oSIST ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022
(Main)Language resource management — Controlled human communication (CHC) — Part 4: Basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines (BSG)
Language resource management — Controlled human communication (CHC) — Part 4: Basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines (BSG)
This document establishes a set of basic writing rules, called “basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines (BSG)”, for writing in English that can be applied to other languages, facilitating communication in each language and from a language to other languages. It includes conceptual writing rules as well as specific grammar ones.
This document is designed to facilitate written communication in English for native and non-native English speakers. It allows English native and non-English native speakers to smoothly communicate through social media or email using English, or to translate into their local language. Furthermore, this document is applicable to the languages of each community. In other words, it aims to promote bi-directional communication between two particular languages.
Titre manque — Partie 4: Titre manque
Upravljanje jezikovnih virov - Nadzorovana človeška komunikacija (CHC) - 4. del: Osnovna načela in metodologija za slogovne smernice
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24620-4
First edition
2023-03
Language resource management —
Controlled human communication
(CHC) —
Part 4:
Basic principles and methodology for
stylistic guidelines (BSG)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Communication humaine
contrôlée (CHC) —
Partie 4: Principes de base et méthodologie pour les lignes directrices
stylistiques
Reference number
ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Methodology — How to apply the rules . 2
6 Steps to create the stylistic guidelines (BSG) . 3
7 Stylistic guidelines rules (BSG) . 3
7.1 Types of rules . 3
7.2 Sentence length . 4
7.3 Paragraph . 5
7.4 Construction . 8
7.5 Modification . 10
7.6 Vocabulary. 12
7.7 Others . 15
7.7.1 General .15
7.7.2 Style. 16
7.7.3 Tone . 17
Annex A (informative) Difficulties and matters to be solved in communication .18
Bibliography .21
iii
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24620 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
Introduction
It can be generally understood that English has evolved into the representative international common
language, i.e. lingua franca. When browsing the internet, people can find many English sites. According
[6]
to an estimation made by W3Techs in 2022 , English is used by 60,4 % of all the websites whose content
[3]
language is known. ASD-STE100 , one of the representative controlled English rule sets, has been
downloaded by 71 % non-English-native-speaking countries compared with 29 % English-speaking
[4]
countries . This is natural considering communication methods with other countries. Currently,
people generally communicate with other people in non-English speaking countries by using English
via the internet, email and social media. Therefore, it is necessary to make the communication tool
(i.e. English) more understandable and translatable. This document provides guidelines for non-native
English speakers to write English in an easy-to-understand manner, not just native English speakers.
At the same time, almost one-third of internet sites (39,6 %) are written in languages other than English
[6]
according to the W3Techs report . People should use plain, concise and understandable language
because so many of their counterparts are not good at English and stick to their own language. By
making the language as plain as possible, these counterparts will be able to understand it, and they
will be able to apply it to machine translation. As a result, people can find that they need two languages:
English and their own language. In order to facilitate communication worldwide, it is necessary for
people to make English and their own language plain, comprehensible and easily translatable, i.e. to
make languages bi-directionally accessible.
In addition, in some countries, there is an active movement to improve the language itself so that it
can be communicated in an easy-to-understand and non-misunderstood manner in order to promote
[5] [3]
communication. Typical examples are plain languages and ASD-STE100 . Both have a long history,
[3]
especially ASD-STE100 , which was first released in 1983. In addition, plain languages have evolved
into the languages of various countries, not just English. In the future, it could be helpful to have writing
[3]
rules that cover both plain languages and ASD-STE100 across the board.
It is possible that the writing rules of this document overlap with the rules of plain languages and
[3]
controlled languages (such as ASD-STE100 ), but it also includes other detailed rules. This is to be able
to address various languages in detail. The writing rules are not based solely on one language, as is the
traditional practice, but instead by comparing English with a linguistically different language such as
Japanese.
Writing using this document can facilitate communication around the world by writing original text
that is easy for the readers to understand and by improving the quality of machine-translated output
text.
v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
Language resource management — Controlled human
communication (CHC) —
Part 4:
Basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines
(BSG)
1 Scope
This document establishes a set of basic writing rules, called “basic principles and methodology for
stylistic guidelines (BSG)”, for writing in English that can be applied to other languages, facilitating
communication in each language and from a language to other languages. It includes conceptual writing
rules as well as specific grammar ones.
This document is designed to facilitate written communication in English for native and non-native
English speakers. It allows English native and non-English native speakers to smoothly communicate
through social media or email using English, or to translate into their local language. Furthermore,
this document is applicable to the languages of each community. In other words, it aims to promote bi-
directional communication between two particular languages.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines
BSG
guidelines specifying common writing rules applicable to many languages
3.2
technical communication
process of defining and creating information for use to be delivered as information products for the
safe, effective, and efficient use of a supported product throughout its life cycle
1)
[SOURCE: ISO 24183:— , 3.1.1, modified — Notes 1 to 3 to entry deleted.]
3.3
plain language
communication in which wording, structure and design are so clear that the intended readers can easily
— find what they need,
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 24183:2022.
1
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
— understand what they find, and
— use that information
[SOURCE: ISO 24495-1:2023, 3.1]
3.4
controlled language
language restricting the grammar and vocabulary used, to reduce ambiguity and complexity and to
help people to understand the content
3.5
keyword
word or phrase used to describe the main content (nouns and verbs) of a document in a consistent
manner
3.6
part of speech
category to which a word is classified according to each syntactic function
EXAMPLE Noun, verb, adjective.
3.7
internationalization
process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple languages and cultural conventions
without the need for re-design
Note 1 to entry: Internationalization takes place at the level of programme design and document development.
[7]
[SOURCE: Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) ]
3.8
localization
process of taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale
(country/region and language) where it will be used and sold
Note 1 to entry: The term derives from “locale”: a place where something particular happens or is done.
Translation (T9n) is one of the activities in localization.
[7]
[SOURCE: Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) ]
4 Principle
Since there are many common factors and rules among languages, it is possible to create a set of writing
rules that is applicable to many different languages.
5 Methodology — How to apply the rules
The task of simplifying language can be divided into two groups: sentences and words. Sentences are
involved in syntactic and grammatical issues, which can be applicable to all languages. On the other
hand, since words (or vocabulary) heavily depend on the language of each country, it is difficult to find
and apply common rules.
The BSG given in this document concentrate on simplifying language by sentences, including clauses
and phrases. Any difficulties related to writing sentences can be solved by applying the 3C rules in
technical writing and technical communication: clear, correct and concise:
— clearly showing the sentence structure and not making the structure complicated;
— writing in statements of fact, and distinguishing between facts and opinions;
2
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
— giving simple and concise expressions.
The 3C rules are applicable to any language, and are used in many writing guidelines for plain languages
and controlled languages.
BSG in one language can be created immediately by applying this English version to that language.
Some grammatical or syntactic ingenuity can be required.
6 Steps to create the stylistic guidelines (BSG)
There are two necessary phases to complete BSG: internationalization and localization. Figure 1 shows
and explains the relation of the two concepts.
Key
A globalization (G11n)
B internationalization (I18n) or generalization
C localization (L10n)
D translation (T9n)
E simultaneous shipment
Figure 1 — Terms used in globalization
Based on the BSG rules (in English), create language rules corresponding to each of the English rules. To
do this, an idea of internationalization is necessary to find similarities in languages to make them more
generalized, rather than finding differences.
After internationalization, the production stage moves to the language-specific matters: localization.
A dictionary specific to the language selected, including the approved words and deprecated words,
can be necessary (“vocabulary control”). The dictionary should be created for each language to make
effective use of this rule set. However, creating a dictionary is not mandatory. If it is too time-consuming
to create a dictionary, starting with just the writing rules is possible.
7 Stylistic guidelines rules (BSG)
7.1 Types of rules
This clause provides the 55 BSG rules, which comprise 8 sentence-length rules (see 7.2), 8 paragraph
rules (see 7.3), 14 construction rules (see 7.4), 6 modification rules (see 7.5), 12 vocabulary rules (see
7.6) and 7 other rules (see 7.7).
3
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
7.2 Sentence length
7.2.1 BSG Rule 1.1: Write in short and concise sentences.
EXAMPLE
No: When the Control application of the inspection system is started up, the IS screen is displayed for checking
and setting the data necessary for detailed inspection, such as program, default values and functions.
