SIST-V ETSI/EG 201 898 V1.1.1:2003
(Main)Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks (SPAN) - Relationship between IP and telecommunication networks
Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks (SPAN) - Relationship between IP and telecommunication networks
This deliverable intends to study: - Access to IP based networks using telecommunication facilities; - Interworking between IP based networks and telecommunication networks; - Transport mechanismes for IP based networks; and - Requirements of future IP related protocols.
Storitve in protokoli za napredna omrežja (SPAN) - Odvisnost med IP in telekomunikacijskimi omrežji
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-V ETSI/EG 201 898 V1.1.1:2003
01-november-2003
Storitve in protokoli za napredna omrežja (SPAN) - Odvisnost med IP in
telekomunikacijskimi omrežji
Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks (SPAN) - Relationship between IP and
telecommunication networks
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EG 201 898 Version 1.1.1
ICS:
33.040.35 Telefonska omrežja Telephone networks
SIST-V ETSI/EG 201 898 V1.1.1:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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ETSI EG 201 898 V1.1.1 (2001-04)
ETSI Guide
Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks (SPAN);
Relationship between IP and telecommunication networks
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Reference
DEG/SPAN-140103
Keywords
IP, network
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All rights reserved.
ETSI
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights .5
Foreword.5
Introduction.5
1 Scope.7
2 References.7
3 Definitions and abbreviations.9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Abbreviations. 13
4 Conceptual framework.14
4.1 Traffic types. 14
4.2 Protocol layers vs. fundamental protocol functions. 14
4.3 Fundamental network functions. 14
4.3.1 Access . 15
4.3.2 Traffic management. 15
4.3.3 Naming, addressing and routing . 15
4.3.4 Stream transport. 15
4.4 Generic network model. 16
4.5 Different networking paradigms . 17
4.6 The problems . 18
5 Access functions.19
5.1 Key issues . 19
5.2 The use of digital subscriber lines and ISDN for access. 19
5.3 The use of Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 CDMA/CD) as an access protocol. 19
5.4 The use of ATM as an access protocol . 19
5.5 The use of DTM as an access protocol . 20
6 An analysis of IP interworking with other protocols .20
6.1 Basic assumptions . 20
6.2 Problems with traffic management under packet switching. 20
6.3 Interworking cases; IP to fibre . 21
6.4 IP over ATM. 23
6.4.1 IP/AAL5/ ATM (Cases 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E) . 23
6.4.2 IP/LLC/SNAP/AAL5/ATM over SDH (Cases 2B + 31). 24
6.4.3 IP/LLC/SNAP/AAL5/ATM over fibre (Cases 2B + 33) . 25
6.4.4 IP/LANE/AAL5/ATM (Case 2D). 25
6.4.5 IP/PPP/AAL5/ATM (Case 2E). 26
6.5 IP over PDH (Case 1). 26
6.6 IP/PPP over Frame Relay (Case 3). 26
6.7 IP over DTM (Case 8) . 27
6.8 Frame Relay over ATM (Case 22) . 27
6.9 Ethernet over DTM (Case 11). 28
7 Stream transport in an integrated transport network.29
7.1 Basic assumptions . 29
7.2 IP over SDH. 30
7.2.1 IP/PPP/HDLC over SDH or SONET (Case 4). 30
7.3 IP over SRP over SDH (Case 5). 31
7.4 IP over Gigabit Ethernet over WDM transponder/fibre (Cases 7 + 12). 32
7.5 IP over PPP over SDL over fibre (Case 9). 33
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8 Comparison of available bandwidth .34
Annex A (informative): Bibliography.35
History .36
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Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://www.etsi.org/ipr).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Guide (EG) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Services and Protocols for Advanced
Networks (SPAN).
Introduction
ITU-T SG 13 has defined a new project, IP and Telecommunications Networks Inter-relationships. This project is
managed within WP 1/13. It has been decided within ETSI WG SPAN 8 to initiate a supporting work item with the
working title as above.
The problem the present document is addressing is how to achieve the most efficient integration of traffic types and
existing protocols which have been designed and used in different technical cultures.
IP and related protocols designed by IETF have their roots in the need to transport files without guarantees of timely
packet delivery which might result in packet loss. ATM and SDH or SONET have been designed by ITU-T and ATM
Forum have their roots in the need to transport voice and telephony based services (fax) through circuit-switching based
networks under very controlled circumstances. DTM is a new protocol system aiming at QoS management of real-time
flows. In a situation where IP and its data format has been a common denominator for data communication access, and
the volume of data traffic is overtaking voice communication, the interworking between circuit-switched and
packet-switched networks has come under heavy debate.
