SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
(Main)Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ) - Objectives and principles for the transmission performance of multiple interconnected networks that aim to provide traditional quality telephony services
Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ) - Objectives and principles for the transmission performance of multiple interconnected networks that aim to provide traditional quality telephony services
The present document specifies a simple set of objectives, principles and responsibilities for the transmission performance of multiple interconnected networks that provide "traditional quality (POTS)" circuit switched telephony services. The objectives, principles and responsibilities take account of the liberalization of telephony services and the interconnection of several separate networks, each with different topologies, in the provision of telephony connections. The present document applies to:
- national and international networks;
- Digital Networks and Integrated Digital Networks (i.e. networks where the only analogue component may be the local loop). The present document applies in the cases where the telephony service is:
- contracted between the network operator and the customer/end user; and
- contracted through a service provider.
It applies where:
- the caller pays for the call;
- the recipient pays for the call (e.g. the 800 service); or
- the cost of the call is shared by the caller and the recipient.
The present document does not apply to any segment of calls where either the calling or called terminal is a mobile "terminating network".
Vidiki obdelave, prenosa in kakovosti govora (STQ) - Cilji in načela prenosnih zmogljivosti večkratno medsebojno povezanih omrežij, katerih cilj je zagotavljati "tradicionalno kakovostne" telefonske storitve
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ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
ETSI Guide
Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ);
Objectives and principles for the transmission performance of
multiple interconnected networks that aim to provide
"traditional quality" telephony services
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
2 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
Reference
REG/STQ-00126
Keywords
interworking, QoS, quality, speech, telephony,
transmission
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or
perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF).
In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive
within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2008.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS , TIPHON , the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered
for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.4
Foreword.4
1 Scope.5
2 References.5
2.1 Normative references.6
2.2 Informative references.6
3 Definitions and abbreviations.7
3.1 Definitions.7
3.2 Abbreviations.7
4 Principles.7
4.1 Responsibility.7
4.2 Technical requirements.7
4.2.1 Loudness.8
4.2.2 Encoding and Low Bit Rate Coding .8
4.2.3 Voice activity detection and speech multiplexing .8
4.2.4 Bit integrity.8
4.2.5 Absolute delay.8
4.2.6 Echo control.9
4.2.7 Noise, crosstalk and group delay distortion .9
4.2.8 Error performance.9
4.2.9 Synchronization.9
4.3 Provision of Information .9
4.4 Future developments.10
Annex A (informative): Bibliography.11
History .12
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
4 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Guide (EG) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality
Aspects (STQ).
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
5 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
1 Scope
The present document specifies a simple set of objectives, principles and responsibilities for the transmission
performance of multiple interconnected networks that provide "traditional quality (POTS)" circuit switched telephony
services.
The objectives, principles and responsibilities take account of the liberalization of telephony services and the
interconnection of several separate networks, each with different topologies, in the provision of telephony connections.
The present document applies to:
• national and international networks;
• Digital Networks and Integrated Digital Networks (i.e. networks where the only analogue component may be
the local loop).
The present document applies in the cases where the telephony service is:
• contracted between the network operator and the customer/end user; and
• contracted through a service provider.
It applies where:
• the caller pays for the call;
• the recipient pays for the call (e.g. the 800 service); or
• the cost of the call is shared by the caller and the recipient.
The present document does not apply to any segment of calls where either the calling or called terminal is a mobile
"terminating network".
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
6 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[1] ITU-T Recommendation G.113 (1996): "Transmission impairments".
[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.114 (1996): "One -way transmission time".
[3] ITU-T Recommendation G.126 (1993): "Listener echo in telephone networks".
[4] ITU-T Recommendation G.131 (1996): "Control of talker echo".
[5] ITU-T Recommendation G.168 (1997): "Digital network echo cancellers".
[6] ITU-T Recommendation G.175 (1997): "Transmission planning for private/public network
interconnection of voice traffic".
[7] ITU-T Recommendation G.711 (1988): "Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies".
[8] ITU-T Recommendation G.821 (1996): "Error performance of an international digital connection
operating at a bit rate below the primary rate and forming part of an integrated services digital
network".
