SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
Code of inspection practice - Part 6: Bevel gear measurement methods
Code of inspection practice - Part 6: Bevel gear measurement methods
This part of ISO/TR 10064 provides information on measuring methods and practices of unassembled bevel and hypoid gears and gear pairs. Tolerances are provided in Clause 5 of ISO 17485:2006, for calculating the maximum values allowed by the specific tolerance grade. Measuring methods and practices are included in order to promote uniform inspection procedures (see Clause 5). These methods permit the manufacturer and purchaser to conduct measuring procedures which are accurate and repeatable to a degree compatible with the specified tolerance grade of ISO 17485.
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Code pratique de réception - Partie 6: Méthodes de mesure des engrenages coniques
L'ISO/TR 10064-6:2009 donne des informations sur les m�thodes et les pratiques de mesure des engrenages coniques, des roues hypo�des et des engrenages non assembl�s. Des m�thodes et des pratiques de mesure sont int�gr�es permettant au fabricant et � l'acqu�reur d'appliquer des modes op�ratoires qui sont pr�cis et r�p�tables dans une mesure compatible avec la classe de tol�rance sp�cifi�e dans l'ISO 17485.
Des tol�rances sont indiqu�es dans l'ISO 17485:2006, Article 5, portant sur le calcul des valeurs maximales autoris�es par la classe de tol�rance sp�cifique. Les m�thodes de mesure requises et facultatives sont donn�es dans l'ISO 17485:2006, Article 6.
L'ISO/TR 10064-6:2009 s'applique aux composants d'engrenages coniques tels que d�finis dans l'ISO 17485. Il ne s'applique pas aux ensembles d'engrenages qui sont contr�l�s sous carter, tels que les r�ducteurs ou multiplicateurs de vitesse, les motor�ducteurs, les r�ducteurs mont�s sur arbre, les engrenages grande vitesse ou autres ensembles d'engrenages qui sont fabriqu�s pour des besoins de puissance, de vitesse, de rapport ou d'applications donn�s.
Smernice za meritve - 6. del: Metode merjenja stožčastih zobnikov
General Information
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 10064-6
First edition
2009-02-15
Code of inspection practice —
Part 6:
Bevel gear measurement methods
Code pratique de réception —
Partie 6: Méthodes de mesure des engrenages coniques
Reference number
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols.2
3.1 Terms and definitions .2
3.2 Symbols .3
4 Bevel gear measurement .4
4.1 Manufacturing and purchasing considerations .4
4.2 Manufacturing documentation .5
4.3 Process control.5
4.4 Measurement methods.5
4.5 Additional considerations.6
4.6 Acceptance criteria.7
5 Measuring methods and practices.7
5.1 Guidelines for measurement of gear characteristics.7
5.2 Measuring practices .8
5.3 Measurement of pitch deviations.10
5.4 Measurement of bevel gear runout.16
5.5 Flank form measurement .18
5.6 Contact pattern checking.25
5.7 Single-flank composite inspection .30
5.8 Double-flank composite testing .30
5.9 Tooth thickness measurement.33
5.10 Manufacturing applications .36
6 Recommended datum surface tolerances .36
Bibliography .37
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 10064-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears.
ISO/TR 10064 consists of the following parts, under the general title Code of inspection practice:
⎯ Part 1: Inspection of corresponding flanks of gear teeth
⎯ Part 2: Inspection related to radial composite deviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash
⎯ Part 3: Recommendations relative to gear blanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes
⎯ Part 4: Recommendations relative to surface texture and tooth contact pattern checking
⎯ Part 5: Recommendations relative to evaluation of gear measuring instruments
⎯ Part 6: Bevel gear measurement methods
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Code of inspection practice —
Part 6:
Bevel gear measurement methods
1 Scope
This part of ISO/TR 10064 provides information on measuring methods and practices of unassembled bevel
and hypoid gears and gear pairs.
Tolerances are provided in Clause 5 of ISO 17485:2006, for calculating the maximum values allowed by the
specific tolerance grade.
Measuring methods and practices are included in order to promote uniform inspection procedures (see
Clause 5). These methods permit the manufacturer and purchaser to conduct measuring procedures which
are accurate and repeatable to a degree compatible with the specified tolerance grade of ISO 17485.
See Clause 6 of ISO 17485:2006 for required and optional measuring methods.
This part of ISO/TR 10064 applies to bevel gear components as defined in ISO 17485. It does not apply to
enclosed gear unit assemblies, including speed reducers or increasers, gear motors, shaft mounted reducers,
high speed units, or other enclosed gear units which are manufactured for a given power, speed, ratio or
application.
The use of the accuracy grades for the determination of gear performance requires extensive experience with
specific applications. Therefore, users are cautioned against the direct application of tolerance values to a
projected performance of unassembled gears when they are assembled.
Tolerance values for gears outside the limits stated in ISO 17485 are established by determining the specific
application requirements. This possibly requires setting a tolerance smaller than that calculated by the
formulae in ISO 17485.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1122-1, Vocabulary of gear terms — Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
ISO 17485:2006, Bevel gears — ISO system of accuracy
ISO 23509, Bevel and hypoid gear geometry
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17485 and the following terms,
definitions and symbols apply.
NOTE 1 Some of the terms, definitions and symbols contained in this Technical Report may differ from those used in
other documents. Users of this Technical Report can be assured that they are using the terms, definitions and symbols in
the manner indicated herein.
NOTE 2 The general wording “gear” or “bevel gear”, depending on the context, can refer to the “wheel” or the “pinion”.
NOTE 3 For other geometric, measurement and tolerance terms and definitions related to gearing, see ISO 1122-1 and
ISO 23509.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
toe
portion of the bevel gear tooth surface at the inner end
3.1.2
heel
portion of the bevel gear tooth surface at the outer end
3.1.3
tip
upper edge of the gear tooth surface
3.1.4
root
lower edge of the gear tooth surface
3.1.5
topland
surface of the top of the gear tooth
3.1.6
wheel
gear with the larger number of teeth
3.1.7
pinion
gear with the smaller number of teeth
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Key
1 toe
2 left side
3 heel
4 outer end of tooth
5 tip
6 root
7 right side
8 inner end of tooth
9 topland
Figure 1 — Nomenclature of bevel and hypoid gear teeth
3.2 Symbols
The symbols used in this document are listed alphabetically by term in Table 1 and alphabetically by symbol in
Table 2. However, the names of several symbols have been rearranged such that the principal characteristics
are grouped together.
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Table 1 — Alphabetical list of terms
Symbol Term Where first used
R Cone distance, mean 5.6.6.2
m
F Cumulative pitch deviation, total 5.3.1
p
r Cutter radius 5.6.6.2
c0
d Diameter, tolerance 4.4
T
F Index deviation 5.3.1
x
z Number of teeth 5.3.3.1
α Pressure angle 5.9.4
F Runout deviation, total 5.4.1
r
f Single pitch deviation 5.3.1
pt
β Spiral angle, mean 5.6.6.2
m
f Tooth-to-tooth deviation, double flank 5.8.4
id
F Total composite deviation, double flank 5.8.4
id
p True position pitch 5.3.4.1
m
Table 2 — Alphabetical list of symbols
Symbol Term
d Diameter, tolerance
T
F Total composite deviation, double flank
id
f Tooth-to-tooth deviation, double flank
id
F Cumulative pitch deviation, total
p
f Single pitch deviation
pt
F Runout deviation, total
r
F Index deviation
x
p True position pitch
m
R Cone distance, mean
m
r Cutter radius
c0
z Number of teeth
α Pressure angle
β Spiral angle, mean
m
4 Bevel gear measurement
4.1 Manufacturing and purchasing considerations
This clause presents considerations for control of the various phases of manufacturing, including the
recommended methods of measurement control.