(33 words)
Yes: When you start the Control application of the inspection system, the IS screen is displayed. (15 words)
You can use the IS screen to check and set the data necessary for detailed inspection, such as program,
default values and functions. (23 words)
NOTE See Rule 1.2 (7.2.2) for identifying essential information. See Rule 3.13 (7.4.3) for the order of
sentences.
7.2.2 BSG Rule 1.2: Divide essential information from ancillary information. Write the essential
information first.
EXAMPLE
No: The research laboratory, located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and famous for its unique
management policy, has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the neural
medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (42 words)
Yes: The research laboratory has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function. (11 words) The function
is usually seen in the neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (17
words) The laboratory is located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and is famous for its unique
management policy. (21 words)
The information enclosed by commas (underlined text) in the “No” sentence in the Example is ancillary,
not-essential information. Place the ancillary information in separate sentences after the sentence with
the essential information.
NOTE See Rule 3.13 (7.4.3) for the order of sentences.
7.2.3 BSG Rule 1.3: Divide a compound sentence that does not share subjects and predicates.
EXAMPLE
No: Press the SHIFT button and then the device automatically detects the difference.
Yes: Press the SHIFT button. The device automatically detects the difference.
7.2.4 BSG Rule 1.4: Divide a sentence with complicated nested constructions into simple sentences
with a clear structure.
EXAMPLE
No: When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is recorded if the operation is in the Lock mode.
Yes: The operation is engaged in the Lock mode. When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is
recorded.
4
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
7.2.5 BSG Rule 1.5: Separate overlong modification(s).
EXAMPLE
No: ABC research laboratory has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the
neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (25 words)
Yes: ABC research laboratory has developed a device. The device has a self-diagnosis function, and it is
usually seen in the neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence.
7.2.6 BSG Rule 1.6: Separate a lengthy adnominal (attributive) clause from the subject.
EXAMPLE
No: The intranet Q&A site that facilitates knowledge sharing and communication among employees has been
established.
Yes: The intranet Q&A site has been established. The site facilitates knowledge sharing and communication
among employees.
We have established the intranet Q&A site.
7.2.7 BSG Rule 1.7: Use a complete sentence to introduce lists.
EXAMPLE
No: In addition to invoking, managing, and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can
— customize windows,
— manage libraries and files, and
— search text.
Yes: In addition to invoking, managing, and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can be used as follows:
— to customize windows;
— to manage libraries and files;
— to search text.
7.2.8 BSG Rule 1.8: Avoid interruptions in the middle of a sentence.
EXAMPLE
No: To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add
libname _saswa ;
to your autoexec.sas file.
Yes: To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add the following statement to your autoexec.sas file:
libname _saswa ;
SOURCE: Reference [8].
7.3 Paragraph
7.3.1 BSG Rule 2.1: Destructure a long sentence into a group of short sentences. Use 20 words for an
instruction and 25 words for a description.
EXAMPLE 1
No: If you want to set up an ideal environment during an example creation operation, especially a graphic
example creation operation, or a file editing operation, especially graphic file editing operation, or a data
saving operation, especially graphic data saving operation, click “Environment” twice to execute the gen-
eration. (47 words)
5
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
Yes: If you want to set up an ideal environment, click “Environment” twice to execute the generation during the
following operations: (20 words)
— an example creation operation (especially a graphic one); (8 words)
— a file editing operation (especially a graphic one); (8 words)
— a data saving operation (especially a graphic one). (8 words)
EXAMPLE 2
No: After you have removed the electrical power from the system, make sure that the refueling panel
switches go back to their normal position. (23 words)
Yes: Remove the electrical power from the system. (7 words) Make sure that the refueling panel switches go
back to their correct position. (13 words)
[3]
SOURCE: ASD-STE100.
7.3.2 BSG Rule 2.2: Include only one topic or task per sentence.
If two or more topics or tasks are included in one sentence, it is possible that readers will not able to
understand the meaning and will be confused.
NOTE One word, one meaning; one sentence, one meaning/topic; one paragraph, one topic: these are well-
known basic concepts for good writing.
EXAMPLE
No: Set the TEST switch to the middle position and then release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch.
Yes: Set the TEST switch to the middle position.
Release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch.
[3]
SOURCE: ASD-STE100.
7.3.3 BSG Rule 2.3: Include only one topic per paragraph.
Do not include two or more topics in one paragraph. A strong paragraph is structured with one topic
sentence and other sentences that support the topic.
EXAMPLE
No: For an instructional information, an active voice sentence clearly tells who should carry out the action.
To make a precaution message effective, you should show the consequences of the potential risks to
the user. The passive voice focuses on the result since the object in an active voice sentence is dealt as
the subject. On the contrary, the active voice lets the reader to follow the instructions. If an imperative
sentence is used for an instruction, an English native speaker feels more directly addressed.
The example paragraph shown above is difficult to read and grasp. The causes are as follows:
— the paragraph includes several topics (actually four topics);
— keywords for each topic are shown without any threads (mutual relation is not apparent);
— there is no relation between the sentences, i.e. no logic flow.
7.3.4 BSG Rule 2.4: Lead from known information to unknown information.
EXAMPLE 1
No: A stabilizer is provided on the machine to stabilize the main unit.
Yes: The main unit of the machine is equipped with a stabilizer.
6
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
EXAMPLE 2
No: The Synchronization button is provided with Footswitch to keep the timing close to each cycle.
Yes: Footswitch is equipped with the Synchronization button to keep the timing close to each cycle.
7.3.5 BSG Rule 2.5: Use consistent keywords and terms to avoid unnecessary synonyms and similar
phrases.
EXAMPLE
No: The type of data shown in the screen can differ depending on the sort of data you select in the display.
Yes: The type of data shown in the screen can differ depending on the data you select in the screen.
7.3.6 BSG Rule 2.6: Show things in parallel grammatical form if they are parallel.
EXAMPLE 1
No: A positive result will be got in the normal operation while you get a negative result in the reverse opera-
tion.
Yes: You get a positive result in the normal operation while you get a negative result in the reverse operation.
If two or more ideas are parallel, they are easier to grasp when expressed in parallel grammatical form.
[9]
Single words should be balanced with single words, phrases with phrases, clauses with clauses.
EXAMPLE 2
No: See page 28 for information on selecting an appropriate number and to structure the utility
configuration.
Yes: See page 28 for information on how to select an appropriate number and how to structure the utility
configuration.
EXAMPLE 3
No: You cannot use the Edit function to change the designated file, set up the Utility or protect the data.
Yes: You cannot use the Edit function to change the designated file, to set up the Utility or to protect the data.
EXAMPLE 4
No: You can enjoy the following merits derived from the membership system of your shop:
— listing direct mail addresses;
— to obtain credibility for your shop;
— you can grasp buying trends;
— increase the number of participants for your events.
Yes: You can enjoy the following merits derived from the membership system of your shop:
— listing direct mail addresses;
— obtaining credibility for your shop;
— grasping buying trends;
— increasing the number of participants for your events.
7.3.7 BSG Rule 2.7: Use transitions (connective words) effectively.
EXAMPLE
No: These safety precautions are the minimum necessary for work in a fuel tank. The local regulations can
make other safety precautions necessary.
Yes: These safety precautions are the minimum necessary for work in a fuel tank. But local regulations can
make other safety precautions necessary.
7
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
7.3.8 BSG Rule 2.8: Use the itemization technique to show items in parallel.
EXAMPLE
No: To get an optimum effect, you should not add any additive agents to gas. You should use high quality gas
with a purity of 98 % or more. Do not use heavy oil or light oil. You should not use biofuels. Also, you should
avoid using any catalytic agents.
Yes: To get an optimum effect, you should use high quality gas with a purity of 98 % or more, and you should
not do the following:
— add any additive agents to gas;
— use heavy oil or light oil;
— use biofuels; or
— use any catalytic agents.
7.4 Construction
7.4.1 BSG Rule 3.1: Use juxtapositional clauses no more than twice in a sentence.
Similar to Rule 2.8, itemize juxtapositional clauses to show the information clearly.
EXAMPLE
No: The alert icon indicates that an error is detected in the program, a miscalculation is done in the MPU, or a
misinterpretation is found in the sub-set.
Yes: The alert icon indicates one of the following:
— an error is detected in the program;
— a miscalculation is done in the MPU; or
— a misinterpretation is found in the sub-set.
