D24.61 - Carbon Black Sampling and Statistical Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is intended to ensure that SRBs are produced and evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 This practice is to be used to establish the average physicochemical properties of a set of carbon blacks to be used as SRBs.  
3.3 The carbon black grades to be used as SRBs should be selected to give as much coverage of the typical usage range for each test and as nearly evenly spaced across the range as possible. Typically, the carbon black grades selected consist of three tread (hard) type furnace grades (designated A, B, and C), three carcass (soft) type furnace grades (designated D, E, and F), and one thermal type grade (designated G). Subcommittee D24.61 may elect to carry one or more of the existing SRBs into the next set provided there is enough remaining material at the rate of usage to last through the expected life of the next set. Limiting the choice of grades to be used means that not all tests will have an SRB set that is evenly spaced across the range of interest. All the SRB candidates are produced at approximately the same time by the various producers. They are used as a set once they are approved. The sets are consecutively numbered. Values and identification for the current set are given in Guide D4821. Any SRBs carried forward will be renumbered for the new set.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These guidelines are intended to ensure that IRBs are evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 These guidelines are to be used to establish the average physicochemical and physical rubber properties of a lot of carbon black to be used as an IRB.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice will provide the following: (1) a statistical summary of individual production run data plotted on a control chart; (2) a statistical summary of data from multiple production runs; (3) a procedure to relate the average and variation of these data groups to specification limits, and (4) indexes for comparing different manufacturing units for projecting future capabilities or as historical reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process control of a carbon black manufacturing process; (2) a format for reporting process capability determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run, and (3) a format for reporting process performance determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run.  
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing process prior to storage. This practice does not apply to shipment samples taken from hopper cars or other containers or packages.  
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for those test methods given in Classification D1765 which specify target values. However, these techniques are applicable to other test methods on carbon black.  
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods of determining capability factors from an analysis of process control data.  
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data with the use of an estimated standard deviation (^σ) from the mean value of the moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capability (Cp and  Cpk) indexes can be used as historical information or to predict future performance of the process, but are only valid when the process is in a state of statistical control.  
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data using sample standard deviation(s). The calculation of the process performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical reference of a process' performance and does not require a state of statistical control.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black from the packages in the shipment. These samples are used to determine the average quality or variability of the shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of packaged carbon blacks for shipment in bags, cartons, flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC), or other non-bulk packages.  
Note 1: The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice shall be determined by the producer and the consumer. The specific details of each test method are described in appropriate ASTM methods used for testing carbon black.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides insight into the environmental conditions required for operation of laboratories or to aid in the design of new laboratories that perform carbon black testing activities using those test methods that are under D24’s jurisdiction. This guide does not supersede any specific requirements a laboratory may choose to establish.  
4.2 This guide recommends the use of statistical x-charts to graphically monitor test data determined for the ASTM reference blacks for those test methods given in Section 2. All laboratories are encouraged to utilize statistical x-charts and ASTM reference blacks because this enables a comparison of testing precision within and between laboratories. The guide describes practices for the use of repeatability and reproducibility limits and x-charts.  
4.3 In addition to the calibration of a test method by physicochemical means, a statistical method for achieving calibration of a test method is presented (that is, normalization).  
4.4 Poor test precision can be the result of poor repeatability or poor reproducibility or both. Causes may include inadequate operator training, improperly maintained equipment or laboratory environment, variation in sample preparation or analysis techniques, the lack of calibration or standardization of instrumentation, worn-out apparatus, reagents that do not meet specifications, different sources of instrumentation or equipment, and material heterogeneity. The sum of all sources of testing error is unique for an individual laboratory.  
4.5 Precision data for ASTM Reference Blacks are found in Tables 1-3. These include standard reference blacks (SRB’s) Series 8, HT and INR Iodine Standards. The HT or INR Iodine standards are recommended for monitoring iodine testing. (A) The iodine adsorption number of carbon black has been shown to decrease in value as the carbon black ages. Generally, the higher the surface area the faster the rate of change. Therefore, the target or mean values given in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for using the ASTM Standard Reference Blacks2 (SRBs) and the HT and INR Iodine Number Standards to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which reference values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.  
