01.020 - Terminology (principles and coordination)
ICS 01.020 Details
Terminology (principles and coordination)
Terminologie (Grundsatzfragen und Koordinierung)
Terminologie (principes et coordination)
Terminologija (načela in koordinacija)
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This document specifies the syntax and semantics (SynSem) module of the lexical markup framework (LMF), a metamodel for representing data in monolingual and multilingual lexical databases used with computer applications. The SynSem module allows for the description of specific syntactic and semantic properties of lexemes, as well as the complex interactions between them. More specifically, the syntax part of the module describes the properties of a lexeme when combined with other lexemes in a sentence. When recorded in a lexicon, these properties make up the syntactic description of a lexical entry instance. The semantics part of the module, on the other hand, describes the sense of a lexeme and its relationship with other senses belonging to the same language. The SynSem interface describes the predicates and the mapping between syntactic and semantic arguments. This serialization covers the classes of ISO 24613-1 (Core model), ISO 24613-2 (Machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model) and ISO 24613-4 (TEI serialization).
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This document gives general guidance on all stages of a translation project. Its main purpose is to ensure efficiency and quality by enhancing communication among the parties involved in the translation project. This document provides a framework for developing translation project specifications that are the basis for requesting, setting up, managing and evaluating translation projects. It also includes guidance on needs analysis, risk assessment and workflows, but it does not provide procedures for evaluating the quality of translation output. This document is primarily intended for those who request translation services. However, it can also be relevant for the translation service providers and the end users of the translation output. It is applicable to all sectors, including the commercial and government sectors, and non-profit organizations. It does not apply to interpreting services.
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This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the provision of community interpreting services. It establishes the foundational principles and practices necessary to ensure quality community interpreting services for all language communities (spoken and/or signed), for end users, as well as for clients, and for community interpreters.
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This document gives guidance on the evaluation of human translation output, post-edited machine translation output, and unedited machine translation output. It also provides guidance on the qualifications and competences of evaluators. The role of sampling is also discussed in this document. This document focuses on an analytic translation evaluation approach using error types and penalty points configured to produce an error score and a quality rating. A further focus is the human evaluation of translation output only. This document follows an approach designed to reflect minimum complexity. The rationale behind this approach is to keep this document applicable for as many users as possible in the translation sector. The guidance provided in this document can also support the evaluation of source texts intended for translation. This document is applicable to translation service providers (TSPs), including individual translators, translation companies or in-house translation services, their clients and other interested parties in the translation sector, such as translator education and training institutions. This document does not apply to related elements such as the processes of assuring the quality of translation output and corrective actions. This document does not apply to interpreting.
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This document establishes the core model of the lexical markup framework (LMF), a metamodel for representing data in monolingual and multilingual lexical resources used with computer applications. LMF provides mechanisms that allow the development and integration of a variety of electronic lexical resource types.
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This document defines terms for International Standards on translation, interpreting and related technology.
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ISO 17117-1:2018 defines universal and specialized characteristics of health terminological resources that make them fit for the purposes required of various applications. It refers only to terminological resources that are primarily designed to be used for clinical concept representation or to those parts of other terminological resources designed to be used for clinical concept representation.
ISO 17117-1:2018 helps users to assess whether a terminology has the characteristics or provides the functions that will support their specified requirements. The focus of this document is to define characteristics and functions of terminological resources in healthcare that can be used to identify different types of them for categorization purposes. Clauses 4 and 5 support categorization according to the characteristics and functions of the terminological resources rather than the name.
NOTE Categorization of healthcare terminological systems according to the name of the system might not be helpful and has caused confusion in the past.
The target groups for this document are:
a) organizations wishing to select terminological systems for use in healthcare information systems;
b) developers of terminological systems;
c) developers of terminology standards;
d) those undertaking independent evaluations/academic reviews of terminological resources;
e) terminology Registration Authorities.
ISO 17117-1:2018 contains general characteristics and criteria with which systems can be evaluated.
The following considerations are outside the scope of this document.
- Evaluations of terminological resources.