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
These methods provide the manufacturer and purchaser with recommendations for verifying the conformity of
a manufactured product with the standard, as well as information relative to the interpretation of measurement
data.
Some design and application considerations may warrant measuring or documentation not normally available
in standard manufacturing processes.
NOTE No particular method of measurement or documentation is considered mandatory unless specifically agreed
upon between manufacturer and purchaser. When applications require measurements beyond those recommended in this
Technical Report, special measurement methods are negotiated prior to manufacturing the gear.
4.2 Manufacturing documentation
The manufacturing of gearing to the standard may or may not include specific measurements. When
applications warrant, detailed specific measurements, data analysis and additional considerations may be
necessary to establish acceptance criteria for a gear. The specific methods of measurement, documentation
of accuracy grade and other geometric tolerances of a gear are normally considered items which are to be
mutually agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
NOTE Specifying an accuracy grade or measurement criteria that requires closer tolerances than required by the
application can increase the cost unnecessarily.
4.3 Process control
Process control is defined as the method by which gear dimensional accuracy is maintained through control of
each individual step of the manufacturing process. Upon completion of all manufacturing operations, a specific
gear has been given an inherent level of dimensional accuracy; this level of accuracy was established during
the manufacturing process and it is totally independent of any final inspection.
Process control includes elements such as manufacturing planning, maintenance of machine tools, cutting
tool selection and maintenance, heat treatment control and quality assurance programmes, as needed, to
achieve and maintain the necessary gear quality. When properly applied, gears manufactured by specific
control techniques will be found to be of very uniform quality. Therefore, little or no final inspection may be
necessary for a gear, particularly in some classification levels, assurance of the necessary accuracy having
been built-in through careful manufacturing control at each step.
NOTE It is possible for documentation to be deemed unnecessary for products manufactured under process control
when inspection records are not specified in the purchase contract.
With proper application of process control, relatively few measurements may be made on any one gear. For
example, tooth size may be evaluated by a measurement on only two or three sections of a given gear. It is
assumed that these measurements are representative of all the teeth on the gear. Gears made in mass
production quantities may be inspected at various steps in their manufacturing process on a statistical basis.
Thus, it is possible that a specific gear can pass through the entire production process without ever having
been measured. However, based on appropriate confidence in the applied process control, the manufacturer
of that gear shall be able to verify that its quality is equal to those gears that were measured.
4.4 Measurement methods
Gear geometry may be measured by a number of alternate methods as specified in Table 3 of
ISO 17485:2006. The selection of the particular method depends on the magnitude of the tolerance, the size
of the gear, the production quantities, equipment available, accuracy of gear blanks and measurement costs.
The manufacturer or the purchaser may wish to measure one or more of the geometric features of a gear to
verify its accuracy grade. However, a gear which is specified to an accuracy grade must meet all the individual
tolerance requirements applicable to the particular accuracy grade and size as noted in Tables 3 and 4 of
ISO 17485:2006. Unless otherwise specified, all measurements are taken and evaluated at the tolerance
diameter, d .
T
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Normally the tolerances apply to both sides of the teeth unless only one side is specified as the loaded side. In
some cases, the loaded side may be specified to a higher accuracy than the non-loaded or minimum-loaded
side; if applicable, this information is to be specified on the gear engineering drawing.
4.5 Additional considerations
4.5.1 General aspects
When specifying the quality of a gear, there are additional or special considerations that must be reviewed.
These considerations may include items such as:
⎯ backlash allowances in tooth thickness;
⎯ matching gears as sets;
⎯ reference gears for composite measurement;
⎯ replacement gearing;
⎯ modified accuracy grade;
⎯ mounting distance and backlash markings on wheel and pinion;
⎯ record of tooth contact patterns by photographs or transfer tapes.
The listed items and other special considerations are to be reviewed and agreed upon by the manufacturer
and purchaser.
4.5.2 Backlash
An individual gear does not have backlash. Backlash is only present when one gear mates with another. The
backlash of a gear set is based on the tooth thickness of each member in mesh, as well as the mounting
distances at which the gears are assembled. The functional backlash is additionally dependent on the runout
of the gears, the actual variation of tooth thicknesses and tooth geometries.
The methods of determining the backlash required for individual applications are beyond the scope of this
Technical Report (for additional information, see ISO 23509). See also 5.9.3.
4.5.3 Matching gears as sets
Matched sets can be provided, usually at extra cost, and are required in many applications. In such a case,
the purchaser must agree on the details of the additional specifications concerning how the matching is to be
performed and verified. Applications requiring high accuracy gearing may necessitate the matching, or
modifying, of pinion and gear profiles and spiral angles such that the matched set is satisfactory for the
application.
NOTE ISO 17485 provides tolerances for unassembled gears only. The inspection of gearing mated in an assembly
for a specific application is beyond the scope of this Technical Report. The matching process for such gears sold as pairs
assumes greater importance than the individual absolute measurements.
4.5.4 Reference gears for composite action tests
When a composite check is specified, a reference gear becomes necessary. The design, accuracy grade
validation procedure and cost of a reference gear must be negotiated between the manufacturer and
purchaser. A specific reference gear is required for each different production gear design.
6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
4.6 Acceptance criteria
The tolerances, methods and definitions specified in ISO 17485 prevail unless contractual agreements
between the manufacturer and purchaser contain specific exceptions. See ISO/TR 10064-5 for discussion on
measurement uncertainty.
The overall accuracy grade of a gear is determined by the largest accuracy grade number measured for any
tolerance parameter specified for the gear by ISO 17485.
5 Measuring methods and practices
5.1 Guidelines for measurement of gear characteristics
This clause describes the recommended methods and practices used for the measurement of bevel gears.
The practices and measurement methods included are recognized and accepted throughout the gear industry
as being reliable.
These methods can provide measurements of the particular accuracy grade when correctly applied. Unless
otherwise specified, all measurements are taken and evaluated at the tolerance diameter, d , as specified in
T
ISO 17485:2006, 3.1.8. Experienced personnel, using calibrated instruments in a suitable environment, are
required.
Bevel gear practice is different from spur and helical gear practice regarding the measurement of tooth shape.
Formerly the method was to inspect the tooth shape with contact pattern testing. The measurement of
geometrical tooth shape or flank form is now possible. There are two different measuring methods. The grid
point method uses a series of discrete points distributed along the tooth flank with the graphic output
representing the topography of the tooth surface in three dimensions. The tooth trace method involves traces
along the tooth flank both parallel and perpendicular to the pitch angle, similar to helix and profile
measurement on spur and helical gears. Both of these methods may also output numerical data suitable for
non-subjective pass/fail decisions and statistical methods for process control, which were not possible with
contact pattern testing.
Guidelines for measurement options are as follows.
a) Individual gears:
⎯ single pitch and total cumulative pitch deviation;
⎯ runout;
⎯ measured by tooth thickness: gear tooth calipers, CMM (coordinate measuring machine) or CNC
(computer numerically controlled) gear measuring instrument;
⎯ measured by flank form: grid point or tooth trace method.
b) Matched gear pairs (normally lapped):
⎯ measurements described in a) as individual gears;
⎯ tooth contact pattern;
⎯ backlash check;
⎯ composite single flank.
c) Individual gears matched to reference mating gears:
⎯ measurements described in a) as individual gears;
⎯ tooth contact pattern;
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 7
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
⎯ tooth thickness by backlash;
⎯ single-flank composite testing, all pitches;
⎯ double-flank composite testing, modules less than 1 only.