1.2 This guide defines the environmental conditions that are required for laboratories that perform carbon black testing activities for those test methods under D24’s jurisdiction.  
1.3 This guide establishes procedures for the use of x-charts to continuously monitor those tests listed in Section 2 for within-lab precision (repeatability) and between-lab accuracy (reproducibility).  
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the reference values of the ASTM reference blacks, within the ranges given in this guide.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Sampling of bulk shipments of carbon blacks is of utmost importance since the location and number of samples taken by different laboratories can have a significant effect on the agreement of test values obtained. This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black in each compartment or in the entire hopper car or hopper truck. These samples may be used to ascertain the average quality or the uniformity of a shipment, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the sampling and data reporting of bulk shipments of carbon black in three-compartment hopper rail cars and compartmented bulk hopper trailers.  
Note 1: The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice, how many samples are taken, where they are taken, and what statistical values (if any) to report shall be determined by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. This practice gives guidance for use in developing such agreements or for use when no formal agreement exists. The specific details of each procedure are described in appropriate ASTM test methods used for testing carbon black.
Note 2: Some purchasers or manufacturers may consider Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) to be a bulk shipment. See Practice D1799 for guidance on sampling and reporting for this package.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several test methods for carbon black require the reduction in sample size or the blending of the test sample to reduce the variation of the measured characteristic. Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the total supply. This practice provides procedures for reducing the large sample obtained from the bag and bulk sampling practices to a convenient size for conducting a number of tests to describe the material and measure its quality in such a manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a representation of the bulk sample. Failure to follow the procedures in this practice could result in providing a nonrepresentative sample to be used in subsequent testing. Individual test methods provide for minimum amounts of material to be tested.  
4.2 Test Method A, Reduction of Sample Size, is typically used to obtain an aliquot from a large sample, splitting a black into two or more equal portions, or reducing a blended black from Test Method B to a specified sample size. The final sample is always smaller than the original sample and would not be considered to be a “well blended” sample.  
4.3 Test Method B, Blending of Carbon Black, is typically used to prepare a homogeneous sample. The homogeneous sample may be used for several tests (see Note 2) or may be reduced in size by Test Method A. The final sample size is the same as the original.  
4.4 When a sample is to be blended and reduced, the sample should be blended (Test Method B) before reduction (Test Method A). The blending and reduction must be done before the sample is dried (Test Method C).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for blending of pelleted carbon black, the procedure for the reduction of gross samples of pelleted carbon black to the appropriate size for testing and the preparation of the sample for testing. These techniques are intended to minimize variations in measured characteristics between test samples. Standard terminology relating to carbon black samples is found in Terminology D3053. The classification system for carbon blacks used in rubber products can be found in Classification System D1765.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several test methods for carbon black require the reduction in sample size or the blending of the test sample to reduce the variation of the measured characteristic. Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the total supply. This practice provides procedures for reducing the large sample obtained from the bag and bulk sampling practices to a convenient size for conducting a number of tests to describe the material and measure its quality in such a manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a representation of the bulk sample. Failure to follow the procedures in this practice could result in providing a nonrepresentative sample to be used in subsequent testing. Individual test methods provide for minimum amounts of material to be tested.  
4.2 Test Method A, Reduction of Sample Size, is typically used to obtain an aliquot from a large sample, splitting a black into two or more equal portions, or reducing a blended black from Test Method B to a specified sample size. The final sample is always smaller than the original sample and would not be considered to be a “well blended” sample.  
4.3 Test Method B, Blending of Carbon Black, is typically used to prepare a homogeneous sample. The homogeneous sample may be used for several tests (see Note 2) or may be reduced in size by Test Method A. The final sample size is the same as the original.  