- Health service requirements for terminological resources and evaluation criteria based on the characteristics and functions.
- The nature and quality of mappings between different terminologies. It is unlikely that a single terminology will meet all the terminology requirements of a healthcare organization: some terminology providers produce mappings to administrative or statistical classifications such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The presence of such maps would be a consideration in the evaluation of the terminology.
- The nature and quality of mappings between different versions of the same terminology. To support data migration and historical retrieval, terminology providers can provide maps between versions of their terminology. The presence of such maps would be a consideration in the evaluation of the terminology.
- Terminology server requirements and techniques and tools for terminology developers.
- Characteristics for computational biology terminology. Progress in medical science and in terminology science will necessitate updating of this document in due course.
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This document extends ISO 24617-7:2020, which specifies ways of annotating spatial information in natural language such as English, by establishing a formal semantics for its abstract syntax. The task of the proposed semantics is of two kinds: a) translation of annotation structures to semantic forms; b) model-theoretic interpretation of semantic forms. Semantic forms are represented in a type-theoretic first-order logic. These semantic forms are then interpreted with respect to a model for part of the world to which an annotated language is referentially, or denotationally, anchored. NOTE The basic framework and content of this document is based on Reference [1].
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This document specifies content-related aspects of terminology database maintenance. It gives guidance on the content of terminological data collections, with emphasis on data quality evaluation. This document gives guidance for modellers of concept entries who need to ensure interoperability and high-quality content. It aims to ensure that terminological data collections themselves meet high standards for design conformity with standards such as ISO 12620-1 and ISO 16642, data accuracy and performance. It outlines principles for assuring data quality (see ISO 9001) and evaluating terminological data collections for purposes of continuous improvement. This approach contrasts that of ISO 23185:2009, which focuses on the usability of existing terminology resources. This document does not apply to the management of text corpora or to term extraction tools.
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This document establishes criteria for the management of data categories for use in the creation and maintenance of language resources within a given community of practice (CoP). It defines the roles and responsibilities associated with the creation and maintenance of such repositories. It also specifies procedures to establish a governance structure for the management of a data category repository (DCR), including the addition of new data category specifications and continuous quality assurance.
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This document establishes the basic principles and methods for preparing and compiling terminologies both inside and outside the framework of standardization. It describes the links between objects, concepts, definitions and designations. It also establishes general principles for the formation of terms and proper names and the writing of definitions.
This document is applicable to terminology work in scientific, technological, industrial, legal, administrative and other fields of knowledge.
This document does not stipulate rules for the presentation of terminological entries in International Standards, which are treated in ISO 10241-1 and ISO 10241-2.
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This document specifies requirements and recommendations for using simultaneous interpreting
delivery platforms at communicative events where interpreters are not at the same venue as
participants, speakers and signers.
In conjunction with ISO 20108, this document also provides requirements and recommendations
for ensuring the quality of sound and images and their transmission from speakers and signers to
interpreters, and from interpreters to participants, and for the configuration of the interpreter’s
working environment.
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This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the provision of conference interpreting services. It is primarily addressed to conference interpreters and conference interpreting service providers. It also serves as reference for users of conference interpreting services.
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This document provides requirements and recommendations governing data category specifications for language resources. It specifies mechanisms for creating, documenting, harmonizing and maintaining data category specifications in a data category repository (DCR). It also describes the structure and content of data category specifications.
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This document describes the serialization of the lexical markup framework (LMF) model defined as an extensible markup language (XML) model derived from the language base exchange (LBX) schema and compliant with the W3C XML schema. This serialization covers the classes, data categories, and mechanisms of ISO 24613-1 (core model), ISO 24613-2 (machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model), and ISO 24613-3 (etymological extension).
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ISO 17117-1:2018 defines universal and specialized characteristics of health terminological resources that make them fit for the purposes required of various applications. It refers only to terminological resources that are primarily designed to be used for clinical concept representation or to those parts of other terminological resources designed to be used for clinical concept representation.