NOTE No particular method of measurement or documentation is considered mandatory unless specifically agreed
upon between manufacturer and purchaser. When applications require measurements beyond those recommended in
ISO 17485, special methods are negotiated prior to the manufacture of the gear.
5.2 Measuring practices
When measurement of bevel gears is specified, it may be done with a number of alternate methods.
5.2.1 Statistical sampling
Production quantities, available equipment, labour and measurement costs may influence the choice toward
statistical sampling methods. If measurement by statistical sampling is chosen, the particular sampling plan
shall be negotiated between manufacturer and purchaser. For further information, see ANSI/ASQ Z1.4.
NOTE Statistical sampling involves careful planning for the specific method of measurement (what is to be measured
and on which equipment), how the measurement results are to be recorded, how many samples are to be taken
(measurement frequency) and how the resulting data is to be analysed.
5.2.2 First piece measurement
On small quantities of parts, first piece measurement with process control for subsequent parts may be
applied to reduce measurement costs and assure a given level of dimensional accuracy.
5.2.3 Measurement data references
5.2.3.1 Reference surfaces
To facilitate the machining, measurement and assembly of a gear, the radial and axial reference surfaces
need to be clearly indicated on the manufacturing drawings (see Figure 2). This includes the mounting
distance (MD), which is the distance between the axial reference surface and the crossing point of hypoid
gears. In the case of bevel gears, this is the intersection point of the axes.
5.2.3.2 Datum axis of rotation
The bevel gear datum axis of rotation is defined by the centres of its datum surfaces. It is the axis to which the
gear tooth details, such as pitch and flank measurements, are defined.
Ideally the surfaces used to determine the datum axis of rotation for measurement, the surfaces used to locate
the gear for manufacturing and the functional surfaces that define the gear axis of rotation in its final assembly
should all be the same. In practice, this is often not the case. When the manufacturing, measurement and
functional datum surfaces or centres are different, the datum axis of rotation should be established so as to
ensure that the geometry of the gear is adequately represented during measurement.
The datum axis of rotation for a gear with a bore shall be the datum axis of rotation established relative to the
bore. The datum axis of rotation for a gear with a shaft shall be the datum axis of rotation established by the
bearing support surfaces of the shaft. In addition to the datum axis of rotation, an axial feature, from which the
mounting distance is dimensioned, should also be defined.
Care shall be taken to assure that the mounting of the part for measurement has minimum deviation with the
instrument’s axis of rotation. Computer-controlled measuring instruments, such as CNC and CMM, can be
programmed to mathematically correct the errors resulting from an off-axis mounting condition.
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Key
1 crossing point
2 centreline of mating gear
3 pitch cone
4 apex end
5 face cone
6 radial reference surface
7 axial reference surface
8 datum axis of rotation
9 mounting distance
10 bore diameter (reference surface)
Figure 2 — Example reference surfaces
5.2.3.3 Reference identification of tooth data
When viewing the gear from the apex end (see Figure 2), the teeth shall be numbered for identification in a
clockwise direction from a datum tooth (k = 1, 2, 3 . etc.). The terms right or left flank are the surfaces
bounding a tooth when this tooth is viewed with its tip above its root (see Figure 3).
5.2.3.4 Hand of spiral
A right-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the clockwise direction from
the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear.
A left-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the anticlockwise
(counterclockwise) direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer
looking at the face of the gear.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 9
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Key
1 left flank
2 tip
3 right flank
Figure 3 — Tooth identification terminology from apex end
5.3 Measurement of pitch deviations
5.3.1 Pitch deviation measurement
Single pitch and total cumulative pitch deviations are toleranced elemental parameters relating to accuracy of
tooth locations around a gear. Index deviation relates to a measurement data set that is used for calculations
of single pitch and total cumulative pitch deviations. It is not a geometrical characteristic and is therefore not
toleranced.
Measurements for determining single pitch deviation, f , and total cumulative pitch deviation, F , are made
pt p
⎯ relative to the datum axis of the gear,
⎯ at the tolerance diameter, d ,
T
⎯ in the specified tolerance direction (within the transverse plane along the arc of the tolerance diameter
circle), see ISO 17485:2006, 3.1.7 and 3.1.9.
Measurements made at different diameters or in other directions must be adjusted so that they are equivalent
to measurements at the tolerance diameter and in the tolerance direction. This adjustment must be made
before comparison of test results to tolerances.
Pitch should be measured on both left and right flanks. However, if the specific operating direction of the gear
is known, only the deviations of the loaded flanks need to be toleranced. The unloaded flanks should be
measured and be confirmed to have reasonable accuracy.
5.3.2 Pitch deviation measurement methods
Pitch parameters can be measured by either of two types of device. The indexing (single probe) device
determines the location of each corresponding tooth flank, relative to an index datum tooth flank. The pitch
comparator (two probe) compares the distances between adjacent tooth flanks to the distance between an
initial reference pair of adjacent tooth flanks.
The various pitch parameters can all be determined by either measu
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
01-december-2009
6PHUQLFH]DPHULWYHGHO 0HWRGHPHUMHQMDVWRåþDVWLK]REQLNRY
Code of inspection practice - Part 6: Bevel gear measurement methods
/
Code pratique de réception - Partie 6: Méthodes de mesure des engrenages coniques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
ICS:
21.200 Gonila Gears
SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 10064-6
First edition
2009-02-15
Code of inspection practice —
Part 6:
Bevel gear measurement methods
Code pratique de réception —
Partie 6: Méthodes de mesure des engrenages coniques
Reference number
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols.2
3.1 Terms and definitions .2
3.2 Symbols .3
4 Bevel gear measurement .4
4.1 Manufacturing and purchasing considerations .4
4.2 Manufacturing documentation .5
4.3 Process control.5
4.4 Measurement methods.5
4.5 Additional considerations.6
4.6 Acceptance criteria.7
5 Measuring methods and practices.7
5.1 Guidelines for measurement of gear characteristics.7
5.2 Measuring practices .8
5.3 Measurement of pitch deviations.10
5.4 Measurement of bevel gear runout.16
5.5 Flank form measurement .18
5.6 Contact pattern checking.25
5.7 Single-flank composite inspection .30
5.8 Double-flank composite testing .30
5.9 Tooth thickness measurement.33
5.10 Manufacturing applications .36
6 Recommended datum surface tolerances .36
Bibliography .37
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 10064-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears.
ISO/TR 10064 consists of the following parts, under the general title Code of inspection practice:
⎯ Part 1: Inspection of corresponding flanks of gear teeth
⎯ Part 2: Inspection related to radial composite deviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash
⎯ Part 3: Recommendations relative to gear blanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes
⎯ Part 4: Recommendations relative to surface texture and tooth contact pattern checking
⎯ Part 5: Recommendations relative to evaluation of gear measuring instruments
⎯ Part 6: Bevel gear measurement methods
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Code of inspection practice —
Part 6:
Bevel gear measurement methods
1 Scope
This part of ISO/TR 10064 provides information on measuring methods and practices of unassembled bevel
and hypoid gears and gear pairs.
Tolerances are provided in Clause 5 of ISO 17485:2006, for calculating the maximum values allowed by the
specific tolerance grade.
Measuring methods and practices are included in order to promote uniform inspection procedures (see
Clause 5). These methods permit the manufacturer and purchaser to conduct measuring procedures which
are accurate and repeatable to a degree compatible with the specified tolerance grade of ISO 17485.