7.4.2 BSG Rule 3.2: Do not use many words to create a compound noun phrase by using the
preposition “of”. The maximum is three words.
EXAMPLE
No: General Assembly Meeting of the Network of Associations of Local Authorities of Japan
Yes: General Assembly Meeting held by the Network of Associations of Local Authorities in Japan
7.4.3 BSG Rule 3.3: Do not frequently use the preposition “with.” If necessary, paraphrase it (to mean
“accompanied by”).
EXAMPLE
No: Install the panel with the green fasteners.
Yes: Install the panel that has green fasteners.
Install the panel together with the green fasteners.
Use the green fasteners to install the panel.
[3]
SOURCE: ASD-STE100.
7.4.4 BSG Rule 3.4: Do not mix the conjunctions AND and OR (e.g. A and B or C).
EXAMPLE
No: Oxygen and oil or grease make an explosive mixture.
Yes: Oxygen with oil or grease makes an explosive mixture.
A and B or C: It is not clear whether this means “A and B” or “A and C” or “(A and B) or C”.
8
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ISO 24620-4:2023(E)
7.4.5 BSG Rule 3.5: Show the end of the term clearly (use more specific word or add a comment, if
necessary).
EXAMPLE
No: The shop will be closed from 29 D
...
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Date: 2022-09-1311-22
ISO TC 37/SC 4/WG 5
Secretariat: KATS
Language resource management — Controlled human
communication (CHC) — Part 4: Basic principles and methodology
for stylistic guidelines (BSG)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of
this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the
country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Contents
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Methodology — How to apply the rules . 3
6 Steps to create the stylistic guidelines (BSG) . 3
7 Stylistic guidelines rules (BSG) . 5
7.1 Types of rules . 5
7.2 Sentence length . 5
7.3 Paragraph . 7
7.4 Construction . 11
7.5 Modification . 14
7.6 Terminology . 15
7.7 Others. 19
7.7.1 General . 19
7.7.2 Style . 20
7.7.3 Tone . 21
Annex A (informative) Difficulties and matters to be solved in communication . 23
Bibliography . 26
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24620 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Introduction
It can be generally understood that English has evolved into the representative international common
language, i.e. lingua franca. When browsing the internet, people can find many English sites. According to
[3] [5]
an estimation made by W3Techs (2018), in 2022 , English sites enjoy a considerable share (52is used
[4][2]
by 60,4 %) on% of all the internet.websites whose content language is known. ASD-STE100, , one of
the representative controlled English rule sets, has been downloaded by 71 % non-English-native-
[3]
speaking countries compared with 29 % English-speaking countries [ASD-STE100, 2022]). . This is
natural considering communication methods with other countries. Currently, people generally
communicate with other people in non-English speaking countries by using English via the internet, email
and social media. Therefore, it is necessary to make the communication tool (i.e. English) more
understandable and translatable. It would be nice if there wereThis document provides guidelines for
non-native English speakers to write English in an easy-to-understand manner, not just native English
speakers.
At the same time, almost half of internet sites (47,6 %) are written in languages other than English
[5]
according to the W3Techs report. . People should use plain, concise, and understandable language
because so many of their counterparts are not good at English and stick to their own language. By making
the language as plain as possible, yourthese counterparts will be able to understand it, and they will be
able to apply it to machine translation. As a result, people can find that they need two languages: English
and their own language. In order to facilitate communication worldwide, it is necessary for people to
make English and their own language plain, comprehensible, and easily translatable, i.e. to make
languages bi-directionally accessible.
While at the same timeIn addition, in some countries, there is an active movement to improve the
language itself so that it can be communicated in an easy-to-understand and non-misunderstood manner
[2[4] [2]
in order to promote communication. Typical examples are Plainplain languages and ASD-STE100. .
[2]
Both have a long history, especially ASD-STE100, , which has a history of more than 50 years.was first
released in 1983. In addition, Plainplain languages have evolved into the languages of various countries,
not just English. It would In the future, it could be nice if there werehelpful to have writing rules that
[2]
could cover Plainboth plain languages and ASD-STE100 across the board.
It is possible that the writing rules of this document overlap with the rules of plain languages and
[2]
controlled languages (such as ASD-STE100 ), but it also includes other detailed rules. This is to be able
to address various languages in detail. The writing rules are not based solely on one language, as is the
traditional practice, but instead by comparing English with a linguistically different language such as
Japanese.
Writing using this document can facilitate communication around the world by writing original text that
is easy for the readers to understand and by improving the quality of machine-translated output text.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Language resource management — Controlled human
communication (CHC) — Part 4: Basic principles and methodology
for stylistic guidelines (BSG)
1 Scope
This document establishes a set of basic writing rules, called “Basicbasic principles and methodology for
stylistic guidelines (BSG)”, in English that can be applied to other languages, facilitating communication
in each language and a language to other languages. It includes conceptual writing rules as well as specific
grammar ones.
This standarddocument is designed to facilitate written communication in English for native and non-
native English speakers. It allows English native and non-English native speakers to smoothly
communicate through social media or email using English, or to translate into their local language.
Furthermore, this standard will be valid fordocument is applicable to the languages of each community.
In other words, it aims to promote bi-directional communication between two particular languages.
The writing rules of this standard may overlap with the ones of Plain languages and controlled languages
(such as ASD-STE100), but there are many other detailed rules as well. This is to be able to handle various
languages in detail. The writing rules are not based solely on European languages, as is the traditional
practice, but rather by comparing English, which is one of the European languages, with a language that
is linguistically far from European languages. This is an unprecedented new attempt.
Writing using this standard can facilitate communication around the world by writing original text that
is easy for the readers to understand and by improving the quality of machine-translated output text.
42 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
53 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines
BSG
guidelines specifying common writing rules applicable to many languages
3.2
technical communication
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
process of gathering information and developing and presenting technical content to a target audience in
a usable form process of defining, and creating and deliveringinformation for use to be delivered as
information products for the safe, effective, and efficient and effective use of productsa supported product
throughout its life cycle
1
[SOURCE: ISO 24183:— , 3.1.1], modified — Notes 1 to 3 to entry deleted.]
3.3
plain languages
a communication is in plain language if itswhich wording, structure, and design are so clear that the
intended readers can easily
— find what they need,
— understand what they find, and
— use that information.
2 [4]
[SOURCE: International Plain Language Federation— ] ]
3.4
controlled languages
language restricting the grammar and vocabulary used, to reduce ambiguity and complexity and to help
people to understand the content
3.5
keyword
word or phrase used to describe the main content (nouns and verbs) of a document in a consistent
manner
3.6
part of speech
category to which a word is classified according to each syntactic function
EXAMPLE Noun, verb, adjective.
3.7
internationalization (I18n)
process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple languages and cultural conventions
without the need for re-design. Internationalization takes place at the level of programme design and
[5]
document development.” (LISA )
Note 1 to entry: Internationalization takes place at the level of programme design and document development.
[6]
[SOURCE: Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) ]
3.8
localization (L10n)
1
Under preparation.
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
process of taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale
(country/region and language) where it will be used and sold.
Note 1 to entry: The term derives from “locale”: a place where something particular happens or is done. Translation
[5]
(T9n) is one of the activities in Localization.” (LISA )localization.
[6]
[SOURCE: Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) ]
64 Principle
Since there are many common factors and rules among languages, it is possible to create a set of writing
rules that is applicable to many different languages.
75 Methodology — How to apply the rules
The task of simplifying language can be divided into two groups: sentences and words. Sentences are
involved in syntactic and grammatical issues, which can be applicable to all languages. On the other hand,
since words (or vocabulary) heavily depend on the language of each country, it is difficult to find and
apply common rules.
The BSG given in this document concentrate on simplifying language by sentences, including clauses and
phrases. Any difficulties related to writing sentences can be solved by applying the 3C rules in technical
writing and technical communication: clear, correct and concise:
— clearly showing the sentence structure and not making the structure complicated;
— writing in statements of fact, and distinguishing between facts and opinions;
— giving simple and concise expressions.
The 3C rules are applicable to any language, and are used in many writing guidelines for plain languages
and controlled languages.
BSG in one language can be created immediately by applying this English version to that language. Some
grammatical or syntactic ingenuity can be required.
86 Steps to create the stylistic guidelines (BSG)
There are two necessary phases to complete BSG: internationalization and localization. Figure 1 shows
and explains the relation of the two concepts.
