Petroleum and natural gas industries - Equations and calculations for the properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and line pipe used as casing or tubing (ISO/TR 10400:2007)

ISO/TR 10400:2007 illustrates the equations and templates necessary to calculate the various pipe properties given in International Standards, including pipe performance properties, such as axial strength, internal pressure resistance and collapse resistance, minimum physical properties, product assembly force (torque), product test pressures, critical product dimensions related to testing criteria, critical dimensions of testing equipment, and critical dimensions of test samples.
For equations related to performance properties, extensive background information is also provided regarding their development and use.
Equations presented in ISO/TR 10400:2007 are intended for use with pipe manufactured in accordance with ISO 11960 or API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D, and ISO 3183 or API 5L, as applicable. These equations and templates may be extended to other pipe with due caution. Pipe cold-worked during production is included in the scope of this Technical Report (e.g. cold rotary straightened pipe). Pipe modified by cold working after production, such as expandable tubulars and coiled tubing, is beyond the scope of this Technical Report.
Application of performance property equations in ISO/TR 10400:2007 to line pipe and other pipe is restricted to their use as casing/tubing in a well or laboratory test, and requires due caution to match the heat-treat process, straightening process, yield strength, etc., with the closest appropriate casing/tubing product. Similar caution should be exercised when using the performance equations for drill pipe.
ISO/TR 10400:2007 and the equations contained herein relate the input pipe manufacturing parameters in ISO 11960 or API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5, and ISO 3183 or API 5L to expected pipe performance. The design equations in ISO/TR 10400:2007 are not to be understood as a manufacturing warrantee. Manufacturers are typically licensed to produce tubular products in accordance with manufacturing specifications which control the dimensions and physical properties of their product. Design equations, on the other hand, are a reference point for users to characterize tubular performance and begin their own well design or research of pipe input properties.
ISO/TR 10400:2007 is not a design code. It only provides equations and templates for calculating the properties of tubulars intended for use in downhole applications. ISO/TR 10400:2007 does not provide any guidance about loads that may be encountered by tubulars or about safety margins needed for acceptable design. Users are responsible for defining appropriate design loads and selecting adequate safety factors to develop safe and efficient designs. The design loads and safety factors will likely be selected based on historical practice, local regulatory requirements, and specific well conditions.
All equations and listed values for performance properties in ISO/TR 10400:2007 assume a benign environment and material properties conforming to ISO 11960 or API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D, and ISO 3183 or API 5L. Other environments may require additional analyses, such as that outlined in Annex D.
Pipe performance properties under dynamic loads and pipe connection sealing resistance are excluded from the scope of ISO/TR 10400:2007.

Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Formeln und Berechnungen der Eigenschaften von Futterrohren, Steigrohren, Bohrgestängen und Leitungsrohren (ISO/TR 10400:2007)

Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Équations et calculs relatifs aux propriétés des tubes de cuvelage, des tubes de production, des tiges de forage et des tubes de conduites utilisés comme tubes de cuvelage et tubes de production (ISO/TR 10400:2007)

Industrija za predelavo nafte in zemeljskega plina - Formule in izračuni lastnosti ohišij, cevi, vrtalnih drogovij in cevovodov (ISO/TR 10400:2007)

