SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
(Main)Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle impact assessment (ISO 14042:2000)
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle impact assessment (ISO 14042:2000)
Umweltmanagement - Ökobilanz - Wirkungsabschätzung (ISO 14042:2000)
Diese Internationale Norm gibt eine Anleitung für die Durchführung der Phase der Wirkungsabschätzung einer Ökobilanz und beschreibt die allgemeinen Anforderungen und Grundsätze der Wirkungsabschätzung und die ihr inhärenten Einschränkungen. Sie legt die Anforderungen an die Durchführung der Wirkungsabschätzungsphase und die Beziehungen zu den anderen Phasen der Ökobilanz fest.
Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie - Evaluation de l'impact du cycle de vie (ISO 14042:2000)
IEC 62115:2017 définit les exigences de sécurité applicables aux jouets électriques qui ont au moins une fonction dépendant de l'électricité, un jouet électrique désignant tout produit conçu ou destiné, exclusivement ou non, à être utilisé à des fins de jeu par des enfants de moins de 14 ans.
Exemples de jouets électriques également compris dans le domaine d'application de la présente norme:
- les coffrets de construction,
- les coffrets d'expériences,
- les jouets électriques fonctionnels (un jouet électrique qui a une fonction et une utilisation similaires à un produit, un appareil ou une installation destiné à être utilisé par les adultes, et qui peut être un modèle réduit d'un tel produit, appareil ou installation),
- les ordinateurs jouets électriques et
- une maison de poupée ayant une lampe à l'intérieur.
Si l'emballage est destiné à être utilisé comme jouet électrique, il est alors considéré comme faisant partie du jouet électrique.
La présente Norme internationale traite uniquement des aspects de la sécurité des jouets électriques qui ont une fonction dépendant de l’électricité.
La présente norme traite des aspects de la sécurité des jouets électriques alimentés par n'importe quelle source, telle que des piles ou accumulateurs, des transformateurs, des piles photovoltaïques et des connexions inductives.
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 2003, l'Amendement 1 (2004) et l'Amendement 2 (2010). Cette édition constitue une révision technique.
Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
- les conditions générales pour les essais ont été reformulées et modifiées (Article 5);
- les critères visant à limiter le nombre d'essais ont été modifiés (Article 6);
- des mises en garde concernant les jouets utilisant des piles boutons ou des accumulateurs boutons ont été ajoutées (7.3.3.2, 7.3.3.3);
- des mises en garde concernant les jouets porteurs ont été ajoutées (7.5);
- les exigences concernant l'accessibilité des piles ou accumulateurs ont été mises à jour (13.4.1 et 13.4.2);
- exigences ajoutées pour tenir compte des jouets placés au-dessus d'un enfant (13.4.4);
- exigences ajoutées pour tenir compte des jouets raccordés à un autre équipement (13.9);
- modification des exigences relatives à la sécurité des jouets comportant des sources de rayonnement optique (Annexe E) pour inclure des exigences relatives à l'utilisation des fiches techniques des LED en vue de vérifier la conformité aux limites d'émission accessible (LEA) spécifiées;
- mise à jour des informations concernant les mesurages du rayonnement optique émis par le jouet (Annexe E);
- introduction d'une Annexe I informative concernant les méthodes de mesure applicables aux jouets avec une source de champ intégrée générant des champs électromagnétiques;
- insertion d'une Annexe J normative concernant la sécurité des télécommandes pour les jouets porteurs électriques.