The approach of the present document is to return to fundamental problems and principles which may serve as a basis
for a non-biased discussion on the most effective protocol system that can integrate traffic types of completely different
nature.
As can be inferred from the definitions of "IP network" as well as "telecommunication network" this classification is no
longer very much technically relevant. There is no clear distinction any more. The only possible technical ground for an
analysis of the relationships between networks of different historical origin, is to relate the specifications of those
protocols to a canonical model of networking. The major source of this canonical model is
ITU-T Recommendation G.803 [1] and ETS 300 299 [2].
The technically interesting borderline goes between real-time CBR bit-loss tolerant services and non-real time VBR non
bit-loss tolerant services. These kinds of services are so different with respect to their requirements on the underlying
network for routing/switching and transmission, that the commercial necessity to build and run one integrated services
network becomes a very demanding technical challenge. This is what the network design problem is all about. Various
techniques for traffic analysis, service classification, traffic policing, flows control, network management etc all aim at
handling each kind of service in the most economical way in one integrated services network.
The historical background has led us to the current situation where many independent technical bodies are engaged in
the production of specifications and standards for systems that have to interwork very tightly in the current commercial
networking business. None of these bodies can now produce final technical specifications without checking the
interrelationships with specifications from other bodies. The networking community is therefore now occupied with a
web of many formal as well as informal technical liaisons.
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It is in this context we shall see the present document. For ITU-T as well as ETSI, it has been found necessary and
desirable to fully recognize the existence and justification of informal and voluntary technical standardization bodies
such as IETF, IEEE, ATM Forum and Multiservice Switching Forum. The important aspect for the community of users
of standards, manufacturers as well as operators, is to avoid a situation where political prestige or particular commercial
interests are delaying or misguiding the standardization process.
The focus of the present document is therefore to identify those areas where the technical interfaces between standards
and specifications from different bodies are causing problems for the community of standards users. These results can
then be used in open and fair discussions between independent bodies to find which body is the best forum for solving
these problems.
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1 Scope
The following aspects of the relationship between IP networks and telecommunication networks are included:
1) access to IP networks using telecommunication facilities;
2) interworking between IP networks and telecommunication networks (e.g. gateway functions between IP and
other protocols on layer 3);
3) transport mechanisms for IP networks (e.g. IP over other protocols).
The following aspects, which are within the scope of the ITU-T work, are not included:
1) application interworking;
2) the integrated use of signalling in IP as well as traditional networks;
3) analysis of future IP protocols;
4) access techniques for telecommunication networks.
NOTE: The ETSI project TIPHON is the lead body for Multimedia over IP.
2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present
document.
• References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies.
[1] ITU-T Recommendation G.803 (2000): "Architecture of transport networks based on the
synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)".
[2] ETSI ETS 300 299 (1997): "Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN); Cell based
user network access for 155 520 kbit/s and 622 080 kbit/s; Physical layer interfaces for B-ISDN
applications".
[3] ITU-T Recommendation I.363 (1993): "B-ISDN ATM adaptation layer (AAL) specification".
[4] ITU-T Recommendation I.363.5 (1996): "B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer specification: Type 5
AAL".
[5] IETF RFC 1483 (1993): "Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5".
[6] IETF RFC 2225(1998): "Classical IP and ARP over ATM".
[7] IETF RFC 1755 (1995): "ATM Signalling Support for IP over ATM".
[8] IETF RFC 2364 (1998): "PPP Over AAL5".
[9] IETF RFC 1973 (1996): "PPP in Frame Relay".
[10] IETF RFC 2615 (1999): "PPP over SONET/SDH".
[11] ETSI ETS 300 300 (1997): "Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN);
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) based user network access; Physical layer User Network
Interfaces (UNI) for 155 520 kbit/s and 622 080 kbit/s Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
B-ISDN applications".
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[12] ITU-T Recommendation I.432.1 (1999): "B-ISDN user-network interface - Physical layer
specification: General characteristics".
[13] ITU-T Recommendation I.432.2 (1999): "B-ISDN user-network interface - Physical layer
specification: 155 520 kbit/s and 622 080 kbit/s operation".
[14] ATM Forum af-lane-0084.000 (1997): "LANE v2.0 LUNI Interface".
[15] ATM Forum af-lane-0112.000 (1999): "LAN Emulation over ATM Version 2 - LNNI
Specification".
[16] IETF RFC 1661 (1994): "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)".