ISO 17117-1:2018 helps users to assess whether a terminology has the characteristics or provides the functions that will support their specified requirements. The focus of this document is to define characteristics and functions of terminological resources in healthcare that can be used to identify different types of them for categorization purposes. Clauses 4 and 5 support categorization according to the characteristics and functions of the terminological resources rather than the name.
NOTE Categorization of healthcare terminological systems according to the name of the system might not be helpful and has caused confusion in the past.
The target groups for this document are:
a) organizations wishing to select terminological systems for use in healthcare information systems;
b) developers of terminological systems;
c) developers of terminology standards;
d) those undertaking independent evaluations/academic reviews of terminological resources;
e) terminology Registration Authorities.
ISO 17117-1:2018 contains general characteristics and criteria with which systems can be evaluated.
The following considerations are outside the scope of this document.
- Evaluations of terminological resources.
- Health service requirements for terminological resources and evaluation criteria based on the characteristics and functions.
- The nature and quality of mappings between different terminologies. It is unlikely that a single terminology will meet all the terminology requirements of a healthcare organization: some terminology providers produce mappings to administrative or statistical classifications such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The presence of such maps would be a consideration in the evaluation of the terminology.
- The nature and quality of mappings between different versions of the same terminology. To support data migration and historical retrieval, terminology providers can provide maps between versions of their terminology. The presence of such maps would be a consideration in the evaluation of the terminology.
- Terminology server requirements and techniques and tools for terminology developers.
- Characteristics for computational biology terminology. Progress in medical science and in terminology science will necessitate updating of this document in due course.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes criteria for the management of data categories for use in the creation and maintenance of language resources within a given community of practice (CoP). It defines the roles and responsibilities associated with the creation and maintenance of such repositories. It also specifies procedures to establish a governance structure for the management of a data category repository (DCR), including the addition of new data category specifications and continuous quality assurance.
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This document provides requirements and recommendations governing data category specifications for language resources. It specifies mechanisms for creating, documenting, harmonizing and maintaining data category specifications in a data category repository (DCR). It also describes the structure and content of data category specifications.
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This document establishes the basic principles and methods for preparing and compiling terminologies both inside and outside the framework of standardization. It describes the links between objects, concepts, definitions and designations. It also establishes general principles for the formation of terms and proper names and the writing of definitions. This document is applicable to terminology work in scientific, technological, industrial, legal, administrative and other fields of knowledge. This document does not stipulate rules for the presentation of terminological entries in International Standards, which are treated in ISO 10241-1 and ISO 10241-2.
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This document specifies the sequence of characters to be used in the alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and lexicographical data (terms, term elements, or words) represented in the Latin alphabet. Character sets of languages represented in the Latin alphabet are taken into account insofar as terminological or lexicographical data have been recorded. Character sets used in internationally standardized transliteration into Latin script are also taken into account. The sequence of alphabetical characters given is intended for multilingual purposes only and is not intended to affect the alphabetical order of any specific language. The main part of this document specifies letter-by-letter ordering of character strings. Annex A treats word-by-word ordering, which is a widely used alternative to this system. Annex B gives two additional rules that can be useful for lexicographical and terminological ordering. Annex C gives ordering rules for chemical names. Annex D lists the character repertoire of the Latin alphabet. Annex E lists languages using the Latin alphabet. Annex F gives alphabetical sequences derived from the sequence specified in this document for a number of languages that use the Latin alphabet. Annex G gives a formal description of the rules laid down in the main part of this document conforming with ISO/IEC 14651.
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This document defines the components (benchmarks) of capability of terminological resources implementation in healthcare software products, including electronic health record systems. It is intended that these benchmarks form the basis of a maturity model. The document will support analysis of requirements to meet use cases in the implementation of terminological resources in healthcare. This document does not specify requirements for any specific terminological resource. It is intended to provide a basis from which requirements for terminological resources capabilities can be specified in the future. The tooling being used can impact the level of maturity reached but is not covered in detail in this document. Terminological resources include code systems of all types, terminologies, classifications, value sets, and value domains. The impact of tooling (computer–assisted coding, speech recognition, template development) on the capability of the terminological resources is not covered in detail in this document.