To tehnično poročilo prikazuje formule in predloge, potrebne za izračun različnih lastnosti cevi, navedenih v mednarodnih standardih, kar vključuje zmogljivostne lastnosti cevi, kot so osna trdnost, odpornost proti notranjemu tlaku in odpornost proti kolapsu, minimalne fizikalne lastnosti, silo pri sestavljanju proizvodov (navor), preskusne tlake proizvoda, kritične mere proizvoda, ki se nanašajo na preskusna merila, kritične mere preskusne opreme, in kritične mere preskušancev. Pri formulah, ki se nanašajo na zmogljivostne lastnosti, so podane tudi obširne sekundarne informacije v zvezi z njihovim razvojem in uporabo. Tu predstavljene formule so namenjene za uporabo s cevmi, izdelanimi v skladu z ISO 11960 ali API 5CT, ISO 11961 ali API 5D in ISO 3183 ali API 5L, kot je ustrezno. Te formule in predloge se lahko s potrebno pazljivostjo uporabijo tudi pri drugih ceveh. Cevi, hladno obdelane med proizvodnjo, so vključene v obseg uporabe tega tehničnega poročila (npr. hladno rotacijsko poravnane cevi). Cevi, modificirane s hladno obdelavo po proizvodnji, kot so raztegljive cevaste in navite cevi, so zunaj obsega uporabe tega tehničnega poročila. Uporaba formul za zmogljivostne lastnosti v tem tehničnem poročilu pri cevovodih in drugih ceveh je omejena na njihovo uporabo kot ohišja/cevi pri preskusu v vrtini ali laboratorijskem preskusu, pri tem pa je potrebna previdnost, da se postopek toplotne obdelave, postopek ravnanja, meja prožnosti itd. približajo najbližjemu ustreznemu ohišju/cevi. Podobna pazljivost je potrebna pri uporabi zmogljivostnih formul za vrtalna drogovja. To tehnično poročilo in formule, ki so vanj vključene, so povezani z vhodnimi parametri za proizvodnjo cevi iz ISO 11960 ali API 5CT, ISO 11961 ali API 5D in ISO 3183 ali API 5L za pričakovano zmogljivost cevi. Formule za projektiranje v tem tehničnem poročilu niso mišljene kot proizvodna garancija. Proizvajalci imajo praviloma licenco za izdelovanje cevnih izdelkov v skladu s proizvodnimi specifikacijami, ki nadzorujejo mere in fizikalne lastnosti izdelkov. Po drugi strani so formule za projektiranje referenčna točka za uporabnike, da označijo cevno zmogljivost in začnejo z lastnim projektiranjem vrtine ali raziskavo vhodnih lastnosti cevi. V tem tehničnem poročilu ni projektnih prepisov. Podaja le formule in predloge za izračun lastnosti cevi za uporabo v vrtinah. To tehnično poročilo ne podaja navodil o obremenitvah, do katerih bi lahko prišlo v ceveh, ali o varnostnih mejah, potrebnih za sprejemljivo zasnovo. Za opredelitev ustreznih projektnih obremenitev in izbor ustreznih varnostnih dejavnikov za razvoj varnih in učinkovitih zasnov so odgovorni uporabniki. Projektne obremenitve in varnostni dejavniki se najverjetneje izbirajo glede na zgodovinsko izkušnjo, lokalne zakonske zahteve in posebne razmere vrtine. Vse formule in navedene vrednosti za zmogljivostne lastnosti v tem tehničnem poročilu predpostavljajo neškodljivo okolje in lastnosti materiala v skladu z ISO 11960 ali API 5CT, ISO 11961 ali API 5D in ISO 3183 ali API 5L. V drugačnih okoljih so morda potrebne dodatne analize, kot je prikazano v dodatku D. Zmogljivostne lastnosti cevi pod dinamičnimi obremenitvami in odpornost tesnjenja cevnih priključkov so izključene iz obsega uporabe tega tehničnega poročila. V celotnem tehničnem poročilu so natezne obremenitve pozitivne.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
30-Nov-2011
Withdrawal Date
03-Oct-2021
Technical Committee
Current Stage
9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
Start Date
30-Sep-2021
Due Date
23-Oct-2021
Completion Date
04-Oct-2021