[17] IEEE 802.3z: "Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters, Physical Layer, Repeater and
Management Parameters for 1 000Mb/s Operation".
[18] IETF RFC 2892 (2000): "The Cisco SRP MAC Layer Protocol".
[19] ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y.1322 (2000): "Network node interface for the synchronous
digital hierarchy (SDH)".
[20] ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1 (1998): "Broadband optical access systems based on Passive
Optical Networks (PON)".
[21] ITU-T Recommendation I.113 (1997): "Vocabulary of terms for broadband aspects of ISDN".
[22] ITU-T Recommendation E.164 (1997): "The international public telecommunication numbering
plan".
[23] IETF RFC 2105 (1997): "Cisco Systems' Tag Switching Architecture Overview".
[24] ATM Forum af-uni-0010.002 (1994): "ATM User-Network Interface Specification V3.1".
[25] ATM Forum af-phy-0128.000 (1999): "622 and 2 488 Mbit/s Cell-Based Physical Layer".
[26] ATM Forum af-phy-0133.000 (1999): "2,4 Gbps Physical Layer Specification".
[27] ATM Forum af-phy-0046.000 (1996): "622,08 Mbps Physical Layer".
[28] ITU-T Recommendation I.363.2 (2000): "B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) type 2
specification".
[29] IEEE 802.1Q (1998): "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Virtual Bridged
Local Area Networks".
[30] ISO/IEC 15802-3 (1998): "Information technology - Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Common specifications -
Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges".
[31] IETF RFC 1662 (1994): "PPP in HDLC-like Framing".
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3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
access: function that enables connections from an end user equipment upstream as well as downstream
NOTE 1: The two directions of the communication can take different routes.
aggregate stream: aggregation of many individual streams
NOTE 2: Depending on the type of the component streams, we have real-time (aggregate) streams or non real-time
(aggregate) streams.
best-effort relationship: particular kind of connection (relationship) between two nodes A and B for which no
commitment exists, but where it is possible that a datagram accepted at node A will arrive at node B
NOTE 3: However, there is no guarantee that the datagram will arrive at node B.
NOTE 4: Connection ( including circuit and best-effort relationship) is the only possible relationships for nodes that
can be related.
cell: packet of fixed length (see ITU-T Recommendation I.113 [21])
characteristic information: those parts of a format definition of the basic traffic entity of a layer network which is
transported unchanged across a connection or circuit
NOTE 5: Characteristic information is always defined in relation to a particular layer network.
For example, characteristic information on layer 2 may not be characteristic information on layer 3, since
it can be changed when a traffic entity instance is moving across a network node.
For example, in IP a characteristic information is the information field of the IP packet but not its header
which can be changed as the packet crosses the network.
circuit: relationship between two not necessarily adjacent nodes A and B such that there exists a connection from A to
B with allocated bandwidth
NOTE 6: Thus a circuit is always a connection, by its definition at network layer.
EXAMPLE 1: Given connections A-B and B-C, there exists a circuit A-C that fulfils the minimal service
requirements fulfilled by A-B and B-C.
connection: relationship between two endpoints A and B such that a flow can be transported from A to B under
fulfilment of given service requirements. Only the endpoints are required to know of the connection while it does not
exclude that the network or part of the network knows of said connection
NOTE 7: There is a very large number of possible distinct connections, based on the powerset of possible
connection parameter value sets. (I.e. all parameter value combinations).
NOTE 8: A flow may be transported within a connection.
connection admission control: function that assesses whether there is sufficient resource to admit a connection across
a subnetwork
NOTE 9: A connectionless network does not have a connection admission control function.
connection control: function that changes parameter values for a connection
NOTE 10:The scope a connection control function can be a single connection (link layer) or a single circuit
(network layer). This function includes setting the rules for congestion handling.
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connectionless network: network layer network with respect to nodes A and B such that when sending data from A,
the data is not explicitly routed to B
NOTE 11:In order for a network data unit (e.g. IP packet) to find its destination B, a subnet has to set up ad-hoc link
layer connections step-by-step and use them on a best-effort basis until the data unit has reached B. The
network is in many respects non-deterministic:
- it is not guaranteed that B exists at run time;
- it is not guaranteed that there will exist a path from A to B;
- it is not guaranteed that intermediate nodes will take care of the data unit when it arrives;
- thus there is no guarantee at all the data unit will arrive to B.
connection oriented network: network layer network with respect to nodes A and B such that when sending data from
A, some relationship exists and is invariant during transmission
NOTE 12:Such invariant may be very strong or very weak.
