SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
(Main)Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 14040:1997)
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 14040:1997)
Umweltmanagement - Ökobilanz - Prinzipien und allgemeine Anforderungen (ISO 14040:1997)
Diese Internationale Norm legt den allgemeinen Untersuchungsrahmen, sowie die Prinzipien und Anforderungen an die Durchführung und Berichterstattung von Produkt-Ökobilanzen fest. Diese Internationale Norm enthält keine detaillierte Beschreibung der Methodik der Ökobilanz.
Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie - Principes et cadre (ISO 14040:1997)
Ravnanje z okoljem - Ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla - Načela in okviri (ISO 14040:1997)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
01-april-2000
5DYQDQMH]RNROMHP2FHQMHYDQMHåLYOMHQMVNHJDFLNOD1DþHODLQRNYLUL ,62
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO
14040:1997)
Umweltmanagement - Ökobilanz - Prinzipien und allgemeine Anforderungen (ISO
14040:1997)
Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie - Principes et cadre (ISO
14040:1997)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14040:1997
ICS:
13.020.10 Ravnanje z okoljem Environmental management
13.020.60 Življenjski ciklusi izdelkov Product life-cycles
SIST EN ISO 14040:2000 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
INTERNATIONAL IS0
STANDARD 14040
First edition
1997006- 15
Environmental management - Life cycle
assessment - Principles and framework
Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie -
Principes et cadre
Reference number
IS0 14040: 1997(E)
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
IS0 14040: 1997(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
international Standard IS0 14040 was prepared by Technical Committee ISORC 207, Environmenta/ management,
Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
0 IS0 1997
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
Or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Internet:
central @ iso.ch
x.400:
c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
ii
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
@ IS0
IS0 14040:1997(E)
Introduction
The heightened awareness of the importance of environmental protection, and the possible impacts
associated with productsI) manufactured and consumed, has increased the interest in the development
of methods to better comprehend and reduce these impacts. One of the techniques being developed for
this purpose is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This International Standard describes the principles and
framework for conducting and reporting LCA studies, and includes certain minimal requirements.
LCA is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a
product, by
- compiling an inventory 2) of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system ;
- evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs ;
- interpreting the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases in relation to the
objectives of the study.
LCA studies the environmental aspects and potential impacts throughout a product’s life (i.e. cradlerto-
grave) from raw material acquisition through production, use and disposal. The general categories of
environmental impacts needing consideration include resource use, human health, and ecological
consequences.
LCA can assist in
- identifying opportunities to improve the environmental aspects of products at various points in their
life cycle ;
- decision-making in industry, governmental or non-governmental organizations (e.g. strategic
planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign) ;
- selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, including measurement techniques ;
and
- marketing (e.g. an environmental claim, ecolabelling scheme or environmental product declaration).
This International Standard recognizes that LCA is still at an early stage of development. Some phases
of the LCA technique, such as impact assessment, are still in relative infancy. Considerable work
remains to be done and practical experience gained in order to further develop the level of LCA practice.
Therefore, it is important that the results of LCA be interpreted and applied appropriately.
If LCA is to be successful in supporting environmental understanding of products, it is essential that LCA
maintains its technical credibility while providing flexibility, practicality and cost effectiveness of
application. This is particularly true if LCA is to be applied within small- and medium-sized enterprises.
1, In this International Standard the term *‘product” used alone not only includes product systems but can also include service
!
systems.
2, An inventory may include environmental aspects which are not directly related to the inputs and outputs of the system.
. . .
III
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
@ IS0
IS0 14040:1997(E)
The scope, boundaries and level of detail of an LCA study depend on the subject and intended use of
the study. The depth and breadth of LCA studies may differ considerably depending on the goal of a
in all cases, the principles and framework established in this
particular LCA study. However,
International Standard should be followed.
LCA is one of several environmental management techniques (e.g. risk assessment, environmental
performance evaluation, environmental auditing, and environmental impact assessment) and may not be
the most appropriate technique to use in all situations. LCA typically does not address the economic or
social aspects of a product.
Because all techniques have limitations, it is important to understand those that are present in LCA. The
limitations include the following.
- The nature of choices and assumptions made in LCA (e.g. system boundary setting, selection of
data sources and impact categories) may be subjective.
- Models used for inventory analysis or to assess environmental impacts are limited by their
assumptions, and may not be available for all potential impacts or applications.
- Results of LCA studies focused on global and regional issues may not be appropriate for local
applications, i.e. local conditions might not be adequately represented by regional or global
conditions.
- The accuracy of LCA studies may be limited by accessibility or availability of relevant data, or by
data quality, e.g. gaps, types of data, aggregation, average, site-specific.
- The lack of spatial and temporal dimensions in the inventory data used for impact assessment
introduces uncertainty in impact results. This uncertainty varies with the spatial and temporal
characteristics of each impact category.
Generally, the information developed in an LCA study should be used as part of a much more
comprehensive decision process or used to understand the broad or general trade-offs. Comparing
results of different LCA studies is only possible if the assumptions and context of each study are the
same. These assumptions should also be explicitly stated for reasons of transparency.
This International Standard provides principles and framework and provides some methodological
requirements for conducting LCA studies. Additional details regarding methods are provided in the
complementary International Standards IS0 14041, IS0 14042 and IS0 14043 concerning the various
phases of LCA .