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
01-januar-2012
,QGXVWULMD]DSUHGHODYRQDIWHLQ]HPHOMVNHJDSOLQD)RUPXOHLQL]UDþXQLODVWQRVWL
RKLãLMFHYLYUWDOQLKGURJRYLMLQFHYRYRGRY ,6275
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Equations and calculations for the properties of
casing, tubing, drill pipe and line pipe used as casing or tubing (ISO/TR 10400:2007)
Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Formeln und Berechnungen der Eigenschaften von
Futterrohren, Steigrohren, Bohrgestängen und Leitungsrohren (ISO/TR 10400:2007)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Équations et calculs relatifs aux propriétés des
tubes de cuvelage, des tubes de production, des tiges de forage et des tubes de
conduites utilisés comme tubes de cuvelage et tubes de production (ISO/TR
10400:2007)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TR 10400:2011
ICS:
75.180.10 Oprema za raziskovanje in Exploratory and extraction
odkopavanje equipment
SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012


TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN ISO/TR 10400

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT
February 2011
ICS 75.180.10
English Version
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Equations and
calculations for the properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and
line pipe used as casing or tubing (ISO/TR 10400:2007)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Équations et Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Formeln und Berechnungen
calculs relatifs aux propriétés des tubes de cuvelage, des der Eigenschaften von Futterrohren, Steigrohren,
tubes de production, des tiges de forage et des tubes de Bohrgestängen und Leitungsrohren (ISO/TR 10400:2007)
conduites utilisés comme tubes de cuvelage et tubes de
production (ISO/TR 10400:2007)


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 27 December 2010. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 12.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 10400:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
CEN ISO/TR 10400:2011 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3

2

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
CEN ISO/TR 10400:2011 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO/TR 10400:2007 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67 “Materials, equipment
and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries” of the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as CEN ISO/TR 10400:2011 by Technical
Committee CEN/TC 12 “Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and
natural gas industries” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/TR 10400:2007 has been approved by CEN as a CEN ISO/TR 10400:2011 without any
modification.

3

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 10400
First edition
2007-12-15

Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Equations and calculations for the
properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and
line pipe used as casing or tubing
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équations et calculs relatifs
aux propriétés des tubes de cuvelage, des tubes de production, des
tiges de forage et des tubes de conduites utilisés comme tubes de
cuvelage et tubes de production




Reference number
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
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©  ISO 2007
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Conformance .2
2.1 Normative references.2
2.2 Units of measurement.2
3 Normative references.2
4 Terms and definitions .3
5 Symbols.5
6 Triaxial yield of pipe body .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Assumptions and limitations .15
6.3 Data requirements .15
6.4 Design equation for triaxial yield of pipe body .16
6.5 Application of design equation for triaxial yield of pipe body to line pipe .17
6.6 Example calculations.17
7 Ductile rupture of the pipe body .21
7.1 General .21
7.2 Assumptions and limitations .21
7.3 Data requirements .22
7.4 Design equation for capped-end ductile rupture .24
7.5 Adjustment for the effect of axial tension and external pressure.25
7.6 Example calculations.28
8 External pressure resistance .30
8.1 General .30
8.2 Assumptions and limitations .30
8.3 Data requirements .31
8.4 Design equation for collapse of pipe body.31
8.5 Equations for empirical constants .37
8.6 Application of collapse pressure equations to line pipe.38
8.7 Example calculations.39
9 Joint strength.39
9.1 General .39
9.2 API casing connection tensile joint strength .40
9.3 API tubing connection tensile joint strength.46
9.4 Line pipe connection joint strength .47
10 Pressure performance for couplings .47
10.1 General .47
10.2 Internal yield pressure of round thread and buttress couplings.48
10.3 Internal pressure leak resistance of round thread or buttress couplings.49
11 Calculated masses .51
11.1 General .51
11.2 Nominal masses .51
11.3 Calculated plain-end mass .51
11.4 Calculated finished-end mass.52
11.5 Calculated threaded and coupled mass.52
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
11.6 Calculated upset and threaded mass for integral joint tubing and extreme-line casing .53
11.7 Calculated upset mass.54
11.8 Calculated coupling mass .55
11.9 Calculated mass removed during threading.59
11.10 Calculated mass of upsets .64
12 Elongation .68
13 Flattening tests .68
13.1 Flattening tests for casing and tubing.68
13.2 Flattening tests for line pipe.69
14 Hydrostatic test pressures .70
14.1 Hydrostatic test pressures for plain-end pipe, extreme-line casing and integral joint
tubing .70
14.2 Hydrostatic test pressure for threaded and coupled pipe .70
15 Make-up torque for round thread casing and tubing.72
16 Guided bend tests for submerged arc-welded line pipe.72
16.1 General.72
16.2 Background.74
17 Determination of minimum impact specimen size for API couplings and pipe.74
17.1 Critical thickness .74
17.2 Calculated coupling blank thickness.76
17.3 Calculated wall thickness for transverse specimens .77
17.4 Calculated wall thickness for longitudinal specimens .78
17.5 Minimum specimen size for API couplings.79
17.6 Impact specimen size for pipe.81
17.7 Larger size specimens .81
17.8 Reference information.81
Annex A (informative) Discussion of equations for triaxial yield of pipe body .82
Annex B (informative) Discussion of equations for ductile rupture .95
Annex C (informative) Rupture test procedure .131
Annex D (informative) Discussion of equations for fracture .133
Annex E (informative) Discussion of historical API collapse equations.140
Annex F (informative) Development of probabilistic collapse performance properties.154
Annex G (informative) Calculation of design collapse strength from collapse test data .188
Annex H (informative) Calculation of design collapse strengths from production quality data.191
Annex I (informative) Collapse test procedure.205
Annex J (informative) Discussion of equations for joint strength .210
Annex K (informative) Tables of calculated performance properties in SI units.220
Annex L (informative) Tables of calculated performance properties in USC units.222
Bibliography .224

iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 10400 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore
structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 5, Casing, tubing and
drill pipe.
This first edition of ISO/TR 10400 cancels and replaces ISO 10400:1993, which has been technically revised.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved v

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
Introduction
Performance design of tubulars for the petroleum and natural gas industries, whether it is formulated by
deterministic or probabilistic calculations, compares anticipated loads to which the tubular may be subjected to
the anticipated resistance of the tubular to each load. Either or both the load and resistance may be modified
by a design factor.
Both deterministic and probabilistic (synthesis method) approaches to performance properties are addressed
in this Technical Report. The deterministic approach uses specific geometric and material property values to
calculate a single performance property value. The synthesis method treats the same variables as random
and thus arrives at a statistical distribution of a performance property. A performance distribution in
combination with a defined lower percentile determines the final design equation.
Both the well design process itself and the definition of anticipated loads are currently outside the scope of
standardization for the petroleum and natural gas industries. Neither of these aspects is addressed in this
Technical Report. Rather, this text serves to identify useful equations for obtaining the resistance of a tubular
to specified loads, independent of their origin. This Technical Report provides limit state equations (see
annexes) which are useful for determining the resistance of an individual sample whose geometry and
material properties are given, and design equations which are useful for well design based on conservative
geometric and material parameters.
Whenever possible, decisions on specific constants to use in a design equation are left to the discretion of the
reader.

vi © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)