See Clause 6 of ISO 17485:2006 for required and optional measuring methods.
This part of ISO/TR 10064 applies to bevel gear components as defined in ISO 17485. It does not apply to
enclosed gear unit assemblies, including speed reducers or increasers, gear motors, shaft mounted reducers,
high speed units, or other enclosed gear units which are manufactured for a given power, speed, ratio or
application.
The use of the accuracy grades for the determination of gear performance requires extensive experience with
specific applications. Therefore, users are cautioned against the direct application of tolerance values to a
projected performance of unassembled gears when they are assembled.
Tolerance values for gears outside the limits stated in ISO 17485 are established by determining the specific
application requirements. This possibly requires setting a tolerance smaller than that calculated by the
formulae in ISO 17485.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1122-1, Vocabulary of gear terms — Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
ISO 17485:2006, Bevel gears — ISO system of accuracy
ISO 23509, Bevel and hypoid gear geometry
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3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17485 and the following terms,
definitions and symbols apply.
NOTE 1 Some of the terms, definitions and symbols contained in this Technical Report may differ from those used in
other documents. Users of this Technical Report can be assured that they are using the terms, definitions and symbols in
the manner indicated herein.
NOTE 2 The general wording “gear” or “bevel gear”, depending on the context, can refer to the “wheel” or the “pinion”.
NOTE 3 For other geometric, measurement and tolerance terms and definitions related to gearing, see ISO 1122-1 and
ISO 23509.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
toe
portion of the bevel gear tooth surface at the inner end
3.1.2
heel
portion of the bevel gear tooth surface at the outer end
3.1.3
tip
upper edge of the gear tooth surface
3.1.4
root
lower edge of the gear tooth surface
3.1.5
topland
surface of the top of the gear tooth
3.1.6
wheel
gear with the larger number of teeth
3.1.7
pinion
gear with the smaller number of teeth
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Key
1 toe
2 left side
3 heel
4 outer end of tooth
5 tip
6 root
7 right side
8 inner end of tooth
9 topland
Figure 1 — Nomenclature of bevel and hypoid gear teeth
3.2 Symbols
The symbols used in this document are listed alphabetically by term in Table 1 and alphabetically by symbol in
Table 2. However, the names of several symbols have been rearranged such that the principal characteristics
are grouped together.
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Table 1 — Alphabetical list of terms
Symbol Term Where first used
R Cone distance, mean 5.6.6.2
m
F Cumulative pitch deviation, total 5.3.1
p
r Cutter radius 5.6.6.2
c0
d Diameter, tolerance 4.4
T
F Index deviation 5.3.1
x
z Number of teeth 5.3.3.1
α Pressure angle 5.9.4
F Runout deviation, total 5.4.1
r
f Single pitch deviation 5.3.1
pt
β Spiral angle, mean 5.6.6.2
m
f Tooth-to-tooth deviation, double flank 5.8.4
id
F Total composite deviation, double flank 5.8.4
id
p True position pitch 5.3.4.1
m
Table 2 — Alphabetical list of symbols
Symbol Term
d Diameter, tolerance
T
F Total composite deviation, double flank
id
f Tooth-to-tooth deviation, double flank
id
F Cumulative pitch deviation, total
p
f Single pitch deviation
pt
F Runout deviation, total
r
F Index deviation
x
p True position pitch
m
R Cone distance, mean
m
r Cutter radius
c0
z Number of teeth
α Pressure angle
β Spiral angle, mean
m
4 Bevel gear measurement
4.1 Manufacturing and purchasing considerations
This clause presents considerations for control of the various phases of manufacturing, including the
recommended methods of measurement control.
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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These methods provide the manufacturer and purchaser with recommendations for verifying the conformity of
a manufactured product with the standard, as well as information relative to the interpretation of measurement
data.
Some design and application considerations may warrant measuring or documentation not normally available
in standard manufacturing processes.
NOTE No particular method of measurement or documentation is considered mandatory unless specifically agreed
upon between manufacturer and purchaser. When applications require measurements beyond those recommended in this
Technical Report, special measurement methods are negotiated prior to manufacturing the gear.
4.2 Manufacturing documentation
The manufacturing of gearing to the standard may or may not include specific measurements. When
applications warrant, detailed specific measurements, data analysis and additional considerations may be
necessary to establish acceptance criteria for a gear. The specific methods of measurement, documentation
of accuracy grade and other geometric tolerances of a gear are normally considered items which are to be
mutually agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
NOTE Specifying an accuracy grade or measurement criteria that requires closer tolerances than required by the
application can increase the cost unnecessarily.
4.3 Process control
Process control is defined as the method by which gear dimensional accuracy is maintained through control of
each individual step of the manufacturing process. Upon completion of all manufacturing operations, a specific
gear has been given an inherent level of dimensional accuracy; this level of accuracy was established during
the manufacturing process and it is totally independent of any final inspection.
Process control includes elements such as manufacturing planning, maintenance of machine tools, cutting
tool selection and maintenance, heat treatment control and quality assurance programmes, as needed, to
achieve and maintain the necessary gear quality. When properly applied, gears manufactured by specific
control techniques will be found to be of very uniform quality. Therefore, little or no final inspection may be
necessary for a gear, particularly in some classification levels, assurance of the necessary accuracy having
been built-in through careful manufacturing control at each step.
NOTE It is possible for documentation to be deemed unnecessary for products manufactured under process control
when inspection records are not specified in the purchase contract.
With proper application of process control, relatively few measurements may be made on any one gear. For
example, tooth size may be evaluated by a measurement on only two or three sections of a given gear. It is
assumed that these measurements are representative of all the teeth on the gear. Gears made in mass
production quantities may be inspected at various steps in their manufacturing process on a statistical basis.
Thus, it is possible that a specific gear can pass through the entire production process without ever having
been measured. However, based on appropriate confidence in the applied process control, the manufacturer
of that gear shall be able to verify that its quality is equal to those gears that were measured.
4.4 Measurement methods
Gear geometry may be measured by a number of alternate methods as specified in Table 3 of
ISO 17485:2006. The selection of the particular method depends on the magnitude of the tolerance, the size
of the gear, the production quantities, equipment available, accuracy of gear blanks and measurement costs.
The manufacturer or the purchaser may wish to measure one or more of the geometric features of a gear to
verify its accuracy grade. However, a gear which is specified to an accuracy grade must meet all the individual
tolerance requirements applicable to the particular accuracy grade and size as noted in Tables 3 and 4 of
ISO 17485:2006. Unless otherwise specified, all measurements are taken and evaluated at the tolerance
diameter, d .
T
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Normally the tolerances apply to both sides of the teeth unless only one side is specified as the loaded side. In
some cases, the loaded side may be specified to a higher accuracy than the non-loaded or minimum-loaded
side; if applicable, this information is to be specified on the gear engineering drawing.
4.5 Additional considerations
4.5.1 General aspects
When specifying the quality of a gear, there are additional or special considerations that must be reviewed.
These considerations may include items such as:
⎯ backlash allowances in tooth thickness;
⎯ matching gears as sets;
⎯ reference gears for composite measurement;
⎯ replacement gearing;
⎯ modified accuracy grade;
⎯ mounting distance and backlash markings on wheel and pinion;
⎯ record of tooth contact patterns by photographs or transfer tapes.
The listed items and other special considerations are to be reviewed and agreed upon by the manufacturer
and purchaser.
4.5.2 Backlash
An individual gear does not have backlash. Backlash is only present when one gear mates with another. The
backlash of a gear set is based on the tooth thickness of each member in mesh, as well as the mounting
distances at which the gears are assembled. The functional backlash is additionally dependent on the runout
of the gears, the actual variation of tooth thicknesses and tooth geometries.