L’attention des Comités Nationaux est attirée sur le fait que les fabricants d’appareils et les organismes d’essai peuvent avoir besoin d’une période transitoire après la publication d’une nouvelle publication IEC, ou d’une publication amendée ou révisée, pour fabriquer des produits conformes aux nouvelles exigenc
Ravnanje z okoljem -Ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla - Ovrednotenje vplivov na okolje
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
01-april-2001
Ravnanje z okoljem -Ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla - Ovrednotenje vplivov na
okolje
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle impact assessment (ISO
14042:2000)
Umweltmanagement - Ökobilanz - Wirkungsabschätzung (ISO 14042:2000)
Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie - Evaluation de l'impact du cycle
de vie (ISO 14042:2000)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14042:2000
ICS:
13.020.10 Ravnanje z okoljem Environmental management
13.020.60 Življenjski ciklusi izdelkov Product life-cycles
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14042
First edition
2000-03-01
Environmental management — Life cycle
assessment — Life cycle impact
assessment
Management environnemental — Analyse du cycle de vie — Évaluation de
l'impact du cycle de vie
Reference number
ISO 14042:2000(E)
©
ISO 2000
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not
be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this
file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this
area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters
were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event
that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2000
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body
in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 � CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 734 10 79
E-mail copyright@iso.ch
Web www.iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 General description of LCIA .2
5 Mandatory elements .4
6 Optional elements.8
7 Data quality analysis .10
8 Limitations of LCIA.10
9 Comparative assertions disclosed to the public.11
10 Reporting and critical review.11
Annex A (normative) Relationship of life cycle impact assessment to the LCA framework.14
Bibliography.16
© ISO 2000 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 14042 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental
management, Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment.
Annex A forms a normative part of this International Standard.
iv © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
Introduction
Life cycle impact assessment, LCIA, is the third phase of life cycle assessment described in ISO 14040. The
1�
purpose of LCIA is to assess a product system’s life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) results to better understand
their environmental significance. The LCIA phase models selected environmental issues, called impact categories,
2�
and uses category indicators to condense and explain the LCI results. Category indicators are intended to reflect
the aggregate emissions or resource use for each impact category. These category indicators represent the
3�
“potential environmental impacts” discussed in ISO 14040. In addition, LCIA prepares for the life cycle
interpretation phase.
LCIA as part of an overall LCA can, for example, be used to
� identify product system improvement opportunities and assist the prioritization of them,
� characterize or benchmark a product system and its unit processes over time,
� make relative comparisons among product systems based on selected category indicators, or
� indicate environmental issues for which other techniques can provide complementary environmental data and
information useful to decision-makers.
While LCIA can assist in these applications, parties should recognize that an extensive assessment of a product
system is difficult and may require the use of several different environmental assessment techniques.
1�
In this International Standard, the term “product system” also includes service systems.
2�
The full expression for this term is “life cycle impact category indicator”.
3�
The “potential environmental impacts” referred to in ISO 14040 are a subset of the “environmental impacts” referred to in
ISO 14001 resulting from the use of the functional unit calculation. The “potential environmental impacts” are relative
expressions, as they are related to the functional unit of a product system.
© ISO 2000 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14042:2000(E)
Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Life cycle
impact assessment
1 Scope
This International Standard describes and gives guidance on a general framework for the life cycle impact
assessment (LCIA) phase of life cycle assessment (LCA), and the key features and inherent limitations of LCIA. It
specifies requirements for conducting the LCIA phase and the relationship of LCIA to the other LCA phases.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 14001:1996, Environmental management systems — Specification with guidance for use.
ISO 14040:1997, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework.
ISO 14041:1998, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Goal and scope definition and life cycle
inventory analysis.
ISO 14043:2000, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Life cycle interpretation.
ISO 14050:1998, Environmental management – Vocabulary.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions given in ISO 14001, ISO 14040,
ISO 14041, ISO 14050 and the following apply.
3.1.1
life cycle inventory analysis result
LCI result
outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis that includes the flows crossing the system boundary and provides the
starting point for life cycle impact assessment
3.1.2
impact category
class representing environmental issues of concern to which LCI results may be assigned
© ISO 2000 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
3.1.3
life cycle impact category indicator
quantifiable representation of an impact category
NOTE The shorter expression “category indicator” is used throughout the text of this International Standard for improved
readability.
3.1.4
category endpoint
attribute or aspect of natural environment, human health or resources, identifying an environmental issue of
concern
NOTE Figure 2 illustrates this term in further detail.
3.1.5
characterization factor
factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert the assigned LCI results to the common
unit of the category indicator
NOTE The common unit allows aggregation into category indicator result.