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
A
E
C
B
D
Fig 1: Terms used in Globalization
A: Globalization (G11n)
B: Internationalization (I18n) or Generalization
C: Localization (L10n)
D: Translation (T9n)
E: Simultaneous Shipment
Key
A globalization (G11n)
B internationalization (I18n) or generalization
C localization (L10n)
D translation (T9n)
E simultaneous shipment
Figure 1 — Terms used in globalization
Based on the BSG rules (in English), create language rules corresponding to each of the English rules. To
do this, an idea of internationalization is necessary to find similarities in languages to make them more
generalized, rather than finding differences.
After internationalization, the production stage moves to the language-specific matters: localization. A
dictionary specific to the language selected, including the approved words and deprecated words, can be
necessary (“vocabulary control”). The dictionary should be created for each language to make effective
use of this rule set. However, creating a dictionary is not mandatory. If it is too time-consuming to create
a dictionary, starting with just the writing rules is possible.
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
97 Stylistic guidelines rules (BSG)
9.17.1 Types of rules
This clause provides the 55 BSG rules, which comprise 8 sentence-length rules (see 7.2), 8 paragraph
rules (see 7.3), 14 construction rules (see 7.4), 6 modification rules (see 7.5), 12 terminology rules (see
7.6), and 7 other rules (see 7.7).
9.27.2 Sentence length
7.2.1 BSG Rule 1.1: Write in short and concise sentences.
EXAMPLE
No: When the Control application of the inspection system is started up, the IS screen is displayed for
checking and setting the data necessary for detailed inspection, such as program, default values, and
functions. (33 words)
Yes: When you start the Control application of the inspection system, the IS screen is displayed. (15 words)
You can use the IS screen to check and set the data necessary for detailed inspection, such as program,
default values, and functions. (23 words)
NOTE See Rule 1.2 (7.2.2) for identifying essential information. See Rule 3.13 (7.4.3) for the order of sentences.
7.2.2 BSG Rule 1.2: Divide essential information from ancillary information. Write the essential
information first.
EXAMPLE
No: The research laboratory, located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and famous for its unique
management policy, has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the neural
medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (42 words)
Yes: The research laboratory has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function. (11 words) The function
is usually seen in the neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (17
words) The laboratory is located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and is famous for its unique
management policy. (21 words)
The information enclosed by commas (underlined text) in the “No” sentence in the Example is ancillary,
not-essential information. Place the ancillary information in separate sentences after the sentence with
the essential information.
NOTE See Rule 3.13 (7.434.3) for the order of sentences.
7.2.3 BSG Rule 1.3: Divide a compound sentence that does not share subjects and predicates.
EXAMPLE
No: Press the SHIFT button and then the device automatically detects the difference.
Yes: Press the SHIFT button. The device automatically detects the difference.
7.2.4 BSG Rule 1.4: Divide a sentence with complicated nested constructions into simple sentences
with a clear structure.
EXAMPLE
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
No: When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is recorded if the operation is in the Lock mode.
Yes: The operation is engaged in the Lock mode. When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is
recorded.
7.2.5 BSG Rule 1.5: Separate overlong modification(s).
EXAMPLE
No: ABC research laboratory has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the
neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (25 words)
Yes: ABC research laboratory has developed a device. The device has a self-diagnosis function, and it is
usually seen in the neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence.
7.2.6 BSG Rule 1.6: Separate a lengthy adnominal (attributive) clause from the subject.
EXAMPLE
No: The intranet Q&A site that facilitates knowledge sharing and communication among employees has been
established.
Yes: The intranet Q&A site has been established. The site facilitates knowledge sharing and communication
among employees.
We have established the intranet Q&A site.
7.2.7 BSG Rule 1.7: Use a complete sentence to introduce lists.
EXAMPLE
No: In addition to invoking, managing and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can
— customize windows,
— manage libraries and files, and
— search text.
Yes: In addition to invoking, managing and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can be used as
follows:
— to customize windows;
— to manage libraries and files;
— to search text.
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
7.2.8 BSG Rule 1.8: Avoid interruptions in the middle of a sentence.
EXAMPLE
No: To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add
libname _saswa ;
to your autoexec.sas file.
Yes: To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add the following statement to your autoexec.sas
file:
libname _saswa ;
SOURCE: Reference [67].
9.57.3 Paragraph
7.3.1 BSG Rule 2.1: Destructure a long sentence into a group of short sentences. Use 20 words for an
instruction and 25 words for a description.
EXAMPLE 1
No: If you want to set up an ideal environment during an example creation operation, especially a graphic
example creation operation, or a file editing operation, especially graphic file editing operation, or a data
saving operation, especially graphic data saving operation, click “Environment” twice to execute the
generation. (47 words)
Yes: If you want to set up an ideal environment, click “Environment” twice to execute the generation during
the following operations: (20 words)
— an example creation operation (especially a graphic one); (8 words)
— a file editing operation (especially a graphic one); (8 words)
— a data saving operation (especially a graphic one). (8 words)
EXAMPLE 2
No: After you have removed the electrical power from the system, make sure that the refueling panel
switches go back to their normal position. (23 words)
Yes: Remove the electrical power from the system. (7 words) Make sure that the refueling panel switches go
back to their correct position. (13 words)
[32]
SOURCE: ASD-STE100.
7.3.2 BSG Rule 2.2: Include only one topic or task per sentence.
If two or more topics or tasks are included in one sentence, it is possible that readers will not able to
understand the meaning and will be confused.
NOTE One word, one meaning; one sentence, one meaning/topic; one paragraph, one topic: these are well-known
basic concepts for good writing.
EXAMPLE
No: Set the TEST switch to the middle position and then release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch.
Yes: Set the TEST switch to the middle position.
Release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch.
[32]
SOURCE: ASD-STE100.
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
7.3.3 BSG Rule 2.3: Include only one topic per paragraph.
Do not include two or more topics in one paragraph. A strong paragraph is structured with one topic
sentence and other sentences that support the topic.
EXAMPLE
No: For an instructional information, an active voice sentence clearly tells who should carry out the action.
To make a precaution message effective, you should show the consequences of the potential risks to the
user. The passive voice focuses on the result since the object in an active voice sentence is dealt as the
subject. On the contrary, the active voice lets the reader to follow the instructions. If an imperative
sentence is used for an instruction, an English native speaker feels more directly addressed.
The example paragraph shown above is difficult to read and grasp. The causes are as follows:
— the paragraph includes several topics (actually four topics);
— keywords for each topic are shown without any threads (mutual relation is not apparent);
— there is no relation between the sentences , i.e. no logic flow.
7.3.4 BSG Rule 2.4: Lead from known information to unknown information.
EXAMPLE 1
No: A stabilizer is provided on the machine to stabilize the main unit.
Yes: The main unit of the machine is equipped with a stabilizer.
EXAMPLE 2
No: The Synchronization button is provided with Footswitch to keep the timing close to each cycle.
Yes: Footswitch is equipped with the Synchronization button to keep the timing close to each cycle.
7.3.5 BSG Rule 2.5: Use consistent keywords and terms to avoid unnecessary synonyms and similar
phrases.
EXAMPLE
No: The type of data shown in the screen can differ depending on the sort of data you select in the display.
Yes: The type of data shown in the screen can differ depending on the data you select in the screen.
7.3.6 BSG Rule 2.6: Show things in parallel grammatical form if they are parallel.
EXAMPLE 1
No: A positive result will be got in the normal operation while you get a negative result in the reverse
operation.
Yes: You get a positive result in the normal operation while you get a negative result in the reverse operation.
If two or more ideas are parallel, they are easier to grasp when expressed in parallel grammatical form.
Single words should be balanced with single words, phrases with phrases, clauses with clauses. (A
[7] [8]
Writer’s Reference [Diana Hacker] ).
EXAMPLE 2
No: See page 28 for information on selecting an appropriate number and to structure the utility
configuration.
Yes: See page 28 for information on how to select an appropriate number and how to structure the utility
configuration.
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
EXAMPLE 3
No: You cannot use the Edit function to change the designated file, set up the Utility or protect the data.
Yes: You cannot use the Edit function to change the designated file, to set up the Utility or to protect the data.
EXAMPLE 4
No: You can enjoy the following merits derived from the membership system of your shop:
— listing direct mail addresses;
— to obtain credibility for your shop;
— you can grasp buying trends;
— increase the number of participants for your events.