The methods of determining the backlash required for individual applications are beyond the scope of this
Technical Report (for additional information, see ISO 23509). See also 5.9.3.
4.5.3 Matching gears as sets
Matched sets can be provided, usually at extra cost, and are required in many applications. In such a case,
the purchaser must agree on the details of the additional specifications concerning how the matching is to be
performed and verified. Applications requiring high accuracy gearing may necessitate the matching, or
modifying, of pinion and gear profiles and spiral angles such that the matched set is satisfactory for the
application.
NOTE ISO 17485 provides tolerances for unassembled gears only. The inspection of gearing mated in an assembly
for a specific application is beyond the scope of this Technical Report. The matching process for such gears sold as pairs
assumes greater importance than the individual absolute measurements.
4.5.4 Reference gears for composite action tests
When a composite check is specified, a reference gear becomes necessary. The design, accuracy grade
validation procedure and cost of a reference gear must be negotiated between the manufacturer and
purchaser. A specific reference gear is required for each different production gear design.
6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
4.6 Acceptance criteria
The tolerances, methods and definitions specified in ISO 17485 prevail unless contractual agreements
between the manufacturer and purchaser contain specific exceptions. See ISO/TR 10064-5 for discussion on
measurement uncertainty.
The overall accuracy grade of a gear is determined by the largest accuracy grade number measured for any
tolerance parameter specified for the gear by ISO 17485.
5 Measuring methods and practices
5.1 Guidelines for measurement of gear characteristics
This clause describes the recommended methods and practices used for the measurement of bevel gears.
The practices and measurement methods included are recognized and accepted throughout the gear industry
as being reliable.
These methods can provide measurements of the particular accuracy grade when correctly applied. Unless
otherwise specified, all measurements are taken and evaluated at the tolerance diameter, d , as specified in
T
ISO 17485:2006, 3.1.8. Experienced personnel, using calibrated instruments in a suitable environment, are
required.
Bevel gear practice is different from spur and helical gear practice regarding the measurement of tooth shape.
Formerly the method was to inspect the tooth shape with contact pattern testing. The measurement of
geometrical tooth shape or flank form is now possible. There are two different measuring methods. The grid
point method uses a series of discrete points distributed along the tooth flank with the graphic output
representing the topography of the tooth surface in three dimensions. The tooth trace method involves traces
along the tooth flank both parallel and perpendicular to the pitch angle, similar to helix and profile
measurement on spur and helical gears. Both of these methods may also output numerical data suitable for
non-subjective pass/fail decisions and statistical methods for process control, which were not possible with
contact pattern testing.
Guidelines for measurement options are as follows.
a) Individual gears:
⎯ single pitch and total cumulative pitch deviation;
⎯ runout;
⎯ measured by tooth thickness: gear tooth calipers, CMM (coordinate measuring machine) or CNC
(computer numerically controlled) gear measuring instrument;
⎯ measured by flank form: grid point or tooth trace method.
b) Matched gear pairs (normally lapped):
⎯ measurements described in a) as individual gears;
⎯ tooth contact pattern;
⎯ backlash check;
⎯ composite single flank.
c) Individual gears matched to reference mating gears:
⎯ measurements described in a) as individual gears;
⎯ tooth contact pattern;
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 7
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SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
⎯ tooth thickness by backlash;
⎯ single-flank composite testing, all pitches;
⎯ double-flank composite testing, modules less than 1 only.
NOTE No particular method of measurement or documentation is considered mandatory unless specifically agreed
upon between manufacturer and purchaser. When applications require measurements beyond those recommended in
ISO 17485, special methods are negotiated prior to the manufacture of the gear.
5.2 Measuring practices
When measurement of bevel gears is specified, it may be done with a number of alternate methods.
5.2.1 Statistical sampling
Production quantities, available equipment, labour and measurement costs may influence the choice toward
statistical sampling methods. If measurement by statistical sampling is chosen, the particular sampling plan
shall be negotiated between manufacturer and purchaser. For further information, see ANSI/ASQ Z1.4.
NOTE Statistical sampling involves careful planning for the specific method of measurement (what is to be measured
and on which equipment), how the measurement results are to be recorded, how many samples are to be taken
(measurement frequency) and how the resulting data is to be analysed.
5.2.2 First piece measurement
On small quantities of parts, first piece measurement with process control for subsequent parts may be
applied to reduce measurement costs and assure a given level of dimensional accuracy.
5.2.3 Measurement data references
5.2.3.1 Reference surfaces
To facilitate the machining, measurement and assembly of a gear, the radial and axial reference surfaces
need to be clearly indicated on the manufacturing drawings (see Figure 2). This includes the mounting
distance (MD), which is the distance between the axial reference surface and the crossing point of hypoid
gears. In the case of bevel gears, this is the intersection point of the axes.
5.2.3.2 Datum axis of rotation
The bevel gear datum axis of rotation is defined by the centres of its datum surfaces. It is the axis to which the
gear tooth details, such as pitch and flank measurements, are defined.
Ideally the surfaces used to determine the datum axis of rotation for measurement, the surfaces used to locate
the gear for manufacturing and the functional surfaces that define the gear axis of rotation in its final assembly
should all be the same. In practice, this is often not the case. When the manufacturing, measurement and
functional datum surfaces or centres are different, the datum axis of rotation should be established so as to
ensure that the geometry of the gear is adequately represented during measurement.
The datum axis of rotation for a gear with a bore shall be the datum axis of rotation established relative to the
bore. The datum axis of rotation for a gear with a shaft shall be the datum axis of rotation established by the
bearing support surfaces of the shaft. In addition to the datum axis of rotation, an axial feature, from which the
mounting distance is dimensioned, should also be defined.
Care shall be taken to assure that the mounting of the part for measurement has minimum deviation with the
instrument’s axis of rotation. Computer-controlled measuring instruments, such as CNC and CMM, can be
programmed to mathematically correct the errors resulting from an off-axis mounting condition.
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Key
1 crossing point
2 centreline of mating gear
3 pitch cone
4 apex end
5 face cone
6 radial reference surface
7 axial reference surface
8 datum axis of rotation
9 mounting distance
10 bore diameter (reference surface)
Figure 2 — Example reference surfaces
5.2.3.3 Reference identification of tooth data
When viewing the gear from the apex end (see Figure 2), the teeth shall be numbered for identification in a
clockwise direction from a datum tooth (k = 1, 2, 3 . etc.). The terms right or left flank are the surfaces
bounding a tooth when this tooth is viewed with its tip above its root (see Figure 3).
5.2.3.4 Hand of spiral
A right-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the clockwise direction from
the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear.
A left-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the anticlockwise
(counterclockwise) direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer
looking at the face of the gear.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 9
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SIST-TP ISO/TR 10064-6:2009
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(E)
Key
1 left flank
2 tip
3 right flank
Figure 3 — Tooth identification terminology from apex end
5.3 Measurement of pitch deviations
5.3.1 Pitch deviation measurement
Single pitch and total cumulative pitch deviations are toleranced elemental parameters relating to accuracy of
tooth locations around a gear. Index deviation relates to a measurement data set that is used for calculations
of single pitch and total cumulative pitch deviations. It is not a geometrical characteristic and is therefore not
toleranced.
Measurements for determining single pitch deviation, f , and total cumulative pitch deviation, F , are made
pt p
⎯ relative to the datum axis of the gear,
⎯ at the tolerance diameter, d ,
T
⎯ in the specified tolerance direction (within the transverse plane along the arc of the toleran
...
