oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022

Dentistry - Casting and baseplate waxes (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)

This document specifies the classification of and requirements for dental casting and dental baseplate waxes together with the test methods to be employed to determine compliance with these requirements.
This document does not apply to waxes supplied for additive manufacturing or CAD/CAM-based procedures.

Zahnheilkunde – Guss- und Basisplattenwachse (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)

Médecine bucco-dentaire - Cires pour coulée et pour plaque de base (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)

Le présent document spécifie la classification et les exigences relatives aux cires dentaires pour coulée et pour plaque de base ainsi que les méthodes d'essai à appliquer pour déterminer la conformité à ces exigences.
Le présent document ne s'applique pas aux cires fournies pour la fabrication additive ou les procédures de CFAO.

Zobozdravstvo - Voski za odlitke in podstavke (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 21-Jun-2022
• ICS: 11.060.10 - Dental materials
• Technical Committee: VAZ - Healthcare
• Current Stage: 4020 - Public enquire (PE) (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 11-Apr-2022
• Due Date: 29-Aug-2022
• Ref Project: prEN ISO 15854 - Dentistry - Casting and baseplate waxes (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)

RELATIONS

• Revised: SIST EN ISO 15854:2021 - Dentistry - Casting and baseplate waxes (ISO 15854:2021)
• Effective Date: 20-Oct-2021

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
01-junij-2022
Zobozdravstvo - Voski za odlitke in podstavke (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)
Dentistry - Casting and baseplate waxes (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)
Zahnheilkunde – Guss- und Basisplattenwachse (ISO/DIS 15854:2022)
Médecine bucco-dentaire - Cires pour coulée et pour plaque de base (ISO/DIS
15854:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 15854
ICS:
11.060.10 Zobotehnični materiali Dental materials
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 15854
ISO/TC 106/SC 2 Secretariat: ANSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-03-30 2022-06-22
Dentistry — Casting and baseplate waxes
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Cires pour coulée et pour plaque de base
ICS: 11.060.10
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Classification ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

5 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.1 Appearance ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

5.2 Flow .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

5.3 Behaviour on trimming .................................................................................................................................................................. 3

5.4 Behaviour on softening (Type 1) ............................................................................................................................................ 3

5.5 Appearance after flaming (Type 2) ...................................................................................................................................... 3

5.6 Behaviour on softening (Type 2) ............................................................................................................................................ 3

5.7 Residue on artificial teeth (Type 2) ..................................................................................................................................... 3

5.8 Behaviour of colouring material (Type 2) ...................................................................................................................... 3

5.9 Adhesion on storage (Type 2) ................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.10 Residue on ignition (Type 1) ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.11 Biocompatibility .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6 Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

7 Test methods — General .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4

7.1 Ambient temperature ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4

7.2 Apparatus function verification ......... ..................................................................................................................................... 4

8 Test methods — Specific ..............................................................................................................................................................................4

8.1 Visual inspection .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

8.2 Flow .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

8.2.1 Principle ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

8.2.2 Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

8.2.3 Preparation of test pieces ........................................................................................................................................... 8

8.2.4 Procedure ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

8.2.5 Expression of results and evaluation ............................................................................................................ 10

8.3 Behaviour on trimming ............................................................................................................................................................... 11

8.3.1 Principle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

8.3.2 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

8.3.3 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

8.4 Behaviour on softening (Type 1) ......................................................................................................................................... 11

8.4.1 Principle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

8.4.2 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

8.4.3 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

8.5 Appearance after flaming .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

8.5.1 Principle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

8.5.2 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12

8.6 Behaviour on softening (Type 2) ......................................................................................................................................... 12

8.6.1 Principle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 12

8.6.2 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12

8.6.3 Procedure ..............................................................................................................................................................................12

8.7 Residue on artificial teeth and behaviour of wax colouring material (Type 2) ........................12

8.7.1 Principle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 12

8.7.2 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12

8.7.3 Procedure ..............................................................................................................................................................................13

8.8 Adhesion on storage (Type 2) ................................................................................................................................................ 14

8.8.1 Principle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)

8.8.2 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

8.8.3 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

8.9 Residue on ignition (Type 1) ................................................................................................................................................... 14

8.9.1 Principle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

8.9.2 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

8.9.3 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................................. 15

9 Marking and packaging .............................................................................................................................................................................15

9.1 Marking ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

9.2 Packaging ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16

10 Test report ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Annex A (informative) Determination of the melting point of wax .................................................................................17

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................19

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 106, Dentistry, Subcommittee SC 2,

Prosthodontic materials, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

Technical Committee CEN/TC 55, Dentistry, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation

between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 15854:2021), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes compared with the previous edition are as follows:
— clarification of scope
— inclusion of waxes supplied for use in CAD/CAM procedures.
— extension of appearance after flaming to casting waxes

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
Introduction

This document does not include specific and quantitative requirements for freedom from biological

hazards. It is recommended that, in assessing possible biological or toxicological hazards, reference be

made to ISO 7405 and ISO 10993-1.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
Dentistry — Casting and baseplate waxes
1 Scope

This document specifies the classification of and requirements for waxes used for dental casting

(including products intended for CAD/CAM milling) and dental baseplate preparation together with the

test methods to be employed to determine compliance with these requirements.