3.1.6
environmental mechanism
system of physical, chemical and biological processes for a given impact category, linking the LCI results to
category indicators and to category endpoints
3.2 Abbreviated terms
LCA life cycle assessment
LCI life cycle inventory analysis
LCIA life cycle impact assessment
4 General description of LCIA
4.1 Aim of LCIA
LCIA aims to examine the product system from an environmental perspective using impact categories and category
indicators connected with the LCI results. The LCIA phase also provides information for the life cycle interpretation
phase.
4.2 Key features of LCIA
Key features of the LCIA are listed below.
� The LCIA phase, in conjunction with other LCA phases, provides a system-wide perspective of environmental
and resource issues for one or more product system(s).
� LCIA assigns LCI results to impact categories. For each impact category, the category indicator is selected
and the category indicator result, hereafter referred to as indicator result, is calculated. The collection of
indicator results, hereafter referred to as the LCIA profile, provides information on the environmental issues
associated with the inputs and outputs of the product system.
� LCIA is different from other techniques such as environmental performance evaluation, environmental impact
assessment and risk assessment as it is a relative approach based on a functional unit. LCIA may use
information gathered by these other techniques.
2 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
Clause 8 describes the inherent limitations of LCIA.
4.3 Elements of LCIA
4.3.1 The general framework of the LCIA phase is composed of several mandatory elements that convert LCI
results to indicator results. In addition, there are optional elements for normalization, grouping or weighting of the
indicator results and data quality analysis techniques. The LCIA phase is only one part of a total LCA study, and
shall be coordinated with other phases of LCA as stated in annex A. The elements of the LCIA phase are illustrated
in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Elements of the LCIA phase
Separation of the LCIA phase into different elements is necessary for several reasons.
� Each LCIA element is distinct and can be clearly defined.
� The goal and scope definition phase of an LCA study can consider each LCIA element separately.
� A quality assessment of the LCIA methods, assumptions and other decisions can be conducted for each LCIA
element.
� LCIA procedures, assumptions and other operations within each element can be made transparent for critical
review and reporting.
� The use of values and subjectivity, hereafter referred to as value-choices, within each element, can be made
transparent for critical review and reporting.
© ISO 2000 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
4.3.2 The mandatory LCIA elements are listed below.
a) Selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models; identification of the
impact categories, related category indicators and characterization models, category endpoints and the
associated LCI results that the LCA study will address. For example, the climate change impact category
represents emissions of greenhouse gases (LCI results) using infrared radiative forcing as the category
indicator. See also Table 1.
b) Assignment of LCI results (classification) to the impact categories.
c) Calculation of category indicator results (characterization).
The indicator results for different impact categories together represent the LCIA profile for the product system.
Clause 5 describes in more detail the mandatory elements of LCIA mentioned above and in Figure 1, and provides
specific requirements.
4.3.3 There are optional elements and information as listed below which can be used depending on the goal and
scope of the LCA study.
a) Calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference information (normal-
ization).
b) Grouping: sorting and possibly ranking of the impact categories.
c) Weighting: converting and possibly aggregating indicator results across impact categories using numerical
factors based on value-choices.
d) Data quality analysis: better understanding the reliability of the collection of indicator results, the LCIA profile.
5 Mandatory elements
5.1 General
For the LCIA phase, the outcome of the mandatory elements is the collection of indicator results for the different
impact categories.
5.2 Concept of category indicators
Figure 2 illustrates the concept of category indicators based on an environmental mechanism. Every impact
category has its own environmental mechanism. The acidification impact category is used in Figure 2 as an
example.
Characterization models reflect the environmental mechanism by describing the relationship between the LCI
results, category indicators and in some cases category endpoint(s). The characterization model is used to derive
the characterization factors. For each impact category, the necessary components include
� identification of the category endpoint(s),
� definition of the category indicator for given category endpoint(s),
� identification of appropriate LCI results that can be assigned to the impact category, taking into account the
chosen category indicator and identified category endpoint(s), and
� identification of the characterization model and the characterization factors.
4 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 16 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
This procedure facilitates the collection, assignment and characterization modelling of appropriate LCI results. This
also helps to highlight the scientific and technical validity, assumptions, value-choices and degree of accuracy in
the characterization model.
Figure 2 — Concept of category indicators
Table 1 provides examples of terms used in this International Standard. The environmental mechanism is the total
of environmental processes related to climate change.