Yes: You can enjoy the following merits derived from the membership system of your shop:
— listing direct mail addresses;
— obtaining credibility for your shop;
— grasping buying trends;
— increasing the number of participants for your events.
7.3.7 BSG Rule 2.7: Use transitions (connective words) effectively.
EXAMPLE
No: These safety precautions are the minimum necessary for work in a fuel tank. The local regulations can
make other safety precautions necessary.
Yes: These safety precautions are the minimum necessary for work in a fuel tank. But local regulations can
make other safety precautions necessary.
7.3.8 BSG Rule 2.8: Use the itemization technique to show items in parallel.
EXAMPLE
No: To get an optimum effect, you should not add any additive agents to gas. You should use high quality gas
with a purity of 98 % or more. Do not use heavy oil or light oil. You should not use biofuels. Also, you
should avoid using any catalytic agents.
Yes: To get an optimum effect, you should use high quality gas with a purity of 98 % or more, and you should
not do the following:
— add any additive agents to gas;
— use heavy oil or light oil;
— use biofuels; or
— use any catalytic agents.
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
9.67.4 Construction
7.4.1 BSG Rule 3.1: Use juxtapositional clauses no more than twice in a sentence.
Similar to Rule 2.8, itemize juxtapositional clauses to show the information clearly.
EXAMPLE
No: The alert icon indicates that an error is detected in the program, a miscalculation is done in the MPU, or a
misinterpretation is found in the sub-set.
Yes: The alert icon indicates one of the following:
— an error is detected in the program;
— a miscalculation is done in the MPU; or
— a misinterpretation is found in the sub-set.
7.4.2 BSG Rule 3.2: Do not use many words to create a compound noun phrase by using the preposition
“of”. The maximum is three words.
EXAMPLE
No: General Assembly Meeting of the Network of Associations of Local Authorities of Japan
Yes:
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 24620-4
ISO/TC 37/SC 4
Language resource management —
Secretariat: KATS
Controlled human communication
Voting begins on:
2022-12-06 (CHC) —
Voting terminates on:
Part 4:
2023-01-31
Basic principles and methodology for
stylistic guidelines (BSG)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 24620-4
ISO/TC 37/SC 4
Language resource management —
Secretariat: KATS
Controlled human communication
Voting begins on:
(CHC) —
Voting terminates on:
Part 4:
Basic principles and methodology for
stylistic guidelines (BSG)
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ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Methodology — How to apply the rules . 2
6 Steps to create the stylistic guidelines (BSG) . 3
7 Stylistic guidelines rules (BSG) . 3
7.1 Types of rules . 3
7.2 Sentence length . 4
7.3 Paragraph . 5
7.4 Construction . 8
7.5 Modification . 10
7.6 Terminology .12
7.7 Others . 14
7.7.1 General . 14
7.7.2 Style. 16
7.7.3 Tone . 16
Annex A (informative) Difficulties and matters to be solved in communication .18
Bibliography .21
iii
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24620 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
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ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Introduction
It can be generally understood that English has evolved into the representative international common
language, i.e. lingua franca. When browsing the internet, people can find many English sites. According
[5]
to an estimation made by W3Techs in 2022 , English is used by 60,4 % of all the websites whose content
[2]
language is known. ASD-STE100 , one of the representative controlled English rule sets, has been
downloaded by 71 % non-English-native-speaking countries compared with 29 % English-speaking
[3]
countries . This is natural considering communication methods with other countries. Currently,
people generally communicate with other people in non-English speaking countries by using English
via the internet, email and social media. Therefore, it is necessary to make the communication tool
(i.e. English) more understandable and translatable. This document provides guidelines for non-native
English speakers to write English in an easy-to-understand manner, not just native English speakers.
At the same time, almost half of internet sites (47,6 %) are written in languages other than English
[5]
according to the W3Techs report . People should use plain, concise and understandable language
because so many of their counterparts are not good at English and stick to their own language. By
making the language as plain as possible, these counterparts will be able to understand it, and they
will be able to apply it to machine translation. As a result, people can find that they need two languages:
English and their own language. In order to facilitate communication worldwide, it is necessary for
people to make English and their own language plain, comprehensible and easily translatable, i.e. to
make languages bi-directionally accessible.
In addition, in some countries, there is an active movement to improve the language itself so that it
can be communicated in an easy-to-understand and non-misunderstood manner in order to promote
[4] [2]
communication. Typical examples are plain languages and ASD-STE100 . Both have a long history,
[2]
especially ASD-STE100 , which was first released in 1983. In addition, plain languages have evolved
into the languages of various countries, not just English. In the future, it could be helpful to have writing
[2]
rules that cover both plain languages and ASD-STE100 across the board.
It is possible that the writing rules of this document overlap with the rules of plain languages and
[2]
controlled languages (such as ASD-STE100 ), but it also includes other detailed rules. This is to be able
to address various languages in detail. The writing rules are not based solely on one language, as is the
traditional practice, but instead by comparing English with a linguistically different language such as
Japanese.
Writing using this document can facilitate communication around the world by writing original text
that is easy for the readers to understand and by improving the quality of machine-translated output
text.
v
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Language resource management — Controlled human
communication (CHC) —
Part 4:
Basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines
(BSG)
1 Scope
This document establishes a set of basic writing rules, called “basic principles and methodology for
stylistic guidelines (BSG)”, in English that can be applied to other languages, facilitating communication
in each language and a language to other languages. It includes conceptual writing rules as well as
specific grammar ones.
This document is designed to facilitate written communication in English for native and non-native
English speakers. It allows English native and non-English native speakers to smoothly communicate
through social media or email using English, or to translate into their local language. Furthermore,
this document is applicable to the languages of each community. In other words, it aims to promote bi-
directional communication between two particular languages.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines
BSG
guidelines specifying common writing rules applicable to many languages
3.2
technical communication
process of defining and creating information for use to be delivered as information products for the
safe, effective, and efficient use of a supported product throughout its life cycle
1)
[SOURCE: ISO 24183:— , 3.1.1, modified — Notes 1 to 3 to entry deleted.]
3.3
plain languages
communication in which wording, structure and design are so clear that the intended readers can easily
— find what they need,
1) Under preparation.
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— understand what they find, and
— use that information
[4]
[SOURCE: International Plain Language Federation ]
3.4
controlled languages
language restricting the grammar and vocabulary used, to reduce ambiguity and complexity and to
help people to understand the content
3.5
keyword
word or phrase used to describe the main content (nouns and verbs) of a document in a consistent
manner
3.6
part of speech
category to which a word is classified according to each syntactic function
EXAMPLE Noun, verb, adjective.
3.7
internationalization
process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple languages and cultural conventions
without the need for re-design
Note 1 to entry: Internationalization takes place at the level of programme design and document development.
[6]
[SOURCE: Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) ]
3.8
localization
process of taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale
(country/region and language) where it will be used and sold
Note 1 to entry: The term derives from “locale”: a place where something particular happens or is done.
Translation (T9n) is one of the activities in localization.
[6]
[SOURCE: Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) ]
4 Principle
Since there are many common factors and rules among languages, it is possible to create a set of writing
rules that is applicable to many different languages.
5 Methodology — How to apply the rules
The task of simplifying language can be divided into two groups: sentences and words. Sentences are
involved in syntactic and grammatical issues, which can be applicable to all languages. On the other
hand, since words (or vocabulary) heavily depend on the language of each country, it is difficult to find
and apply common rules.
The BSG given in this document concentrate on simplifying language by sentences, including clauses
and phrases. Any difficulties related to writing sentences can be solved by applying the 3C rules in
technical writing and technical communication: clear, correct and concise:
— clearly showing the sentence structure and not making the structure complicated;
— writing in statements of fact, and distinguishing between facts and opinions;
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— giving simple and concise expressions.
The 3C rules are applicable to any language, and are used in many writing guidelines for plain languages
and controlled languages.
BSG in one language can be created immediately by applying this English version to that language.
Some grammatical or syntactic ingenuity can be required.
6 Steps to create the stylistic guidelines (BSG)
There are two necessary phases to complete BSG: internationalization and localization. Figure 1 shows
and explains the relation of the two concepts.
Key
A globalization (G11n)
B internationalization (I18n) or generalization
C localization (L10n)
D translation (T9n)
E simultaneous shipment
Figure 1 — Terms used in globalization
Based on the BSG rules (in English), create language rules corresponding to each of the English rules. To
do this, an idea of internationalization is necessary to find similarities in languages to make them more
generalized, rather than finding differences.