RAPPORT ISO/TR
TECHNIQUE 10064-6
Première édition
2009-02-15
Code pratique de réception —
Partie 6:
Méthodes de mesure des engrenages
coniques
Code of inspection practice —
Part 6: Bevel gear measurement methods
Numéro de référence
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
©
ISO 2009
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
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ii © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
1 Domaine d'application .1
2 Références .1
3 Symboles, termes et définitions .2
3.1 Termes et définitions .2
3.2 Symboles.3
4 Mesurage des engrenages coniques .4
4.1 Considérations générales relatives à la fabrication et à l'achat.4
4.2 Documentation de fabrication.5
4.3 Contrôle du mode opératoire .5
4.4 Méthodes de mesure.5
4.5 Considérations supplémentaires.6
'
4.6 Critères d acceptation .7
5 Méthodes et pratiques de mesure .7
5.1 Lignes directrices pour le mesurage des caractéristiques de l'engrenage .7
5.2 Pratiques de mesurage.8
5.3 Mesurage des écarts de pas .10
5.4 Mesurage du faux-rond des engrenages coniques .17
5.5 Mesurage de la forme de flanc.19
5.6 Contrôle de la marque de portée de dents .25
5.7 Inspection composée d'engrènement sur un flanc .32
5.8 Essai composé d'engrènement sur deux flancs .33
5.9 Mesurage de l'épaisseur de la dent.36
5.10 Applications en fabrication .39
6 Tolérances de surfaces de référence recommandées .39
Bibliographie.40
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés iii
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
Exceptionnellement, lorsqu'un comité technique a réuni des données de nature différente de celles qui sont
normalement publiées comme Normes internationales (ceci pouvant comprendre des informations sur l'état
de la technique par exemple), il peut décider, à la majorité simple de ses membres, de publier un Rapport
technique. Les Rapports techniques sont de nature purement informative et ne doivent pas nécessairement
être révisés avant que les données fournies ne soient plus jugées valables ou utiles.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 10064-6 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 60, Engrenages.
L'ISO 10064 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Code pratique de réception:
⎯ Partie 1: Contrôle relatif aux flancs homologues de la denture
⎯ Partie 2: Contrôle relatif aux écarts composés radiaux, au faux-rond, à l'épaisseur de dent et au jeu entre
dents
⎯ Partie 3: Recommandations relatives au corps de roues, à l'entraxe et au parallélisme des axes
⎯ Partie 4: Recommandations relatives à la rugosité de surface et au contrôle de la marque de portée
⎯ Partie 5: Recommandations relatives à l'évaluation des instruments de mesure des engrenages
⎯ Partie 6: Méthodes de mesure des engrenages coniques
iv © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
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RAPPORT TECHNIQUE ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
Code pratique de réception —
Partie 6:
Méthodes de mesure des engrenages coniques
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO/TR 10064 donne des informations sur les méthodes et les pratiques de mesure
des engrenages coniques, des roues hypoïdes et des engrenages non assemblés.
Les tolérances sont indiquées dans l'ISO 17485:2006, Article 5, portant sur le calcul des valeurs maximales
autorisées par la classe de tolérance spécifique.
Des méthodes et des pratiques de mesure sont intégrées dans le but d'encourager le recours à des modes
opératoires de réception identiques (voir l'Article 5). Ces méthodes permettent au fabricant et à l'acquéreur
d'appliquer des modes opératoires qui sont précis et répétables dans une mesure compatible avec la classe
de tolérance spécifiée dans l'ISO 17485.
Voir l'ISO 17485:2006, Article 6, pour les méthodes de mesure requises et facultatives.
La présente partie de l'ISO/TR 10064 s'applique aux composants d'engrenages coniques tels que définis
dans l'ISO 17485. Il ne s'applique pas aux ensembles d'engrenages qui sont contrôlés sous carter, tels que
les réducteurs ou multiplicateurs de vitesse, les motoréducteurs, les réducteurs montés sur arbre, les
engrenages grande vitesse ou autres ensembles d'engrenages qui sont fabriqués pour des besoins de
puissance, de vitesse, de rapport ou d'applications donnés.
L'utilisation des classes d'exactitude pour la détermination des performances des engrenages nécessite une
expérience approfondie des applications spécifiques. L'attention des utilisateurs est donc attirée sur le risque
d'appliquer directement à des roues assemblées des valeurs de tolérance d'une performance attendue de
roues non assemblées.
Les valeurs de tolérances pour des engrenages n'entrant pas dans les limites déterminées dans l'ISO 17485
sont fixées en déterminant les exigences relatives aux applications spécifiques. Cela nécessite la
détermination d'une tolérance plus serrée que celle calculée par les formules données dans l'ISO 17485.
2 Références
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
'
document de référence sapplique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 1122-1, Vocabulaire des engrenages — Partie 1: Définitions géométriques
ISO 17485:2006, Engrenages coniques — Système ISO d'exactitude
ISO 23509, Géométrie des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
3 Symboles, termes et définitions
Pour les besoin du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 17485 ainsi que les termes,
définitions et symboles suivants s'appliquent.
NOTE 1 Certains des termes, définitions et symboles contenus dans le présent Rapport technique peuvent différer de
ceux utilisés dans d'autres documents. Il appartient aux utilisateurs du présent Rapport technique de s'assurer qu'ils
utilisent les termes, symboles et définitions de la manière indiquée dans le présent document.
NOTE 2 Le vocable général «engrenage» ou «engrenage conique» peut se référer, en fonction du contexte, à la
«roue» ou au «pignon».
NOTE 3 Pour les autres termes et définitions se rapportant aux tolérances, au mesurage et à la géométrie en matière
d'engrenages, consulter l'ISO 1122-1 et l'ISO 23509.
3.1 Termes et définitions
3.1.1
pointe
surface de la dent d'engrenage conique située à l'extrémité interne
3.1.2
talon
partie de la surface de la dent d'engrenage conique située à l'extrémité externe
3.1.3
tête
bordure supérieure de la surface de la dent d'engrenage
3.1.4
pied
bordure inférieure de la surface de la dent d'engrenage
3.1.5
crête de dent
surface de la partie supérieure de la dent d'engrenage
3.1.6
roue
partie de l'engrenage comportant le plus grand nombre de dents
3.1.7
pignon
partie de l'engrenage comportant le plus petit nombre de dents
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
Légende
1 pointe
2 côté gauche
3 talon
4 extrémité externe de la dent
5 tête
6 pied
7 côté droit
8 extrémité interne de la dent
9 crête de dent
Figure 1 — Nomenclature de la denture d'une roue hypoïde et d'un engrenage conique
3.2 Symboles
Les termes et les symboles utilisés dans le présent Rapport technique sont classés dans le Tableau 1 selon
l'ordre alphabétique des termes et dans le Tableau 2 selon l'ordre alphabétique des symboles. Cependant,
afin de fournir le plus grand nombre d'informations possible, plusieurs dénominations ont été réorganisées de
manière à regrouper les principales caractéristiques.