The strongest invariant is a reserved resource from A to B.
A weak invariant may be a commitment (such as in TCP) that only ensures that data eventually will reach
B when transmitted from A.
Thus, a network with no invariants at all is a connectionless network.
content integrity: relationship for a connection A-B such that bits sent from node A are received unchanged at node B
NOTE 13:This relationship need only be maintained when data is in transit from A to B.
datagram: datagram is a packet with full address information enabling it to be routed to the endpoint without further
information
Datagram control: functions that control the integrity of datagrams
NOTE 14:Checksums may be used to control content integrity. Timestamps may control timing integrity.
file: in the context of the present document a traffic type denoting finite flows for which content integrity is of
importance
NOTE 15:File size is normally known before transmission starts. The knowledge of size may have implications for
the connection.
file transport connection: connection thatin somewayis capableoftransportingtraffictypeFile
NOTE 16:The major requirement for this kind of connection is to support content integrity.
flow: unidirectional stream of packets that are sent from a particular source to a particular destination (unicast or
multicast) address and any logical handling policy they may require
NOTE 17: A flow is a service instance, that is managed as a single entity.
flow control: capabilities for control of a flow
NOTE 18:Not to be mixed up with connection control, which is controlling the resource used by a flow.
flow transport: transport of a flow through a connection
NOTE 19:In this case, it is assumed that the flow is controlled individually. It may have a dedicated connection, but
this is not necessary; it can also be using a shared resource.
frame: sequence of bits forming a delimitation of contained data
NOTE 20:In RFC 1661 [16] defined as: The unit of transmission at the data link layer. A frame may include a
header and/or a trailer, along with some number of units of data.
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integrated connection: connection that supports at least two traffic types
NOTE 21:A connection that supports a traffic type with certain requirements i.e. has invariants of a certain strength,
can also support all traffic types which logically demand invariants that are weaker.
interactive real-time stream: real-time stream related to an interactive application
NOTE 22:An interactive real-time stream must use a connection that fulfils the constraints for non-interactive
streams plus minimum round-trip delay requirements.
interactive real-time transport connection: connection that in some way is capable of transporting traffic type
interactive real-time flow
NOTE 23:From a timing integrity (delay) point of view, this is the most qualified connection.
IP network: network that is accommodating IP and protocols related to IP
NOTE 24:Pragmatically networks defined by IETF.
layer network: connection control and flow control system capable of handling traffic instances which have the same
characteristic information
NOTE 25:Usually a layer network has a related addressing scheme.
NOTE 26: IP and ATM are examples of layer networks, capable of handling IP and ATM flows respectively.
NOTE 27:Each layer network can handle at least one traffic type and all of its instances. For example, a correct IP
layer network shall beabletohandleallpossibleIP flows.
message: traffic type where the instances are datagrams related to events in a controlled system
NOTE 28:Messages are usually small, less than 1 kbit/s.
NOTE 29:Signals in the control plane are typical messages.
message transport network:networkthatin somewayis capableoftransportingtraffictypeMessage
NOTE 30:A signalling network is a typical message transport network,
multi-cast connection: set of connections such that each connection has invariants that fulfil requirements between one
sender node and a set of receiver nodes
EXAMPLE 2: The set of connections {A-B, A-C, …, A-N} is a multi-cast connection.
NOTE 31:Some connections in the set may be stronger than others; there is no need for them to be equally strong.
network: set of connectable nodes accommodating functions of at least one protocol layer
NOTE 32:The set of connectable nodes accommodating protocol layer X is a X- layer network.
For example, a set of connectable nodes accommodating IP functions is an IP-layer network.
NOTE 33:A multi-layer network is a set of overlayed layer networks, e.g. an IP layer network over an ATM layer
network.
non-interactive real-time flow: real-time flow which is serving a non-interactive application
NOTE 34:E.g. a video-on-demand transmission from repository to video player for direct view.
non-interactive real-time stream: collection of non-interactive real-time flows
NOTE 35:E.g. several TV channels transported over one physical medium in an interleaved mode.
non-interactive real-time transport connection: connection that in some way is capable of transporting traffic type
non-interactive real-time flow
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non-real-time flow: flow which is serving a non real-time application
NOTE 36:E.g. a file transfer instance.
non real-time stream: collection of non-real-time flows
e.g. a set of interleaved ATM cells transporting several files in parallel.
packet: logical grouping of bits having variable length with control information
NOTE 37:In RFC 1661 [16] defined as: The basic unit of encapsulation, which is passed across the interface
between the netwo
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