This International Standard, like other International Standards, is not intended to be used to create non-
tariff trade barriers or to increase or change an organization’s legal obligations.
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
IS0 14040: 1997(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ IS0
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and
framework
1
Scope
This International Standard specifies the general framework, principles and requirements for
conducting and reporting life cycle assessment studies. This International Standard does not
describe the life cycle assessment technique in detail.
2 Normative reference
The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this International Standard. At the time of the publication, the edition indicated was
valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International
Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the
standard indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid
International Standards.
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Goal and scope
IS0 14041: B3
definition and life cycle inventory analysis
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
31
ailocation
partitioning the input or output flows of a unit process to the product system under study
32
cbmparative assertion
environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing
product which performs the same function
33
eiementary flow
from the
(1) material or energy entering the system being studied, which has been drawn
environment without previous human transformation
(2) material or energy leaving the system being studied, which is discarded into the environment
without subsequent human transformation
34
ehironmental aspect
element of an organization’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment
3 To be published.
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IIS0 14040:1997(E)
35
fhctional unit
quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit in a life cycle assessment
study
36
iiiput
material or energy which enters a unit process
NOTE : Materials may include raw materials and products.
37
herested party
individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of a product
system, or by the results of the life cycle assessment
38
liie cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or
generation of naturall resources to the final disposal
39
life cycle assessment
LCA
compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a
product system throughout its life cycle
3.10
life cycle impact assessment
phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and
significance of the potential environmental impacts of a product system
3.11
life cycle interpretation
phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact
assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach
conclusions and recommendations
3.12
life cycle inventory analysis
phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs,
for a given product system throughout its life cycle
3.13
output
material or energy which leaves a unit process
NOTE : Materials may include raw materials, intermediate products, products, emissions and waste.
3.14
practitioner
individual or group that conducts a life cycle assessment
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
@ IS0 IS0 14040:1997(E)
3.15
product system
collection of materially and energetically connected unit processes which performs one or more
defined functions
NOTE : In this International Standard, the term “product” used alone includes not only product systems but
can also include service system: i.
3.16
raw material
primary or secondary materia ,I that is used to produce a product
3.17
system boundary
interface between a product system and the environment or other product systems
3.18
transparency
open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information
3.19
unit process
smallest portion of a product system for which data are collected when performing a life cycle
assessment
3.20
waste
any output from the product system which is disposed of
4 General description of LCA
4.1 Key features of LCA
The following list summarizes some of the key features of the LCA methodology.
- LCA studies should systematically and adequately address the environmental aspects of
product systems, from raw material acquisition to final disposal.
- The depth of detail and time frame of an LCA study may vary to a large extent, depending on
the definition of goal and scope.
- The scope, assumptions, description of data quality, methodologies and output of LCA studies
should be transparent. LCA studies should discuss and document the data sources, and be
clearly and appropriately communicated.
- Provisions should be made, depending on the intended application of the LCA study, to
respect confidentiality and proprietary matters.
- LCA methodology should be amenable to the inclusion of new scientific findings and
improvements in the state-of-the-art of the technology.
- Specific requirements are applied to LCA studies which are used to make a comparative
assertion that is disclosed to the public.
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
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IS0 14040: 1997(E)
- There is no scientific basis for reducing LCA results to a single overall score or number, since
trade-offs and complexities exist for the systems analysed at different stages of their life cycle.
- There is no single method for conducting LCA studies. Organizations should have flexibility to
implement LCA practically as established in this International Standard, based upon the
specific application and the requirements of the user.
4.2 Phases of an LCA
,I and scope, inventory analysis, impact
Life cycle assessment shall include definition of goa
assessment and interpretation of results, as illustrated in figure 1.
LCA results may be useful inputs to a variety of decision-making processes. Applications of LCA
such as the examples listed in figure 1 are outside the scope of this International Standard.
Life cycle inventory studies shall include definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis and
interpretation of results. The requirements and recommendations of this International Standard,
with the exception of those provisions regarding impact assessment, also apply to life cycle
inventory studies.
/ Life cycle assessment framework
Goal
and scope
definition
Direct applications :
- Product development
and improvement
Inventory
- Strategic planning
Interpretation
analysis
- Public policy making
I I
I
- Marketing
- Other
Impact
assessment
#
Figure 1 : Phases of an LCA
5
Methodological framework
In addition to the general requirements specified below, it is a requirement of this International
Standard that the definition of goal and scope and the inventory comply with the respective
provisions of IS0 14041.
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SIST EN ISO 14040:2000
0 IS0
IS0 14040: 1997(E)
5.1 Definition of goal and scope
The goal and scope of an LCA study shall be clearly defined and consistent with the intended
application.
5.1.1 Goal of the study
The goal of an LCA study shall unambiguously state the intended application, the reasons for
carrying out the study and the intended audience, i.e. to whom the results of the study are
intended to be communicated.
5.1.2 Scope of the study
In defining the scope of an LCA study, the following items shall be considered and clearly
described :
- the functions of the product system, or, in the case of comparative studies, the systems ;
- the functional unit ;
- the produ
...
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