After internationalization, the production stage moves to the language-specific matters: localization.
A dictionary specific to the language selected, including the approved words and deprecated words,
can be necessary (“vocabulary control”). The dictionary should be created for each language to make
effective use of this rule set. However, creating a dictionary is not mandatory. If it is too time-consuming
to create a dictionary, starting with just the writing rules is possible.
7 Stylistic guidelines rules (BSG)
7.1 Types of rules
This clause provides the 55 BSG rules, which comprise 8 sentence-length rules (see 7.2), 8 paragraph
rules (see 7.3), 14 construction rules (see 7.4), 6 modification rules (see 7.5), 12 terminology rules (see
7.6) and 7 other rules (see 7.7).
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7.2 Sentence length
7.2.1 BSG Rule 1.1: Write in short and concise sentences.
EXAMPLE
No: When the Control application of the inspection system is started up, the IS screen is displayed for
checking and setting the data necessary for detailed inspection, such as program, default values and
functions. (33 words)
Yes: When you start the Control application of the inspection system, the IS screen is displayed. (15 words)
You can use the IS screen to check and set the data necessary for detailed inspection, such as program,
default values and functions. (23 words)
NOTE See Rule 1.2 (7.2.2) for identifying essential information. See Rule 3.13 (7.4.3) for the order of
sentences.
7.2.2 BSG Rule 1.2: Divide essential information from ancillary information. Write the essential
information first.
EXAMPLE
No: The research laboratory, located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and famous for its unique
management policy, has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the neural
medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (42 words)
Yes: The research laboratory has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function. (11 words) The function
is usually seen in the neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (17
words) The laboratory is located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and is famous for its unique
management policy. (21 words)
The information enclosed by commas (underlined text) in the “No” sentence in the Example is ancillary,
not-essential information. Place the ancillary information in separate sentences after the sentence with
the essential information.
NOTE See Rule 3.13 (7.4.3) for the order of sentences.
7.2.3 BSG Rule 1.3: Divide a compound sentence that does not share subjects and predicates.
EXAMPLE
No: Press the SHIFT button and then the device automatically detects the difference.
Yes: Press the SHIFT button. The device automatically detects the difference.
7.2.4 BSG Rule 1.4: Divide a sentence with complicated nested constructions into simple sentences
with a clear structure.
EXAMPLE
No: When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is recorded if the operation is in the Lock mode.
Yes: The operation is engaged in the Lock mode. When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is
recorded.
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7.2.5 BSG Rule 1.5: Separate overlong modification(s).
EXAMPLE
No: ABC research laboratory has developed a device with a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the
neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (25 words)
Yes: ABC research laboratory has developed a device. The device has a self-diagnosis function, and it is
usually seen in the neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence.
7.2.6 BSG Rule 1.6: Separate a lengthy adnominal (attributive) clause from the subject.
EXAMPLE
No: The intranet Q&A site that facilitates knowledge sharing and communication among employees has been
established.
Yes: The intranet Q&A site has been established. The site facilitates knowledge sharing and communication
among employees.
We have established the intranet Q&A site.
7.2.7 BSG Rule 1.7: Use a complete sentence to introduce lists.
EXAMPLE
No: In addition to invoking, managing and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can
— customize windows,
— manage libraries and files, and
— search text.
Yes: In addition to invoking, managing and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can be used as
follows:
— to customize windows;
— to manage libraries and files;
— to search text.
7.2.8 BSG Rule 1.8: Avoid interruptions in the middle of a sentence.
EXAMPLE
No: To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add
libname _saswa ;
to your autoexec.sas file.
Yes: To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add the following statement to your autoexec.sas
file:
libname _saswa ;
SOURCE: Reference [7].
7.3 Paragraph
7.3.1 BSG Rule 2.1: Destructure a long sentence into a group of short sentences. Use 20 words for an
instruction and 25 words for a description.
EXAMPLE 1
No: If you want to set up an ideal environment during an example creation operation, especially a graphic
example creation operation, or a file editing operation, especially graphic file editing operation, or a data
saving operation, especially graphic data saving operation, click “Environment” twice to execute the
generation. (47 words)
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Yes: If you want to set up an ideal environment, click “Environment” twice to execute the generation during
the following operations: (20 words)
— an example creation operation (especially a graphic one); (8 words)
— a file editing operation (especially a graphic one); (8 words)
— a data saving operation (especially a graphic one). (8 words)
EXAMPLE 2
No: After you have removed the electrical power from the system, make sure that the refueling panel
switches go back to their normal position. (23 words)
Yes: Remove the electrical power from the system. (7 words) Make sure that the refueling panel switches go
back to their correct position. (13 words)
[2]
SOURCE: ASD-STE100.
7.3.2 BSG Rule 2.2: Include only one topic or task per sentence.
If two or more topics or tasks are included in one sentence, it is possible that readers will not able to
understand the meaning and will be confused.
NOTE One word, one meaning; one sentence, one meaning/topic; one paragraph, one topic: these are well-
known basic concepts for good writing.
EXAMPLE
No: Set the TEST switch to the middle position and then release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch.
Yes: Set the TEST switch to the middle position.
Release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch.
[2]
SOURCE: ASD-STE100.
7.3.3 BSG Rule 2.3: Include only one topic per paragraph.
Do not include two or more topics in one paragraph. A strong paragraph is structured with one topic
sentence and other sentences that support the topic.
EXAMPLE
No: For an instructional information, an active voice sentence clearly tells who should carry out the action.
To make a precaution message effective, you should show the consequences of the potential risks to the
user. The passive voice focuses on the result since the object in an active voice sentence is dealt as the
subject. On the contrary, the active voice lets the reader to follow the instructions. If an imperative
sentence is used for an instruction, an English native speaker feels more directly addressed.
The example paragraph shown above is difficult to read and grasp. The causes are as follows:
— the paragraph includes several topics (actually four topics);
— keywords for each topic are shown without any threads (mutual relation is not apparent);
— there is no relation between the sentences, i.e. no logic flow.
7.3.4 BSG Rule 2.4: Lead from known information to unknown information.
EXAMPLE 1
No: A stabilizer is provided on the machine to stabilize the main unit.
Yes: The main unit of the machine is equipped with a stabilizer.
EXAMPLE 2
No: The Synchronization button is provided with Footswitch to keep the timing close to each cycle.
Yes: Footswitch is equipped with the Synchronization button to keep the timing close to each cycle.
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7.3.5 BSG Rule 2.5: Use consistent keywords and terms to avoid unnecessary synonyms and similar
phrases.
EXAMPLE
No: The type of data shown in the screen can differ depending on the sort of data you select in the display.
Yes: The type of data shown in the screen can differ depending on the data you select in the screen.
7.3.6 BSG Rule 2.6: Show things in parallel grammatical form if they are parallel.
EXAMPLE 1
No: A positive result will be got in the normal operation while you get a negative result in the reverse opera-
tion.
Yes: You get a positive result in the normal operation while you get a negative result in the reverse operation.
If two or more ideas are parallel, they are easier to grasp when expressed in parallel grammatical form.
[8]
Single words should be balanced with single words, phrases with phrases, clauses with clauses.
EXAMPLE 2
No: See page 28 for information on selecting an appropriate number and to structure the utility
configuration.
Yes: See page 28 for information on how to select an appropriate number and how to structure the utility
configuration.
EXAMPLE 3
No: You cannot use the Edit function to change the designated file, set up the Utility or protect the data.
Yes: You cannot use the Edit function to change the designated file, to set up the Utility or to protect the data.
EXAMPLE 4
No: You can enjoy the following merits derived from the membership system of your shop:
— listing direct mail addresses;
— to obtain credibility for your shop;
— you can grasp buying trends;
— increase the number of participants for your events.
Yes: You can enjoy the following merits derived from the membership system of your shop:
— listing direct mail addresses;
— obtaining credibility for your shop;
— grasping buying trends;
— increasing the number of participants for your events.
7.3.7 BSG Rule 2.7: Use transitions (connective words) effectively.
EXAMPLE
No: These safety precautions are the minimum necessary for work in a fuel tank. The local regulations can
make other safety precautions necessary.
Yes: These safety precautions are the minimum necessary for work in a fuel tank. But local regulations can
make other safety precautions necessary.