4.4 When a sample is to be blended and reduced, the sample should be blended (Test Method B) before reduction (Test Method A). The blending and reduction must be done before the sample is dried (Test Method C).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for blending of pelleted carbon black, the procedure for the reduction of gross samples of pelleted carbon black to the appropriate size for testing and the preparation of the sample for testing. These techniques are intended to minimize variations in measured characteristics between test samples. Standard terminology relating to carbon black samples is found in Terminology D3053. The classification system for carbon blacks used in rubber products can be found in Classification System D1765.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice will provide the following: (1) a statistical summary of individual production run data plotted on a control chart; (2) a statistical summary of data from multiple production runs; (3) a procedure to relate the average and variation of these data groups to specification limits, and (4) indexes for comparing different manufacturing units for projecting future capabilities or as historical reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process control of a carbon black manufacturing process; (2) a format for reporting process capability determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run, and (3) a format for reporting process performance determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run.  
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing process prior to storage. This practice does not apply to shipment samples taken from hopper cars or other containers or packages.  
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for those test methods given in Classification D1765 which specify target values. However, these techniques are applicable to other test methods on carbon black.  
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods of determining capability factors from an analysis of process control data.  
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data with the use of an estimated standard deviation (^σ) from the mean value of the moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capability (Cp and  Cpk) indexes can be used as historical information or to predict future performance of the process, but are only valid when the process is in a state of statistical control.  
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data using sample standard deviation(s). The calculation of the process performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical reference of a process' performance and does not require a state of statistical control.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black from the packages in the shipment. These samples are used to determine the average quality or variability of the shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of packaged carbon blacks for shipment in bags, cartons, flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC), or other non-bulk packages.  
Note 1: The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice shall be determined by the producer and the consumer. The specific details of each test method are described in appropriate ASTM methods used for testing carbon black.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Sampling of bulk shipments of carbon blacks is of utmost importance since the location and number of samples taken by different laboratories can have a significant effect on the agreement of test values obtained. This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black in each compartment or in the entire hopper car or hopper truck. These samples may be used to ascertain the average quality or the uniformity of a shipment, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the sampling and data reporting of bulk shipments of carbon black in three-compartment hopper rail cars and compartmented bulk hopper trailers.  
Note 1: The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice, how many samples are taken, where they are taken, and what statistical values (if any) to report shall be determined by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. This practice gives guidance for use in developing such agreements or for use when no formal agreement exists. The specific details of each procedure are described in appropriate ASTM test methods used for testing carbon black.
Note 2: Some purchasers or manufacturers may consider Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) to be a bulk shipment. See Practice D1799 for guidance on sampling and reporting for this package.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides insight into the environmental conditions required for operation of laboratories or to aid in the design of new laboratories that perform carbon black testing activities using those test methods that are under D24’s jurisdiction. This guide does not supersede any specific requirements a laboratory may choose to establish.  
4.2 This guide recommends the use of statistical x-charts to graphically monitor test data determined for the ASTM reference blacks for those test methods given in Section 2. All laboratories are encouraged to utilize statistical x-charts and ASTM reference blacks because this enables a comparison of testing precision within and between laboratories. The guide describes practices for the use of repeatability and reproducibility limits and x-charts.  
4.3 In addition to the calibration of a test method by physicochemical means, a statistical method for achieving calibration of a test method is presented (that is, normalization).  
4.4 Poor test precision can be the result of poor repeatability or poor reproducibility or both. Causes may include inadequate operator training, improperly maintained equipment or laboratory environment, variation in sample preparation or analysis techniques, the lack of calibration or standardization of instrumentation, worn-out apparatus, reagents that do not meet specifications, different sources of instrumentation or equipment, and material heterogeneity. The sum of all sources of testing error is unique for an individual laboratory.  