For the purposes of this document, the term ‘casting’ includes ‘pressing’, as used for glass ceramics.

Solid polymer products (such as acrylics) for CAD/CAM work, and thermoplastic or photo-curing resins

used in additive processes, are not covered by this document.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 1942, Dentistry — Vocabulary
ISO 6873, Dentistry — Gypsum products

ISO 8601-2, Date and time — Representations for information interchange — Part 2: Extensions

ISO 22112, Dentistry — Artificial teeth for dental prostheses

ISO 4287, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile method - Terms, definitions

and surface texture parameters
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1942 and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
casting wax

mouldable material with minimal residue on ignition suitable primarily for shaping patterns in the

production of cast restorations using the “lost-wax” technique
3.2
baseplate wax

mouldable material primarily for forming occlusion rims, positioning and retaining artificial teeth

therein, and shaping patterns that are duplicated in the denture base polymer
3.3
milling wax
casting wax where patterns are formed by milling using CAD/CAM systems
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
3.4
melting point
temperature above which no solid material exists at equilibrium

Note 1 to entry: For the practical purposes of this document, the melting point and the freezing point shall be

considered as being the same.
3.5
lost-wax technique

method of casting using a wax pattern that is removed from the intact investment mould by melting or

burning
4 Classification

Dental waxes covered by this document are classified according to the flow characteristics that

represent their hardness, as follows:
a) Type 1 (casting wax):
1) Class 1 Soft;
2) Class 2 Hard;
3) Class 3 Milling.
b) Type 2 (baseplate wax):
1) Class 1 Soft;
2) Class 2 Hard;
3) Class 3 Extra hard.
5 Requirements
5.1 Appearance

The wax shall be uniform in colour, supplied in pieces of uniform size, of smooth texture and free of

foreign materials. Test in accordance with 8.1.
5.2 Flow

The wax when tested in accordance with 8.2 shall have flow values conforming with the appropriate

requirements in Table 1.
Table 1 — Flow requirements percentages
Type 1 Type 2
Temperature
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
/ °C
min. max. min. max. max. min. max. min. max. min. max.
23,0 ± 0,2 — — — — — 1,0 — 0,6 — 0,2
30,0 ± 0,2 — 1,0 — — — — — — — —
37,0 ± 0,1 — — — 1,0 1,0 5,0 90,0 — 10,0 — 1,2
40,0 ± 0,1 50,0 — — 20,0 20,0 — — — — — —
45,0 ± 0,1 70,0 90,0 70,0 90,0 — — — 50,0 90,0 5,0 50,0
— not required
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
5.3 Behaviour on trimming

The wax shall be capable of being trimmed without chipping, flaking, or other undesirable behaviour

when tested in accordance with 8.3.
5.4 Behaviour on softening (Type 1)

The wax shall soften without flaking or crumbling and shall cohere readily when tested in accordance

with 8.4.
5.5 Appearance after flaming (Type 2)

The wax shall present a smooth glossy surface when tested in accordance with 8.5.

5.6 Behaviour on softening (Type 2)

The wax shall soften without becoming sticky or crumbly and shall be mouldable without breaking or

delaminating when tested in accordance with 8.6.

This requirement shall not apply to baseplate preforms where a suitable square test piece cannot be

cut.
5.7 Residue on artificial teeth (Type 2)

The wax shall not leave a visible residue on either ceramic or synthetic polymer teeth when tested in

accordance with 8.7.
5.8 Behaviour of colouring material (Type 2)

The colouring material shall neither separate from the wax nor impregnate the gypsum mould when

tested in accordance with 8.7.
5.9 Adhesion on storage (Type 2)

Adhesion due to storage of the wax shall be such that, when tested in accordance with 8.8, there shall

be no evidence of damage to wax surfaces. Wax and separating paper surfaces shall separate cleanly

and readily.
NOTE The separating paper might not cover the whole area of the wax sheet.
5.10 Residue on ignition (Type 1)

If the manufacturer does not state a value for the residue on ignition, the value as determined in

accordance with 8.9 shall be no greater than 0,10 % by mass.