Petroleum and natural gas industries — Equations and
calculations for the properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and
line pipe used as casing or tubing
1 Scope
This Technical Report illustrates the equations and templates necessary to calculate the various pipe
properties given in International Standards, including
⎯ pipe performance properties, such as axial strength, internal pressure resistance and collapse resistance,
⎯ minimum physical properties,
⎯ product assembly force (torque),
⎯ product test pressures,
⎯ critical product dimensions related to testing criteria,
⎯ critical dimensions of testing equipment, and
⎯ critical dimensions of test samples.
For equations related to performance properties, extensive background information is also provided regarding
their development and use.
Equations presented here are intended for use with pipe manufactured in accordance with ISO 11960 or
API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D, and ISO 3183 or API 5L, as applicable. These equations and templates may
be extended to other pipe with due caution. Pipe cold-worked during production is included in the scope of this
Technical Report (e.g. cold rotary straightened pipe). Pipe modified by cold working after production, such as
expandable tubulars and coiled tubing, is beyond the scope of this Technical Report.
Application of performance property equations in this Technical Report to line pipe and other pipe is restricted
to their use as casing/tubing in a well or laboratory test, and requires due caution to match the heat-treat
process, straightening process, yield strength, etc., with the closest appropriate casing/tubing product. Similar
caution should be exercised when using the performance equations for drill pipe.
This Technical Report and the equations contained herein relate the input pipe manufacturing parameters in
ISO 11960 or API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D, and ISO 3183 or API 5L to expected pipe performance. The
design equations in this Technical Report are not to be understood as a manufacturing warrantee.
Manufacturers are typically licensed to produce tubular products in accordance with manufacturing
specifications which control the dimensions and physical properties of their product. Design equations, on the
other hand, are a reference point for users to characterize tubular performance and begin their own well
design or research of pipe input properties.
This Technical Report is not a design code. It only provides equations and templates for calculating the
properties of tubulars intended for use in downhole applications. This Technical Report does not provide any
guidance about loads that can be encountered by tubulars or about safety margins needed for acceptable
design. Users are responsible for defining appropriate design loads and selecting adequate safety factors to
develop safe and efficient designs. The design loads and safety factors will likely be selected based on
historical practice, local regulatory requirements, and specific well conditions.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 1

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
All equations and listed values for performance properties in this Technical Report assume a benign
environment and material properties conforming to ISO 11960 or API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D and
ISO 3183 or API 5L. Other environments may require additional analyses, such as that outlined in Annex D.
Pipe performance properties under dynamic loads and pipe connection sealing resistance are excluded from
the scope of this Technical Report.
Throughout this Technical Report tensile stresses are positive.
2 Conformance
2.1 Normative references
In the interests of worldwide application of this Technical Report, ISO/TC 67 has decided, after detailed
technical analysis, that certain of the normative documents listed in Clause 3 and prepared by ISO/TC 67 or
other ISO Technical Committees are interchangeable in the context of the relevant requirement with the
relevant document prepared by the American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These latter documents are cited in
the running text following the ISO reference and preceded by or, for example, “ISO XXXX or API YYYY”.
Application of an alternative normative document cited in this manner will lead to technical results different
from the use of the preceding ISO reference. However, both results are acceptable and these documents are
thus considered interchangeable in practice.
2.2 Units of measurement
In this Technical Report, data are expressed in both the International System (SI) of units and the United
States Customary (USC) system of units. For a specific order item, it is intended that only one system of units
be used, without combining data expressed in the other system.
For data expressed in the SI, a comma is used as the decimal separator and a space as the thousands
separator. For data expressed in the USC system, a dot (on the line) is used as the decimal separator and a
space as the thousands separator.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3183:2007, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems
ISO 10405, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Care and use of casing and tubing
ISO 11960:2004, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells
ISO 11961, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel drill pipe
ISO 13679, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Procedures for testing casing and tubing connections
ANSI-NACE International Standard TM0177, Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress
Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H S Environments
2
API 5B, Threading, Gauging and Thread Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads (US Customary
Units)
API RP 579, Recommended Practice for Fitness-for-Service, January 2000
2 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 10400:2012
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
API RP 5C1, Recommended Practice for Care and Use of Casing and Tubing
API RP 5C5, Recommended Practice on Procedures for Testing Casing and Tubing Connections
API 5CT, Specification for Casing and Tubing
API 5D, Specification for Drill Pipe
API 5L:2004, Specification for Line Pipe
BS 7910, Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
Cauchy stress
true stress
force applied to the surface of a body divided by the current area of that surface
4.2
co
...

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