[9] ITU-T Recommendation G.822 (1988): "Controlled slip rate objectives on an international digital
connection".
[10] ITU-T Recommendation G.826 (1996): "Error performance parameters and objectives for
international, constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate".
[11] ITU-T Recommendation Q.551 (1996): "Transmission characteristics of digital exchanges".
[12] ITU-T Recommendation Q.552 (1996): "Transmission characteristics at 2-wire analogue interfaces
of digital exchanges".
[13] ETSI EG 201 050: "Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ); Overall
Transmission Plan Aspects for Telephony in a Private Network".
[14] ETSI EN 300 462-1-1: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Generic requirements for
synchroniza
...
Final draft ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-05)
ETSI Guide
Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ);
Objectives and principles for the transmission performance of
multiple interconnected networks that aim to provide
"traditional quality" telephony services
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
2 Final draft ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-05)
Reference
REG/STQ-00126
Keywords
interworking, QoS, quality, speech, telephony,
transmission
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or
perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF).
In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive
within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2008.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS , TIPHON , the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered
for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3 Final draft ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.4
Foreword.4
1 Scope.5
2 References.5
2.1 Normative references.6
2.2 Informative references.6
3 Definitions and abbreviations.7
3.1 Definitions.7
3.2 Abbreviations.7
4 Principles.7
4.1 Responsibility.7
4.2 Technical requirements.7
4.2.1 Loudness.8
4.2.2 Encoding and Low Bit Rate Coding .8
4.2.3 Voice activity detection and speech multiplexing .8
4.2.4 Bit integrity.8
4.2.5 Absolute delay.8
4.2.6 Echo control.9
4.2.7 Noise, crosstalk and group delay distortion .9
4.2.8 Error performance.9
4.2.9 Synchronization.9
4.3 Provision of Information .9
4.4 Future developments.10
Annex A (informative): Bibliography.11
History .12
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
4 Final draft ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Guide (EG) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality
Aspects (STQ), and is now submitted for the ETSI standards Membership Approval Procedure.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
5 Final draft ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-05)
1 Scope
The present document specifies a simple set of objectives, principles and responsibilities for the transmission
performance of multiple interconnected networks that provide "traditional quality (POTS)" circuit switched telephony
services.
The objectives, principles and responsibilities take account of the liberalization of telephony services and the
interconnection of several separate networks, each with different topologies, in the provision of telephony connections.
The present document applies to:
• national and international networks;
• Digital Networks and Integrated Digital Networks (i.e. networks where the only analogue component may
be the local loop).
The present document applies in the cases where the telephony service is:
• contracted between the network operator and the customer/end user; and
• contracted through a service provider.
It applies where:
• the caller pays for the call;
• the recipient pays for the call (e.g. the 800 service); or
• the cost of the call is shared by the caller and the recipient.
The present document does not apply to any segment of calls where either the calling or called terminal is a mobile
"terminating network".
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the
following cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
6 Final draft ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-05)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[1] ITU-T Recommendation G.113 (1996): "Transmission impairments".
[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.114 (1996): "One -way transmission time".
[3] ITU-T Recommendation G.126 (1993): "Listener echo in telephone networks".
[4] ITU-T Recommendation G.131 (1996): "Control of talker echo".
[5] ITU-T Recommendation G.168 (1997): "Digital network echo cancellers".
[6] ITU-T Recommendation G.175 (1997): "Transmission planning for private/public network
interconnection of voice traffic".
[7] ITU-T Recommendation G.711 (1988): "Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies".
[8] ITU-T Recommendation G.821 (1996): "Error performance of an international digital connection
operating at a bit rate below the primary rate and forming part of an integrated services digital
network".
[9] ITU-T Recommendation G.822 (1988): "Controlled slip rate objectives on an international digital
connection".
[10] ITU-T Recommendation G.826 (1996): "Error performance parameters and objectives for
international, constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate".
[11] ITU-T Recommendation Q.551 (1996): "Transmission characteristics of digital exchanges".
[12] ITU-T Recommendation Q.552 (1996): "Transmission characteristics at 2-wire analogue interfaces
of digital exchanges".