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This document describes the serialization of the lexical markup framework (LMF) model defined as an extensible markup language (XML) model derived from the language base exchange (LBX) schema and compliant with the W3C XML schema. This serialization covers the classes, data categories, and mechanisms of ISO 24613-1 (core model), ISO 24613-2 (machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model), and ISO 24613-3 (etymological extension).
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This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the provision of conference interpreting services. It is primarily addressed to conference interpreters and conference interpreting service providers. It also serves as reference for users of conference interpreting services.
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This document provides requirements and recommendations for representing subject fields and concept relations in TBX-compliant terminological document instances. Examples in this document utilize the DCA style of TBX markup.
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This document specifies the structure of an ontology for a fine-grained description of the expressive power of corpus query languages (CQLs) in terms of search needs. The ontology consists of three interrelated taxonomies of concepts: the CQLF metamodel (a formalization of ISOÂ 24623-1); the expressive power taxonomy, which describes different facets of the expressive power of CQLs; and a taxonomy of CQLs.
This document specifies:
a) the taxonomy of the CQLF metamodel;
b) the topmost layer of the expressive power taxonomy (whose concepts are called “functionalities”);
c) the structure of the layers of the expressive power taxonomy and the relationships between them, in the form of subsumption assertions;
d) the formalization of the linkage between the CQL taxonomy and the expressive power taxonomy, in the form of positive and negative conformance statements.
This document does not define the entire contents of the ontology (see Clause 4).
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This document specifies the structure of an ontology for a fine-grained description of the expressive power of corpus query languages (CQLs) in terms of search needs. The ontology consists of three interrelated taxonomies of concepts: the CQLF metamodel (a formalization of ISO 24623-1); the expressive power taxonomy, which describes different facets of the expressive power of CQLs; and a taxonomy of CQLs. This document specifies: a) the taxonomy of the CQLF metamodel; b) the topmost layer of the expressive power taxonomy (whose concepts are called “functionalities”); c) the structure of the layers of the expressive power taxonomy and the relationships between them, in the form of subsumption assertions; d) the formalization of the linkage between the CQL taxonomy and the expressive power taxonomy, in the form of positive and negative conformance statements. This document does not define the entire contents of the ontology (see Clause 4).
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This document specifies requirements and recommendations related to fundamentals of translation-oriented terminography for producing sound bilingual or multilingual terminology collections. It deals with the main tasks, skills, processes and technologies for translation-oriented terminography practiced by terminology workers who do terminology work in low-complexity settings as part of non-terminological activities. It does not cover terminology management involving sophisticated workflows, a multitude of roles, or advanced terminological skills and competences.
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This document provides requirements and recommendations for representing subject fields and concept relations in TBX-compliant terminological document instances. Examples in this document utilize the DCA style of TBX markup.
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This document covers the measurable or magnitudinal aspect of quantity so that it can focus on the technical or practical use of measurements in IR (information retrieval), QA (question answering), TS (text summarization), and other NLP (natural language processing) applications. It is applicable to the domains of technology that carry more applicational relevance than some theoretical issues found in the ordinary use of language.
NOTEÂ Â Â Â Â Â ISO 24617-12 deals with more general and theoretical issues of quantification and quantitative information.
This document also treats temporal durations that are discussed in ISO 24617-1, and spatial measures such as distances that are treated ISO 24617-7, while making them interoperable with other measure types. It also accommodates the treatment of measures or amounts that are introduced in ISO 24617‑6:2016, 8.3.
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This document covers the measurable or magnitudinal aspect of quantity so that it can focus on the technical or practical use of measurements in IR (information retrieval), QA (question answering), TS (text summarization), and other NLP (natural language processing) applications. It is applicable to the domains of technology that carry more applicational relevance than some theoretical issues found in the ordinary use of language. NOTE ISO 24617-12 deals with more general and theoretical issues of quantification and quantitative information. This document also treats temporal durations that are discussed in ISO 24617-1, and spatial measures such as distances that are treated ISO 24617-7, while making them interoperable with other measure types. It also accommodates the treatment of measures or amounts that are introduced in ISO 24617‑6:2016, 8.3.