7.3.8 BSG Rule 2.8: Use the itemization technique to show items in parallel.
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EXAMPLE
No: To get an optimum effect, you should not add any additive agents to gas. You should use high quality gas
with a purity of 98 % or more. Do not use heavy oil or light oil. You should not use biofuels. Also, you
should avoid using any catalytic agents.
Yes: To get an optimum effect, you should use high quality gas with a purity of 98 % or more, and you should
not do the following:
— add any additive agents to gas;
— use heavy oil or light oil;
— use biofuels; or
— use any catalytic agents.
7.4 Construction
7.4.1 BSG Rule 3.1: Use juxtapositional clauses no more than twice in a sentence.
Similar to Rule 2.8, itemize juxtapositional clauses to show the information clearly.
EXAMPLE
No: The alert icon indicates that an error is detected in the program, a miscalculation is done in the MPU, or
a misinterpretation is found in the sub-set.
Yes: The alert icon indicates one of the following:
— an error is detected in the program;
— a miscalculation is done in the MPU; or
— a misinterpretation is found in the sub-set.
7.4.2 BSG Rule 3.2: Do
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022
01-december-2022
Upravljanje jezikovnih virov - Nadzorovana človeška komunikacija (CHC) - 4. del:
Osnovna načela in metodologija za slogovne smernice
Language resource management — Controlled human communication (CHC) — Part 4:
Basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines (BSG)
Titre manque — Partie 4: Titre manque
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
oSIST ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 24620-4
ISO/TC 37/SC 4 Secretariat: KATS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-03-29 2022-06-21
Language resource management — Controlled human
communication (CHC) —
Part 4:
Basic principles and methodology for Stylistic Guidelines
in Localization (SGL)
ICS: 01.140.20
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022
ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Prediction . 2
5 Methodology—how to apply the rules . 2
6 Steps to create a Stylistic Guidelines in Localization (SGL) . 3
7 Stylistic Guidelines in Localization (SGL) . 4
8 Annex A Difficulties and matters to be solved in communication .16
8.1 A variety of difficulties . . 16
8.2 Sentence length . 16
8.3 Word order . 16
8.4 Amount of information a language bears . 17
8.5 Deixis (or Conceptual recognition) . 17
8.6 Word complexity . 17
9 Annex B Useful writing guidelines (Plain languages, Controlled languages, and
others) .17
9.1 Suggestive Federal Plain Language Guidelines . 17
9.2 Suggestive good examples from ASD-STE100 Issue 8 . 19
9.3 Other writing guidelines—other than English . 21
9.3.1 Plain and Logical Japanese 77 Rules (PLJ 77) . . 21
Bibliography .23
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ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 5, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24620 series can be found on the ISO website.
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Introduction
The science technologies, especially ICT (Information and Communication Technology), have evolved
and changed the world in recent decades. People use the advanced technologies that were never
taken for granted in their grandparent generations. Moreover, the speed of the progress in the
science technologies and ICT is supposed to be accelerated in the future. While on the other hand, the
technologies related to written communication including translation have not progressed compared
with those science technologies. People have got, of course, the CAT (Computer Assisted Translation)
tools such as Translation Memory and Machine Translation for their own use. However, the progress of
those seems not to be sufficient or equivalent compared with tools of the other science technologies.
People need some device or method to boost the communication all over the world. People can realize it
by applying this document to their languages.
People may not have any objection about that English has currently evolved into the representative
international common language: lingua franca. When browsing the internet, people can find so many
English sites. According to the estimation made by W3Techs, English sites enjoy the considerable
[1]
share, 52.4 % (2018) on the internet. Interestingly enough, ASD-STE100, one of the representative
Controlled English rule sets, has usually been downloaded by non-English native speaking countries
(62 %, compared with 38 % of English-speaking countries [ASD, 2021]). This is natural if people think
of the communication method with other countries. Nowadays, people ordinary communicate with
other people in non-English speaking countries by using English through the internet such as email and
social meeting systems. Therefore, it is necessary to make the communication tool (English) to be more
understandable and translatable.
At the same time, almost half of the internet sites (47.6 %) are written in the languages other than
English according to the W3Techs report. People may also need to make their language plain, concise,
and understandable because so many counterparts are not good at English and stick to their own
language. As a result, people will find that they need two languages: English and their own language.
In order to facilitate the communication all over the world, it is necessary for people to make English
and their own language plainer, comprehensible, and easily translatable: to make English and their
language bi-directionally accessible.
However, languages have problems that make it difficult to understand in a language and between
languages. Refer to “8 Annex A, Difficulties and matters to be solved in communication” for
understanding each difficulty.
This means that people need to apply some rules to the grammar of English and their language to
exclude unnecessarily difficult or misleading expressions. Their language should encourage the other
people including the language learners who currently live in that country, to use it and make it work as
an international common language, lingua franca, in that region.
This document is designed to cover documents in many languages of all business fields and written
communication in daily lives. The basic concept of this document is “Inclusive design,” which is usually
used in usability design that tries to lower the threshold for the accessibility of ordinary people and
to include the people as the major readers. This document has prioritized understandability (not
sophistication) for accommodating a wide range of general international readers in business fields and
people in ordinary daily lives. The target readers consist not only of natives in each language but of
average language learners: that is, not only E1(ENL English as a native language) but E2 (ESL English
as a second language) and E3 (EIL English as an international language) in English, and also consist not
only of university-students but of eighth grade level people (in other words, Standard [60-70] in Flesch
readability scale in the USA). This document aims to achieve the above as much as possible. At the same
time, this document allows to facilitate communication between countries by applying the rules of this
document to improve translatability. It is advisable to apply this document to many languages and allow
the readers to easily understand the documents.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 24620-4:2022(E)
Language resource management — Controlled human
communication (CHC) —
Part 4:
Basic principles and methodology for Stylistic Guidelines
in Localization (SGL)
1 Scope
This document establishes a set of “International common writing rules” in a language and among
languages, facilitating communication in each language and language to languages. It is effective
mainly in the business scenes and daily lives. It includes not only conceptual writing rules but specific
grammar ones.
It functions similarly as the writing rules of Plain languages and Controlled languages that people
usually find in the modern world. Plain languages and Controlled languages facilitate understandability
of sentences by applying the rules to use plain and concise expressions. Plain languages are the activities
that have been generated to raise the literacy of people in each country (for domestic native speakers).
Controlled languages facilitate communication for international audience and sometimes used in a
machine translation scene as HOCL (Human-Oriented Controlled Language). Each purpose and each
methodology are a little bit different from each other and each has its own characteristics: advantages
and disadvantages. (Refer to these writing rules, see “9 Annex B, Useful writing guidelines.”)
SGL, targeting the people in business and daily lives of all over the world, is planned as a basic writing
rule set for both Plain languages and Controlled languages. Also, SGL is created to be applicable to many
languages. SGL helps people make their language an international common language.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
SGL (Stylistic Guidelines in Localization)
specifies the common writing rules applicable to many languages
3.2
technical communication
process of gathering information and developing and presenting technical content to a target audience
in a usable form
[SOURCE: ISO 24183]
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3.3
technical writing
logical and straightforward writing methods for business documents
[SOURCE: ISO 24183]
3.4
plain language
communication in which wording, structure, and design are so clear that intended readers can easily:
find what they need; understand what they find; and use that content
[SOURCE: ISO 24495-1]
3.5
controlled language
language restricting the grammar and vocabulary to reduce ambiguity and complexity, and helping
people to understand the content
3.6
keyword
word or phrase used to describe the contents (nouns and verbs) of a document in a consistent manner
3.7
part of speech
category to which a word is classified according to each syntactic function
EXAMPLE noun, verb, adjective
4 Prediction
There seems to be many common factors/rules among languages because languages should reflect
people’s inner mind: Mentalese, “we think in a meta-language, preceding any natural language” (Steven
[2]
Pinker ). “Mentalese” may be common in a sense. If so, it is possible to create a set of writing rules
that is applicable to many different languages. There is a good example below:
Acquiring colo(u)r words in the same order
Black and White > Red > Yellow/Green > Blue (Berlin and Kay, 1969)
Notwithstanding such cosmetic differences, Berlin and Kay rediscovered Geiger’s 101-year-old sleeping
beauty essentially unchanged and woke it up with a smacking great kiss. Of course, no one dreamed
of calling it Geiger’s sequence anymore, as Geiger’s claims on it had been erased from the collective
consciousness. Instead, the progression is now universally known as ‘Berlin and Kay, 1969’. But matters
of copyright aside, the sequence that had dogged the debate in the nineteenth century suddenly trotted
back on stage and demanded explanation: why do so many languages acquire colour words in the
same order, and why—underlying the variation—is there still so much similarity between the colour
concepts of different languages? (Through the Language Glass: Guy Deutscher; Arrow Books)
This phenomenon shows one of the key proofs of the prediction above. When checking the languages
based on the prediction, people will be able to find many similarities between languages. For example,
[3]
consider the Plain and Logical Japanese 77 rules (Nakamura, Sep. 2015) shown in “9 Annex B,”
which are linguistically far from English. It includes 43 effective English writing rules out of a total 77
Japanese writing rules.