If the residue on ignition is greater than 0,10 % by mass, this value shall be stated by the manufacturer

and the value as determined in accordance with 8.9 shall be not more than 20 % greater than that

stated value.
5.11 Biocompatibility

See ISO 7405 and ISO 10993-1 for guidance on compatibility in respect of waxes that are offered for use

in the mouth or that are not specifically excluded from that application.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)
6 Sampling

The amount of material procured for testing shall be at least 250 g for Type 1, or 500 g for Type 2, and

from one batch, and one packet where possible. This material shall be obtained on the open market

unannounced and thus taken randomly from stock.
7 Test methods — General
7.1 Ambient temperature

Unless otherwise specified in this document, all test piece preparation and testing shall be conducted at

an ambient temperature of (23 ± 2) °C. Where necessary and appropriate, all material shall be allowed

to equilibrate at this ambient temperature before testing for at least 24 h.
7.2 Apparatus function verification

All accessories, instruments and equipment shall be examined before use to ensure that they are in

acceptable working order, appropriately calibrated, and complying with specifications stated for them

in this document, as appropriate.
8 Test methods — Specific
8.1 Visual inspection

Carry out the inspection at an illuminance of at least 1 000 lux and at a distance not exceeding 250 mm.

A person making the inspection shall have nominally normal visual acuity. Corrective (non-magnifying)

untinted lenses may be worn.
8.2 Flow
8.2.1 Principle

The relative change in length of the test piece under a given load in a specified time is taken as a proxy

for the inverse of viscosity.
8.2.2 Apparatus
8.2.2.1 Micrometer screw gauge

Micrometer screw gauge with a range of at least 10 mm, being readable and accurate to 0,005 mm or

better, equipped with flat, parallel anvils at least 6,5 mm in diameter and a non-rotating spindle.

NOTE Avoidance of indentation of the wax test piece is essential.
8.2.2.2 Flow-testing instrument

Flow-testing instrument, such as shown in Figure 1, consisting of the following components:

— weight (see Figure 1, Key 1);

— shaft, which can move freely in its supports, lubricated as necessary (see Figure 1, Key 2);

— upper platen, metallic, minimum diameter 50 mm, lower surface flat and smooth, rigidly attached

and normal to the axis of the shaft (see Figure 1, Key 3);
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)

— base plate, metallic, flat smooth and parallel to the lower surface of the upper platen (Figure 1,

Key 4);

— measuring dial gauge or similarly functional instrument, with a range of at least 10 mm, readable

and accurate to 0,005 mm or better, and rigidly supported (optional) (see Figure 1, Key 5);

— locking screw or equivalent device (required if the dial gauge is used) (see Figure 1, Key 6).

Key
1 weight
2 shaft
3 upper platen
4 base plate
5 dial gauge (optional)
6 locking screw
NOTE This figure is not to scale.
Figure 1 — Conceptual diagram of a suitable flow-testing instrument

The total mass of the components of items 1, 2 and 3 shall be such as to provide an axial compressive

force of (19,6 ± 0,1) N. The weight (1) shall be separated from the surface of the water in the bath by at

least 20 mm. The upper platen (3) shall be at least 5 mm thick for rigidity. The optional dial gauge (5)

and locking screw (6) may replace the micrometer screw gauge for direct measurement of displacement

(see 8.2.3).

The axial force calculation shall take into account the buoyancy of the immersed parts of the shaft and

upper platen (using the value of 0,01 N/mL) and the force exerted by the dial gauge or other measuring

device (5), which force may be about 1 N and vary with its displacement if (as is usual) a spring is

present. Appropriate control of the water level in the water bath (8.2.2.9) is required.

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 15854:2022
ISO/DIS 15854:2022(E)

The locking screw or equivalent device shall not cause damage to the shaft (2) and thereby impede its

free movement.

The base plate (4) may conveniently be marked with a crosshair target, , avoiding affecting the

surface of the central region, to enable the correct location of the test piece.
8.2.2.3 Pouring pan

For melting the wax, use a metal, glass or ceramic vessel, which may have a handle for convenience,

similar in functionality to the example shown in Figure 2.
NOTE A volume of 10 ~ 20 mL can be adequate.
Figure 2 — Example of a suitable pouring pan
8.2.2.4 Heat source

For melting the wax, any convenient low-power or low-temperature system can be used. For example,

— an infrared lamp with nominal power of (250 ± 50) W using a bulb of type R40 or similar;

— a hotplate giving good thermal contact with the base of the pouring pan (8.2.2.3);

— a hot-air oven allowing the wax to be observed.

For preheating the mould (8.2.2.6), slab (8.2.2.7) and glass plate (8.2.2.8) an oven shall be used.

8.2.2.5 Thermometer

To measure the temperature of the molten wax, use an electronic thermometer with an accuracy of

±0,2 °C and a reading resolution of ±0,1 K or better over the temperature range 20 °C to 100 °C, and

having a 95 % 10 K step change response time of less than 1 min.
8.2.2.6 Mould

For forming the flow test pieces, a metallic mould shall be used, for example made from stainless

steel or brass. This shall consist of a flat plate, (6,00 ± 0,01) mm thick, with parallel top and bottom

surfaces. The plate shall have one or more holes (10,00 ± 0,01) mm in diameter, with the axis of each

hole perpendicular to the
...