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
Tableau 1 — Liste alphabétique des termes
Première
Symboles Termes
apparition
α Angle de pression 5.9.4
β Angle de spirale moyen 5.6.6.2
m
d Diamètre de mesurage 4.4
T
f Écart de division sur les deux flancs 5.8.4
id
F Écart composé total sur les deux flancs 5.8.4
id
F Écart cumulé total de pas 5.3.1
p
f Tolérance relative à l'écart individuel de pas 5.3.1
pt
F Écart total du faux-rond 5.4.1
r
F Valeur de l'écart 5.3.3.1
x
p Pas réel 5.3.4.1
m
r Rayon de l'outil 5.6.6.2
c0
R Génératrice moyenne 5.6.6.2
m
z Nombre de dents 5.3.3.1
Tableau 2 — Liste alphabétique des symboles
Symboles Termes
d Diamètre de mesurage
T
f Écart de division sur les deux flancs
id
F Écart composé total sur les deux flancs
id
F Écart cumulé total de pas
p
f Tolérance relative à l'écart individuel de pas
pt
F Écart total du faux-rond
r
F Valeur de l'écart
x
p Pas réel
m
r Rayon de l'outil
c0
R Génératrice moyenne
m
z Nombre de dents
α Angle de pression
β Angle de spirale moyen
m
4 Mesurage des engrenages coniques
4.1 Considérations générales relatives à la fabrication et à l'achat
Le présent article présente des considérations générales à prendre en compte pour le contrôle des différentes
phases de la fabrication, y compris les méthodes recommandées pour le contrôle de la mesure.
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
Ces méthodes fournissent au fabricant et à l'acquéreur des recommandations relatives à la vérification de la
conformité à la norme d'un produit manufacturé, ainsi que des informations relatives à l'interprétation des
données de mesurage.
Des considérations générales relatives à la conception et à l'application peuvent garantir des mesures ou une
documentation qui ne sont généralement pas fournies dans les processus standards de fabrication.
NOTE Aucune méthode de mesure ou documentation particulière n'est considérée comme obligatoire à moins
qu'elle ne soit spécifiquement convenue entre le fabricant et l'acquéreur. Lorsque des applications exigent des mesurages
au-delà des recommandations du présent Rapport technique, il faut négocier des méthodes de mesure particulières avant
de procéder à la fabrication de l'engrenage.
4.2 Documentation de fabrication
La fabrication d'engrenages selon la norme peut ou non inclure des mesurages spécifiques. Lorsque des
applications le justifient, des mesurages spécifiques détaillés, des analyses de données et autres
considérations peuvent être nécessaires pour établir les critères d'acceptation d'un engrenage. On considère
que les méthodes particulières de mesurage, de documentation de classe d'exactitude et autres tolérances
géométriques d'un engrenage sont normalement des éléments qui font l'objet d'un accord mutuel entre le
fabricant et l'acquéreur.
NOTE Spécifier une classe d'exactitude ou des critères de mesurage exigeant des tolérances plus serrées que celles
requises par l'application peut entraîner une augmentation inutile des coûts.
4.3 Contrôle du mode opératoire
Le contrôle du mode opératoire se définit comme la méthode par laquelle on préserve la précision des
dimensions de l'engrenage en procédant à un contrôle de chacune des étapes du mode opératoire de
fabrication. À l'issue de toutes les opérations de fabrication, un engrenage spécifique bénéficie d'un niveau de
précision dimensionnelle fondamental; ce niveau de précision a été établi pendant le mode opératoire de
fabrication et n'a aucun rapport avec une quelconque inspection finale.
Le contrôle du mode opératoire comporte des éléments tels que la planification de la fabrication, la
maintenance des machines-outils, le choix des outils de coupe et leur entretien, la maîtrise du traitement
thermique et les programmes d'assurance qualité, selon les besoins, pour obtenir et maintenir la qualité
d'engrenage nécessaire. Lorsqu'elles sont bien appliquées, les techniques de contrôle spécifiques produisent
des engrenages d'une qualité très constante. Par conséquent, un engrenage peut ne pas nécessiter
d'inspection finale, ou juste une courte inspection, notamment à certains niveaux de classification, un contrôle
soigné à chaque étape de la fabrication ayant permis de conforter l'assurance d'avoir obtenu la précision
nécessaire.
NOTE On peut considérer que la documentation est inutile pour des produits fabriqués dans le cadre d'un contrôle
du mode opératoire lorsque le contrat d'acquisition ne mentionne pas de rapport d'inspection.
En procédant à une application correcte du contrôle du mode opératoire, il est possible de ne procéder qu'à
un nombre relativement restreint de mesurages sur un engrenage quelconque. Par exemple, la dimension
des dents peut être évaluée par un mesurage sur deux ou trois sections seulement d'un engrenage donné.
On part du principe que ces mesurages sont représentatifs de toutes les dents de l'engrenage. Les
engrenages produits en masse peuvent faire l'objet d'une inspection à différentes étapes de leur mode
opératoire de fabrication sur une base statistique. Ainsi, il est possible qu'un engrenage particulier puisse
passer à travers l'ensemble du mode opératoire de production sans avoir jamais été mesuré. Toutefois, en se
basant sur un niveau approprié de confiance dans le contrôle du mode opératoire appliqué, le fabricant de
l'engrenage doit pouvoir certifier que sa qualité correspond à celle des engrenages qui ont été mesurés.
4.4 Méthodes de mesure
Les caractéristiques géométriques des engrenages peuvent être mesurées par un certain nombre d'autres
méthodes, comme indiqué dans l'ISO 17485:2006, Tableau 3. Le choix de la méthode particulière dépend de
l'importance de la tolérance, des dimensions de l'engrenage, du volume de production, des équipements
disponibles, de l'exactitude des corps de roues et des coûts de mesurage.
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Le fabricant ou l'acquéreur peuvent souhaiter mesurer une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques géométriques
d'un engrenage pour vérifier sa classe d'exactitude. Cependant, un engrenage dont la classe d'exactitude est
spécifiée doit satisfaire à toutes les exigences relatives aux tolérances individuelles applicables à une classe
d'exactitude et à une dimension particulières, comme indiqué dans l'ISO 17485:2006, Tableaux 3 et 4. Sauf
avis contraire, toutes les mesures sont effectuées et évaluées sur le diamètre de mesurage, d .
T
En principe, les tolérances s'appliquent aux deux flancs des dents, à moins qu'un seul flanc ne soit spécifié
comme étant celui sous charge. Dans certains cas, le flanc chargé peut répondre à une exactitude supérieure
à celle du flanc non soumis à une charge ou sous charge minimale; le cas échéant, ces informations doivent
être indiquées sur le dessin technique de l'engrenage.
4.5 Considérations supplémentaires
4.5.1 Généralités
Quand on spécifie la qualité d'un engrenage, on doit procéder à l'analyse de considérations supplémentaires
ou particulières. Ces considérations peuvent comporter des éléments comme:
⎯ les tolérances de jeu au niveau de l'épaisseur des dents;
⎯ des roues appairées en ensembles d'engrenages;
⎯ des roues de référence pour un mesurage de l'écart composé;
⎯ des roues de remplacement;
⎯ une classe d'exactitude modifiée;
⎯ une distance de montage et des marques de jeu sur la roue et le pignon;
⎯ un enregistrement des marques de portée des dents par utilisation de photographies ou de ruban adhésif.
Les éléments cités et autres considérations particulières doivent être analysés et faire l'objet d'un accord entre
le fabricant et l'acquéreur.
4.5.2 Jeu
Une roue individuelle n'a pas de jeu. Le jeu n'existe que lorsqu'une roue est accouplée à une autre. Le jeu
d'un ensemble d'engrenages est fonction de l'épaisseur de dent de chaque organe en prise, ainsi que des
distances de montage auxquelles les roues sont assemblées. Le jeu fonctionnel dépend en outre du faux-
rond des roues, de la variabilité réelle des épaisseurs de dents et des caractéristiques géométriques des
dents.