Table1—Exampleof terms
Term Example
Impact category Climate change
LCI results Greenhouse gases
a
Characterization model IPCC model
2
Category indicator Infrared radiative forcing (W/m )
Characterization factor
Global warming potential for each greenhouse gas
(kg CO -equivalents/kg gas)
2
Indicator result kg of CO -equivalents
2
Category endpoints Coral reefs, forest, crops
Environmental reference Degree of linkage between category indicator and category
endpoint
NOTE Further examples are provided in ISO/TR 14047 [1].
a
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
5.3 Selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models
5.3.1 This subclause provides guidance and requirements for the selection of impact categories, category
indicators and characterization models including the criteria for environmental relevance.
For most LCA studies, existing impact categories, category indicators or characterization models will be selected.
Whenever impact categories, category indicators and characterization models are selected in an LCA study, the
related information shall be referenced. The requirements and recommendations of this subclause apply to the
© ISO 2000 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 17 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
referenced information. However, in some cases existing impact categories, category indicators or characterization
models are not sufficient to fulfil the defined goal and scope of the LCA study, and new ones have to be defined.
When new impact categories, category indicators or characterization models are defined, the requirements and
recommendations in this subclause also apply.
The category indicator can be chosen anywhere along the environmental mechanism between the LCI results and
the category endpoint(s) (see Figure 2).
5.3.2 The following requirements apply for the selection of impact categories, category indicators and
characterization models:
a) the selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models shall be consistent with the
goal and scope of the LCA study;
b) the sources for impact categories, category indicators and characterization models shall be referenced;
c) the selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models shall be justified;
d) accurate and descriptive names shall be provided for the impact categories and category indicators;
e) the selection of impact categories shall reflect a comprehensive set of environmental issues related to the
product system being studied, taking the goal and scope into consideration;
f) the environmental mechanism and characterization model which relate the LCI results to the category indicator
and provide a basis for characterization factors shall be described;
g) the appropriateness of the characterization model used for deriving the category indicator in the context of the
goal and scope of the study shall be described.
5.3.3 In addition, the following recommendations apply for the selection of impact categories, category indicators
and characterization models:
a) the impact categories, category indicators and characterization models should be internationally accepted, i.e.
based on an international agreement or approved by a competent international body;
b) the impact categories should represent the aggregated emissions or resource use of the product system on
the category endpoint(s) through the category indicators;
c) value-choices and assumptions made during the selection of impact categories, category indicators and
characterization models should be minimized;
d) the impact categories, category indicators and characterization models should avoid double counting unless
required by the goal and scope definition, for example when the study includes both human health and
carcinogenicity;
e) the characterization model for each category indicator should be scientifically and technically valid, and based
upon a distinct identifiable environmental mechanism and/or reproducible empirical observation;
f) the extent to which the characterization model and the characterization factors are scientifically and technically
valid should be identified;
g) the category indicators should be environmentally relevant.
5.3.4 Depending on the environmental mechanism and the goal and scope, spatial and temporal differentiation
of the characterization model relating the LCI results to the category indicator should be considered. The fate and
transport of the substances should be part of the characterization model.
LCI results other than mass and energy flow data included in an LCA study, e.g. land use, shall be identified and
their relationship to corresponding category indicators shall be determined.
6 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 18 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
5.3.5 The environmental relevance of the category indicator or characterization model should be clearly stated in
terms of the following criteria:
a) the ability of the category indicator to reflect the consequences of the LCI results on the category endpoint(s),
at least qualitatively;
b) the addition of environmental data or information to the characterization model with respect to the category
endpoint(s), including
� the condition of the category endpoint(s),
� the relative magnitude of the assessed change in the category endpoints,
� the spatial aspects, such as area and scale,
� the temporal aspects, such as duration, residence time, persistence, timing, etc.,
� the reversibility of the environmental mechanism, and
� the uncertainty of the linkages between the characterization model and the changes in the category
endpoints.
5.4 Assignment of LCI results (classification)
This subclause provides guidance for assignment of LCI results to impact categories (often referred to as
classification).