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This document describes an extension to ISO 24613-1 and ISO 24613-2 to support the development of detailed descriptions of common etymological phenomena and/or diachronic information with respect to lexical entries in born-digital and/or retro-digitized lexicons. It provides both a meta-model for such an extension as well as the relevant data categories.
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This document specifies requirements and recommendations for healthcare interpreting services in spoken and signed communication. It is applicable to all situations requiring healthcare interpreting, where the parties involved need to communicate using spoken or signed language, to treat a health-related issue. It is intended for interpreting service providers and healthcare interpreters.
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This document provides a set of empirically and theoretically well-motivated concepts for dialogue annotation, a formal language for expressing dialogue annotations (the Dialogue Act Markup Language, DiAML), and a method for segmenting a dialogue into semantic units. This allows the manual or automatic annotation of dialogue segments with information about the communicative actions which the participants perform by their contributions to the dialogue. The annotation scheme specified in this document supports multidimensional annotation of spoken, written, and multimodal dialogues involving two or more participants. Dialogue units are viewed as having multiple communicative functions in different dimensions. The markup language DiAML has an XML-based representation format and a formal semantics which makes it possible to perform inferences with DiAML representations. This document also specifies data categories for dimensions of dialogue analysis, for communicative functions, for dialogue act qualifiers, and for relations between dialogue acts. Additionally, it provides mechanisms for customizing these sets of concepts, extending them with application-specific or domain-specific concepts and descriptions of semantic content, or selecting relevant coherent subsets of them. These mechanisms make the dialogue act concepts specified in this document useful not only for annotation but also for the recognition and generation of dialogue acts in interactive systems.
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This document provides basic principles and a methodology for establishing a specification for designing and constructing a formally defined, or controlled, system of oral communication that avoids or filters out phonetic interferences and confusions between words of the same language and between languages. The system is both abstracted from, and contextually situated in, the domains of industry, business or other technologies.
This document deals only with oral communication between native speakers, or non-native speakers, or a native speaker and a non‑native speaker, who can be disturbed due to different phenomena, such as phoneme confusion, phonetic interferences and confusions between words (for example: homophony, quasi-homophony or co-articulation) of the same language and/or different languages and the resulting ambiguities due, for example, to multilingual communication or stressful situations. This document deals with speakers and listeners without speech or hearing impediments[16], and does not include sign languages which have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages[23].
Foreseen applications are essentially in safety critical applications using human oral communication. This document is also applicable to other domains involving, for example, training and evaluation procedures and robots.
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This document describes the serialization of the lexical markup framework (LMF) model defined as an XML model compliant with the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines. This serialization covers the classes of ISO 24613-1 (the LMF core model) as well as classes provided by ISO 24613-2 (the machine readable dictionary, MRD, model) and ISO 24613-3 (the etymological extension).
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This document specifies how to represent (not visualize) documents (instance data, not data schemas) as graphs. It does not specify how to visualize or operate on document data, but it aims at making documents easier for people to compose and comprehend by allowing for various graph-based flexible user interfaces, possibly incorporating document-visualization practices (see Introduction). In this connection, this document does not specify annotations to existing documents either, but rather it specifies a schema of documents with explicit logical structures.
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This document describes an extension to ISO 24613-1 and ISO 24613-2 to support the development of detailed descriptions of common etymological phenomena and/or diachronic information with respect to lexical entries in born-digital and/or retro-digitized lexicons. It provides both a meta-model for such an extension as well as the relevant data categories.
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This document establishes basic terms and definitions for terminology work and terminology science. It does not include terms and definitions that are specific to computer applications in terminology work.
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This document provides policy makers in governments, administration, non-profit and profit organizations with guidelines and a methodology for the development and implementation of a comprehensive policy concerning the planning and management of terminology.
This document defines key concepts and describes scenarios and environments that can require different kinds of terminology policies. It also places terminology policies in the broader context of institutional strategic frameworks.