Les méthodes de détermination du jeu exigées par des applications individuelles dépassent le domaine
d'application du présent Rapport technique (pour de plus amples informations, consulter l'ISO 23509). Voir
aussi 5.9.3.
4.5.3 Roues appariées en ensembles d'engrenages
Des ensembles appariés, facturés généralement en supplément, peuvent être fournis. Ces ensembles sont
exigés dans un grand nombre d'applications. Dans un tel cas, l'acquéreur doit approuver les détails des
spécifications supplémentaires concernant la façon dont l'appariement doit être réalisé et vérifié. Les
applications exigeant des engrenages avec une exactitude élevée peuvent nécessiter l'appairement ou la
modification des profils de roue et de pignon et des angles de spirale de façon que l'ensemble appairé
satisfasse aux besoins de l'application.
NOTE L'ISO 17485 donne des tolérances uniquement pour les engrenages non assemblés. L'inspection d'une roue
appairée dans un assemblage pour une application spécifique ne relève pas du champ d'application du présent Rapport
technique. Le processus d'appairement pour ces roues vendues comme engrenages revêt une importance plus grande
que les mesurages individuels absolus.
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4.5.4 Roues de référence pour des essais d'action composée
Une roue de référence s'avère nécessaire quand un contrôle composite est prévu. Le fabricant et l'acquéreur
doivent négocier la conception, la procédure de validation de la classe d'exactitude et le coût d'une roue de
référence. Une roue de référence spécifique est exigée pour chaque conception différente de roue produite.
'
4.6 Critères dacceptation
Les tolérances, les méthodes et les définitions contenues dans l'ISO 17485 prévalent, à moins que ne figurent
des exceptions spécifiques dans les accords contractuels entre le fabricant et l'acquéreur. Voir
l'ISO/TR 10064-5 pour une analyse de l'incertitude des mesurages.
La classe d'exactitude globale d'un engrenage est déterminée par le numéro de la classe d'exactitude le plus
élevé pour tout paramètre de tolérance spécifié pour l'engrenage selon l'ISO 17485.
5 Méthodes et pratiques de mesure
5.1 Lignes directrices pour le mesurage des caractéristiques de l'engrenage
Le présent article décrit les pratiques et les méthodes recommandées pour le mesurage des engrenages
coniques. Il comporte des pratiques et des méthodes de mesure dont la fiabilité est reconnue et acceptée par
l'ensemble de l'industrie des engrenages.
Ces méthodes peuvent donner des mesurages de classe d'exactitude particulière lorsqu'ils sont effectués
correctement. Sauf mention contraire, toutes les mesures sont effectuées et évaluées sur le diamètre de
mesurage, d , comme spécifié dans l'ISO 17485:2006, 3.1.8. Il est nécessaire de disposer d'un personnel
T
expérimenté et d'utiliser des instruments étalonnés dans un environnement approprié.
Les pratiques en matière d'engrenages coniques sont différentes de celles en matière de roues droites et de
roues hélicoïdales pour ce qui concerne le mesurage de la forme des dents. Auparavant la méthode consistait
à inspecter la forme de la dent en procédant au contrôle de la marque de portée de la dent. Il est maintenant
possible de mesurer la forme géométrique des dents ou la forme des flancs. Il existe deux méthodes
différentes de mesurage. La méthode des points de grille permet de produire une représentation graphique en
trois dimensions de la topographie de la surface de la dent à partir de la répartition d'une série de points
discrets le long du flanc de la dent. La méthode de la ligne de flanc de référence utilise des lignes le long du
flanc à la fois parallèles et perpendiculaires à l'angle primitif de fonctionnement, de la même façon que pour le
mesurage d'hélice et de profil sur les roues droites cylindriques et les roues hélicoïdales. Ces deux méthodes
peuvent aussi produire des données numériques permettant des prises de décisions objectives
d'acceptation/de rejet, et des méthodes statistiques de contrôle du mode opératoire qui n'étaient pas
possibles avec le contrôle de la marque de portée des dents.
Les lignes directrices sur les options de mesurage sont les suivantes.
a) Roues individuelles:
⎯ écart individuel de pas et écart cumulé total de pas;
⎯ faux-rond;
⎯ mesurage par l'épaisseur des dents: pieds modules, logiciel MMT (machine à mesurer
tridimensionnelle) ou outil de mesurage d'engrenages CNC (commande numérique par calculateur);
⎯ mesurage par l'étude de la forme des flancs: méthode des points de grille ou méthode utilisant la
ligne de flanc de référence.
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b) Roues appariées (en général rodées):
⎯ mesurages décrits en a), en tant que roues individuelles;
⎯ marque de portée des dents;
⎯ contrôle du jeu;
⎯ engrènement sur un flanc.
c) Roues individuelles appariées à des roues de référence conjuguées:
⎯ mesurages décrits en a), en tant que roues individuelles;
⎯ marque de portée des dents;
⎯ épaisseur des dents par jeu;
⎯ contrôle composé d'engrènement sur un flanc, tous les pas;
⎯ contrôle composé d'engrènement sur deux flancs, modules inférieurs à 1 uniquement.
NOTE Aucune méthode de mesure ou documentation particulière n'est considérée comme obligatoire à moins
qu'elle ne soit spécifiquement convenue entre le fabricant et l'acquéreur. Lorsque des applications exigent des mesurages
au-delà des recommandations figurant dans l'ISO 17485, il faut négocier des méthodes de mesure particulières avant de
procéder à la fabrication de l'engrenage.
5.2 Pratiques de mesurage
Quand le mesurage des engrenages coniques est prévu, celui-ci peut être effectué avec un certain nombre de
méthodes supplémentaires.
5.2.1 Échantillonnage statistique
Les quantités à produire, les équipements disponibles, les coûts de main-d'œuvre et de mesurage peuvent
conduire au choix de méthodes d'échantillonnage statistique. S'ils optent pour un mesurage par
échantillonnage statistique, le fabricant et l'acquéreur doivent négocier un plan d'échantillonnage particulier.
Pour de plus amples informations, consulter l'ANSI/ASQ Z1.4.
NOTE Un échantillonnage statistique implique une planification soignée de la méthode spécifique de mesurage (ce
qui doit être mesuré et sur quel équipement), de la façon dont les résultats des mesurages doivent être enregistrés, du
nombre d'échantillons à prélever (fréquence du mesurage) et de la façon dont les données obtenues doivent être
analysées.
5.2.2 Mesurage de la première pièce
Sur de petites quantités de pièces, il est possible de procéder à un mesurage de la première unité produite et
un contrôle du mode opératoire pour les pièces suivantes, de façon à réduire les coûts et assurer un niveau
donné d'exactitude dimensionnelle.
5.2.3 Références des données de mesurage
5.2.3.1 Surfaces de référence
Pour faciliter l'usinage, le mesurage et l'assemblage d'un engrenage, les surfaces de référence axiale et
radiale doivent être clairement indiquées sur les plans de fabrication (voir Figure 2). Cela inclut la distance de
montage (MD) qui est la distance entre la surface de référence axiale et les points d'intersection des roues
hypoïdes. Dans le cas des engrenages coniques, cela est le point d'intersection des axes.
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ISO/TR 10064-6:2009(F)
Légende
1 point d'intersection
2 ligne centrale de la roue conjuguée
3 cône primitif de fonctionnement
4 extrémité du sommet
5 cône de tête
6 surface de référence radiale
7 surface de référence axiale
8 axe de rotation de référence
9 distance de montage
10 diamètre de l'alésage (surface de référence)
Figure 2 — Exemples de surfaces de référence
5.2.3.2 Axe de rotation de
...
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