When LCI results are assigned to impact categories, environmental issues associated with the LCI results can be
highlighted.
Assignment of LCI results to impact categories should consider the following, unless otherwise required by the goal
and scope:
� assignment of LCI results which are exclusive to one impact category;
� identification of LCI results which relate to more than one impact category, including
� distinction between parallel mechanisms, e.g. SO is allocated between the impact categories of human
2
health and acidification, and
� allocation among serial mechanisms, e.g. NO may be assigned to both ground-level ozone formation and
x
acidification.
If LCI results are unavailable or of insufficient data quality for the LCIA to achieve the goal and scope of the study,
either an iterative data collection or an adjustment of the goal and scope is required.
5.5 Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
This subclause provides guidance and requirements for calculation of indicator results (often referred to as
characterization). The calculation involves the conversion of LCI results to common units and the aggregation of
the converted results within the impact category. This conversion uses characterization factors. The outcome of the
calculation is a numerical indicator result.
The method of calculating indicator results shall be identified and documented, including the value-choices and
assumptions used.
The usefulness of the indicator results for a given goal and scope depends on the accuracy, validity and
characteristics of the characterization models and characterization factors. The number and kind of simplifying
© ISO 2000 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 19 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
assumptions and value-choices used in the characterization model for the category indicator also vary between
impact categories. A trade-off often exists between characterization model simplicity and accuracy. Variation in the
quality of category indicators among impact categories may influence the overall accuracy of the LCA study, for
example
� the complexity of the environmental mechanisms between the system boundary and the category endpoint,
� the spatial and temporal characteristics, for example the persistence of a substance in the environment, and
� the dose-response characteristics.
Calculation of indicator results involves two steps:
a) selection and use of characterization factors to convert the assigned LCI results to common units;
b) aggregation of the converted LCI results into the indicator result.
One example of a category indicator is infrared radiative forcing. A characterization factor, in this case the global
warming potential factor for each greenhouse gas, is used to calculate the converted LCI results for each gas in
units of carbon dioxide equivalents. Their contributions are then aggregated into an indicator result in terms of total
carbon dioxide equivalents.
Additional data about the environmental condition can enhance the meaning and usability of the indicator results.
This issue may also be dealt with in the data quality analysis.
6 Optional elements
6.1 General
This clause describes three optional LCIA elements: normalization, grouping and weighting. These elements may
use information from outside the LCIA framework. Such information should be justified and reported. Normalization
employs baselines and/or reference information. Grouping and weighting employ value-choices.
6.2 Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results relative to reference information
(normalization)
The aim of the normalization of indicator results is to better understand the relative magnitude for each indicator
result of the product system under study. Calculating the magnitude of indicator results relative to reference
information (often referred to as normalization) is an optional element which may be helpful in, for example
� checking for inconsistencies,
� providing and communicating information on the relative significance of the indicator results, and
� preparing for additional procedures, such as grouping, weighting or life cycle interpretation.
This procedure transforms an indicator result by dividing it by a selected reference value. Some examples of
reference values are
� the total emissions or resource use for a given area, which may be global, regional, national or local,
� the total emissions or resource use for a given area on a per capita basis or similar measurement, and
� a baseline scenario, such as a given alternative product system.
8 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 20 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 14042:2001
ISO 14042:2000(E)
The selection of the reference system should consider the consistency of the spatial and temporal scales of the
environmental mechanism and the reference value.
The normalization of the indicator results changes the outcome of the mandatory elements of the LCIA phase. It
may be desirable to use several reference systems to show the consequence on the outcome of mandatory
elements of the LCIA phase. A sensitivity analysis may provide additional information about the choice of
reference. The collection of normalized indicator results represents a normalized LCIA profile.
6.3 Grouping
Grouping is assigning impact categories into one or more sets as predefined in the goal and scope definition, and it
may involve sorting and/or ranking. Grouping is an optional element with two possible procedures:
� to sort the impact categories on a nominal basis, e.g. by characteristics such as emissions and resources or
global regional and local spatial scales;
� to rank the impact categories in a given hierarchy, e.g. high, medium, and low priority.
Ranking is based on value-choices.
The application and use of grouping methods shall be consist
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.