[13] ETSI EG 201 050: "Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ); Overall
Transmission Plan Aspects for Telephony in a Private Network".
[14] ETSI EN 300 462-1-1: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Generic requirements for
synchronization networks; Part 1-1: De
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
01-april-2009
9LGLNLREGHODYHSUHQRVDLQNDNRYRVWLJRYRUD 674 &LOMLLQQDþHODSUHQRVQLK
]PRJOMLYRVWLYHþNUDWQRPHGVHERMQRSRYH]DQLKRPUHåLMNDWHULKFLOMMH]DJRWDYOMDWL
WUDGLFLRQDOQRNDNRYRVWQHWHOHIRQVNHVWRULWYH
Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ) - Objectives and principles
for the transmission performance of multiple interconnected networks that aim to provide
traditional quality telephony services
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EG 202 086 Version 2.0.0
ICS:
33.040.35 Telefonska omrežja Telephone networks
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
ETSI Guide
Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ);
Objectives and principles for the transmission performance of
multiple interconnected networks that aim to provide
"traditional quality" telephony services
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
2 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
Reference
REG/STQ-00126
Keywords
interworking, QoS, quality, speech, telephony,
transmission
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or
perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF).
In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive
within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2008.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS , TIPHON , the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered
for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
3 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.4
Foreword.4
1 Scope.5
2 References.5
2.1 Normative references.6
2.2 Informative references.6
3 Definitions and abbreviations.7
3.1 Definitions.7
3.2 Abbreviations.7
4 Principles.7
4.1 Responsibility.7
4.2 Technical requirements.7
4.2.1 Loudness.8
4.2.2 Encoding and Low Bit Rate Coding .8
4.2.3 Voice activity detection and speech multiplexing .8
4.2.4 Bit integrity.8
4.2.5 Absolute delay.8
4.2.6 Echo control.9
4.2.7 Noise, crosstalk and group delay distortion .9
4.2.8 Error performance.9
4.2.9 Synchronization.9
4.3 Provision of Information .9
4.4 Future developments.10
Annex A (informative): Bibliography.11
History .12
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
4 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Guide (EG) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality
Aspects (STQ).
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
5 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
1 Scope
The present document specifies a simple set of objectives, principles and responsibilities for the transmission
performance of multiple interconnected networks that provide "traditional quality (POTS)" circuit switched telephony
services.
The objectives, principles and responsibilities take account of the liberalization of telephony services and the
interconnection of several separate networks, each with different topologies, in the provision of telephony connections.
The present document applies to:
• national and international networks;
• Digital Networks and Integrated Digital Networks (i.e. networks where the only analogue component may be
the local loop).
The present document applies in the cases where the telephony service is:
• contracted between the network operator and the customer/end user; and
• contracted through a service provider.
It applies where:
• the caller pays for the call;
• the recipient pays for the call (e.g. the 800 service); or
• the cost of the call is shared by the caller and the recipient.
The present document does not apply to any segment of calls where either the calling or called terminal is a mobile
"terminating network".
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-V ETSI/EG 202 086 V2.0.0:2009
6 ETSI EG 202 086 V2.0.0 (2008-07)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[1] ITU-T Recommendation G.113 (1996): "Transmission impairments".
[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.114 (1996): "One -way transmission time".
[3] ITU-T Recommendation G.126 (1993): "Listener echo in telephone networks".
[4] ITU-T Recommendation G.131 (1996): "Control of talker echo".
[5] ITU-T Recommendation G.168 (1997): "Digital network echo cancellers".
[6] ITU-T Recommendation G.175 (1997): "Transmission planning for private/public network
interconnection of voice traffic".
[7] ITU-T Recommendation G.711 (1988): "Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies".
[8] ITU-T Recommendation G.821 (1996): "Error performance of an international digital connection
operating at a bit rate below the primary rate and forming part of an integrated services digital
network".
[9] ITU-T Recommendation G.822 (1988): "Controlled slip rate objectives on an international digital
connection".
[10] ITU-T Recommendation G.826 (1996): "Error performance parameters and objectives for
international, constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate".
[11] ITU-T Recommendat
...
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