5 Methodology—how to apply the rules
The matters to be applied can be divided into two groups: sentences and words. Sentences are involved
in syntactic and grammatical issues, which may be applicable to all languages. While on the other hand,
since words, or vocabulary, heavily depends on the language of each country, it is difficult to find and
apply common rules.
2
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This SGL concentrates on improvement by sentences, including clauses and phrases. The technics
related to writing sentences can be solved by simply applying the 3C rules in technical writing and
technical communication: Clear, Correct, and Concise. That is:
— Clearly showing sentence structure and not making the structure complicated;
— Telling facts and correct things and distinguishing between facts and opinions; and
— Showing simple and concise expressions.
The 3C rules are applicable to any language and have been applied to many writing guidelines for Plain
languages and Controlled languages, which are shown in “9 Annex B, Useful writing guidelines.”
SGL in one language can be created immediately by applying this English version to that language. Of
course, some grammatical or syntactic ingenuity may be required.
6 Steps to create a Stylistic Guidelines in Localization (SGL)
There are two necessary phases to complete SGL: internationalization and localization. The illustration
below shows and explains the relation of the two concepts:
Key
A globalization (G11n)
B internationalization (I18n) or generalization
C localization (L10n)
D translation (T9n)
E simultaneous shipment
Fig 1 — Terms used in Globalization
“Internationalization (I18n): is the process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple
languages and cultural conventions without the need for re-design. Internationalization takes place at
[4]
the level of program design and document development.” (LISA )
Based on the SGL rules (English), create the own language rules corresponding to each of the English
rule. In that case, consider it more internationalized, or generalized, instead of finding differences from
each other, but finding common points.
“Localization (L10n): is the process in taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally
appropriate to the target locale (country/region and language) where it will be used and sold. The term
derives from "locale": a place where something particular happens or is done. Translation (T9n) is one
of the activities in Localization.” (LISA)
After internationalization, the production stage moves to the language specific matters: localization. A
dictionary specific to the language selected, including the approved words and deprecated words, may
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be necessary (“vocabulary control”). Of course, creating a dictionary is not mandatory. If it seems to
take much time to create the dictionary, starting with just the writing rules is possible.
7 Stylistic Guidelines in Localization (SGL)
0 Types of rules
The list below shows the available SGL rules, a total of 58. SGL is configured with 8 sentence-length
rules, 8 paragraphize rules, 14 construction rules, 6 modification rules, 12 terminology rules, 3 article/
number rules and 7 other rules.
1 Sentence Length
SGL Rule 1.1: Write a short and concise sentence.
No The research lab, located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and famous for its unique
management policy, has developed the device that has a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the
neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (44 words)
Yes The research lab has developed the device that has a self-diagnosis function. (13) The function
is usually seen in the neural medication field that has gradually been increasing its presence. (17) The
lab is located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and famous for its unique management policy.
(20)
* The information enclosed by commas is additional, not-essential information. Place the additional
information at the end of the sentences. See Rule 3.13 for the order of sentences.
SGL Rule 1.2: Divide essential information from ancillary information. Write the essential information
first.
No The research lab, located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and famous for its unique
management policy, has developed the device that has a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the
neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (44 words)
Yes The research lab has developed the device that has a self-diagnosis function. (13) The function
is usually seen in the neural medication field that has gradually been increasing its presence. (17) The
lab is located in the ancient capital city of Nara in Japan and famous for its unique management policy.
(20)
* The information enclosed by commas (underlined sections) is ancillary, not-essential information.
Place the ancillary information at the end of the sentences. See Rule 3.13 for the order of sentences.
SGL Rule 1.3: Divide a compound sentence that does not share the subjects and predicates.
No Press the SHIFT button and then the device automatically detects the difference.
Yes Press the SHIFT button. The device automatically detects the difference. (Nakamura)
SGL Rule 1.4: Divide a sentence with complicatedly nested constructions into simple sentences with
clear structure.
(for example, The rapidity that the motion that the wing has has is remarkable. [Pinker]).
No When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is recorded if the operation is in the Lock mode.
Yes The operation is engaged in the Lock mode. When the linkage is complete, the inner domain is
recorded. (Nakamura)
SGL Rule 1.5: Separate overlong modification(s).
No ABC research lab has developed the device that has a self-diagnosis function, usually seen in the
neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence. (20)
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Yes ABC research lab has developed the device. The device has a self-diagnosis function, and
it is usually seen in the neural medication field, which has gradually been increasing its presence.
(Nakamura)
SGL Rule 1.6: Separate a lengthy adnominal clause from the subject.
No The intranet Q&A site that surely facilitates knowledge sharing and communication among the
employees has been established. (Nakamura)
Yes The intranet Q&A site has been established. The site surely facilitates knowledge sharing and
communication among the employees. (Nakamura)
Yes We have established the intranet Q&A site.
SGL Rule 1.7: Use a complete sentence to introduce lists.
No In addition to invoking, managing, and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can
customize windows
manage libraries and files
search text
Yes In addition to invoking, managing, and scrolling windows, the windowing environment can be
used as follows:
— to customize windows
— to manage libraries and files
— to search text (Nakamura)
SGL Rule 1.8: Avoid interrupting in the middle of a sentence.
No To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add
libname _saswa ;
to your autoexec.sas file.
Yes To automatically define a libref each time SAS starts, add the following statement to your
autoexec.sas file:
libname _saswa ; (Global English Style Guide)
2 Paragraphize
SGL Rule 2.1: Destructure a long sentence into a group of short sentences. (20 words for instruction; 25
words for description)
No If you want to set up an ideal environment during an example creation operation, especially a
graphic example creation operation, or a file editing operation, especially graphic file editing operation,
or a data saving operation, especially graphic data saving operation, click Environment twice to execute
the generation. (47)
Yes If you want to set up an ideal environment, click Environment twice to execute the generation
during the following operations: (20)
— an example creation operation (especially graphic one) (7)
— a file editing operation (especially graphic one) (7)
— a data saving operation (especially graphic one) (7) (Nakamura)
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No After you have removed the electrical power from the system, make sure that the refueling
panel switches go back to their normal position. (23 words)
Yes (1) Remove the electrical power from the system. (7 words) (2) Make sure that the refueling
panel switches go back to their correct position. (13 words) (ASD-STE100)
SGL Rule 2.2: One topic/task, one sentence.
If two or more topics/tasks are included into one sentence, the readers may not be able to catch the
meaning. Also, the readers may be confused since the working memory of the readers are fully occupied
with the different topics/tasks.
* One word, one meaning; one sentence, one meaning/topic; one paragraph, one topic: these are the
well-known basic concepts for good writing, which have been equally shared by people for many years.
No Set the TEST switch to the middle position and then release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch.
Yes (1) Set the TEST switch to the middle position.
(2) Release the SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST switch. (ASD-STE100)
SGL Rule 2.3: One paragraph, one topic.
Do not include two or more topics in one paragraph. A strong paragraph is structured with a topic
sentence and the other sentences that support the topic.
No For an instructional information, an active voice sentence clearly tells who should carry out
the action. To make a precaution message effective, you should show the consequences of the potential
risks to the user. The passive voice focuses on the result since the object in an active voice sentence is
dealt as the subject. On the contrary, the active voice lets the reader to follow the instructions. If an
imperative sentence is used for an instruction, an English native speaker feels more directly addressed.
(Nakamura)
The example paragraph shown above is difficult to read and grasp. The causes are as follows:
— the paragraph includes several topics(actually four topics)
— keywords for each topic are shown without any threads (mutual relation is not apparent)
— no relation between sentences at all → no logic flow
SGL Rule 2.4: Lead from known information to unknown information.
No A stabilizer is provided on the machine to st
...
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