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The component metadata lifecycle needs a comprehensive infrastructure with systems that cooperate well together. To enable this level of cooperation this document provides in depth descriptions and definitions of what CMDI records, components and their representations in XML look like.
This document describes these XML representations, which enable the flexible construction of interoperable metadata schemas suitable for, but not limited to, describing language resources. The metadata schemas based on these representations can be used to describe resources at different levels of granularity (e.g. descriptions on the collection level or on the level of individual resources).
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This document specifies general, i.e. implementation- and use-case-independent terminology database design principles to enable maximum efficiency and quality in terminology work. Thus, this document supports creating, processing, and using high quality terminology. The intended audiences of this document are terminologists, translators, interpreters, technical communicators, language planners, subject field experts, and terminology management system developers.
This document describes a maximum approach, i.e. terminology database design for distributed, multilingual terminology management. It can also be used for designing smaller solutions.
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This document provides a framework for encoding a broad range of spatial information and spatiotemporal information relating to motion as expressed in natural language texts. This document includes references to locations, general spatial entities, spatial relations (involving topological, orientational, and metric values), dimensional information, motion events, paths, and event-paths triggered by motions.
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This document specifies requirements for the competences and qualifications of legal translators, revisers and reviewers, best translation practices and the translation process directly affecting the quality and delivery of legal translation services. In particular, it specifies the core processes, resources, confidentiality, professional development requirements, training and other aspects of the legal translation service provided by individual translators.
Fulfilment of all the requirements set out in this document enables the individual legal translator to demonstrate conformity of their legal translation services to this document and their capability to maintain a level of quality in legal translation services that will meet the client's and other applicable specifications.
The use of output from machine translation, even with post-editing, is outside the scope of this document. Consulting of a machine translation resource by a legal translator, does not constitute use of raw machine translation plus post-editing.
This document does not apply to interpreting services.
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This document describes the machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model, a metamodel for representing data stored in a variety of electronic dictionary subtypes, ranging from direct support for human translators to support for machine processing.
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This document provides a comprehensive model for the annotation and representation of referential phenomena in natural language texts and multimodal interactions. Such phenomena can cover simple anaphoric or coreferential mechanisms as well as more complex bridging or multimodal mechanisms. It provides a reference serialisation in XML defined as a customisation of the TEI P5 guidelines. In addition, the document describes the core data categories related to referential entities and link structures, and also needed for the description of annotation schemes and serialisation mechanisms for implementing conformant models as concrete data formats.
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This document specifies essential features of terminology management systems, regardless of specific software engineering paradigms, user interface and user assistance design principles, and specific data models. These features enable maximum efficiency and quality in terminology work and, thus, support creating, processing, and using high quality terminology. The intended audiences of this document are software engineers/developers as well as terminologists, technical communicators, translators, interpreters, language planners, and subject field experts.
This document describes all features needed for recording, editing, maintaining, exchanging, and presenting terminological data. Term extraction features used to identify new terms are out of the scope of this document.
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This document provides the vocabulary for translation, interpreting and related technology standards.
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This document specifies how to represent (not visualize) documents (instance data, not data schemas) as graphs. It does not specify how to visualize or operate on document data, but it aims at making documents easier for people to compose and comprehend by allowing for various graph-based flexible user interfaces, possibly incorporating document-visualization practices (see Introduction). In this connection, this document does not specify annotations to existing documents either, but rather it specifies a schema of documents with explicit logical structures.
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This document describes the serialization of the lexical markup framework (LMF) model defined as an XML model compliant with the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines. This serialization covers the classes of ISO 24613-1 (the LMF core model) as well as classes provided by ISO 24613-2 (the machine readable dictionary, MRD, model) and ISO 24613-3 (the etymological extension).
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This document specifies requirements and recommendations for healthcare interpreting services in spoken and signed communication. It is applicable to all situations requiring healthcare interpreting, where the parties involved need to communicate using spoken or signed language, to treat a health-related issue. It is intended for interpreting service providers and healthcare interpreters.
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