voltage applied simultaneously. The upper and lower
temperature limits are specified in the relevant testing standard. The test report states the actual
temperatures measured.
error (of a measuring instrument): The indication of a measuring instrument minus the (conventional)
true value.
free field: A field (wave or potential) which has a constant ratio between the electric and magnetic field
intensities.
free Space: A region free of obstructions and characterized by the constitutive parameters of a vacuum.
impedance: A measure of the complex resistive and reactive attributes of a component in an alternating
current circuit.
impedance (wave): The complex factor relating the transverse component of the electric field to the
transverse component of the magnetic field at every point in any specified plane, for a given mode.

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influence quantity: A quantity which is not the subject of the measurement but which influences the value
of the quantity to be measured or the indications of the measuring instrument.
intermittent operation: Operation where manufacturer states the maximum time that the equipment is
intended to transmit and the necessary standby period before repeating a transmit period.
isotropic radiator: A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions.
limited Frequency Range: The limited frequency range is a specified smaller frequency range within the
full frequency range over which the measurement is made.
NOTE 5: The details of the calculation of the limited frequency range are normally given in the
relevant testing standard.
maximum permissible frequency deviation: The maximum value of frequency deviation stated for the
relevant channel separation in the relevant testing standard.
measuring system: A complete set of measuring instruments and other equipment assembled to carry
out a specified measurement task.
measurement repeatability: The closeness of the agreement between the results of successive
measurements of the same measurand carried out subject to all the following conditions:
- the same method of measurement;
- the same observer;
- the same measuring instrument;
- the same location;
- the same conditions of use;
- repetition over a short period of time.
measurement reproducibility: The closeness of agreement between the results of measurements of the
same measurand, where the individual measurements are carried out changing conditions such as:
- method of measurement;
- observer;
- measuring instrument;
- location;
- conditions of use;
- time.
measurand: A quantity subjected to measurement.
noise gradient of EUT: A function characterizing the relationship between the RF input signal level and the
performance of the EUT, e.g., the SINAD of the AF output signal.
nominal frequency: One of the channel frequencies on which the equipment is designed to operate.
nominal mains voltage: The declared voltage or any of the declared voltages for which the equipment
was designed.
normal test conditions: The conditions defined in terms of temperature, humidity and supply voltage
stated in the relevant testing standard.
normal deviation: The frequency deviation for analogue signals which is equal to 12 % of the channel
separation.
psophometric weighting network: As described in CCITT Recommendation O.41 [5].

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polarization: For an electromagnetic wave, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the
electric vector at a fixed point in space.
quantity (measurable): An attribute of a phenomenon or a body which may be distinguished qualitatively
and determined quantitatively.
rated audio output power: The maximum audio output power under normal test conditions, and at
standard test modulations, as declared by the manufacturer.
rated radio frequency output power: The maximum carrier power under normal test conditions, as
declared by the manufacturer.
shielded enclosure: A structure that protects its interior from the effects of an exterior electric or
magnetic field, or conversely, protects the surrounding environment from the effect of an interior electric or
magnetic field.
SINAD sensitivity: The minimum standard modulated carrier-signal input required to produce a specified
SINAD ratio at the receiver output.
stochastic (random) variable: A variable whose value is not exactly known, but is characterized by a
distribution or probability function, or a mean value and a standard deviation (e.g. a measurand and the
related measurement uncertainty).
test load: The test load is a 50 W substantially non-reactive, non-radiating power attenuator which is
capable of safely dissipating the power from the transmitter.
test modulation: The test modulating signal is a baseband signal which modulates a carrier and is
dependent upon the type of EUT and also the measurement to be performed.
trigger device: A circuit or mechanism to trigger the oscilloscope timebase at the required instant. It may
control the transmit function or inversely receive an appropriate command from the transmitter.
uncertainty (random): A component of the uncertainty of measurement which, in the course of a number
of measurements of the same measurand, varies in an unpredictable way.
uncertainty (systematic): A component of the uncertainty of measurement whic
...