4.5 Precision data for ASTM Reference Blacks are found in Tables 1-3. These include standard reference blacks (SRB’s) Series 8, HT and INR Iodine Standards. The HT or INR Iodine standards are recommended for monitoring iodine testing. (A) The iodine adsorption number of carbon black has been shown to decrease in value as the carbon black ages. Generally, the higher the surface area the faster the rate of change. Therefore, the target or mean values given in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for using the ASTM Standard Reference Blacks2 (SRBs) and the HT and INR Iodine Number Standards to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which reference values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.  
1.2 This guide defines the environmental conditions that are required for laboratories that perform carbon black testing activities for those test methods under D24’s jurisdiction.  
1.3 This guide establishes procedures for the use of x-charts to continuously monitor those tests listed in Section 2 for within-lab precision (repeatability) and between-lab accuracy (reproducibility).  
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the reference values of the ASTM reference blacks, within the ranges given in this guide.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is intended to ensure that SRBs are produced and evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 This practice is to be used to establish the average physicochemical properties of a set of carbon blacks to be used as SRBs.  
3.3 The carbon black grades to be used as SRBs should be selected to give as much coverage of the typical usage range for each test and as nearly evenly spaced across the range as possible. Typically, the carbon black grades selected consist of three tread (hard) type furnace grades (designated A, B, and C), three carcass (soft) type furnace grades (designated D, E, and F), and one thermal type grade (designated G). Subcommittee D24.61 may elect to carry one or more of the existing SRBs into the next set provided there is enough remaining material at the rate of usage to last through the expected life of the next set. Limiting the choice of grades to be used means that not all tests will have an SRB set that is evenly spaced across the range of interest. All the SRB candidates are produced at approximately the same time by the various producers. They are used as a set once they are approved. The sets are consecutively numbered. Values and identification for the current set are given in Guide D4821. Any SRBs carried forward will be renumbered for the new set.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is intended to ensure that SRBs are produced and evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 This practice is to be used to establish the average physicochemical properties of a set of carbon blacks to be used as SRBs.  
3.3 The carbon black grades to be used as SRBs should be selected to give as much coverage of the typical usage range for each test and as nearly evenly spaced across the range as possible. Typically, the carbon black grades selected consist of three tread (hard) type furnace grades (designated A, B, and C), three carcass (soft) type furnace grades (designated D, E, and F), and one thermal type grade (designated G). Subcommittee D24.61 may elect to carry one or more of the existing SRBs into the next set provided there is enough remaining material at the rate of usage to last through the expected life of the next set. Limiting the choice of grades to be used means that not all tests will have an SRB set that is evenly spaced across the range of interest. All the SRB candidates are produced at approximately the same time by the various producers. They are used as a set once they are approved. The sets are consecutively numbered. Values and identification for the current set are given in Guide D4821. Any SRBs carried forward will be renumbered for the new set.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These guidelines are intended to ensure that IRBs are evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 These guidelines are to be used to establish the average physicochemical and physical rubber properties of a lot of carbon black to be used as an IRB.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These guidelines are intended to ensure that IRBs are evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 These guidelines are to be used to establish the average physicochemical and physical rubber properties of a lot of carbon black to be used as an IRB.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides insight into the environmental conditions required for operation of laboratories or to aid in the design of new laboratories that perform carbon black testing activities using those test methods that are under D24’s jurisdiction. This guide does not supersede any specific requirements a laboratory may choose to establish.  
4.2 This guide recommends the use of statistical x-charts to graphically monitor test data determined for the ASTM reference blacks for those test methods given in Section 2. All laboratories are encouraged to utilize statistical x-charts and ASTM reference blacks because this enables a comparison of testing precision within and between laboratories. The guide describes practices for the use of repeatability and reproducibility limits and x-charts.  
4.3 In addition to the calibration of a test method by physicochemical means, a statistical method for achieving calibration of a test method is presented (that is, normalization).  
4.4 Poor test precision can be the result of poor repeatability or poor reproducibility or both. Causes may include inadequate operator training, improperly maintained equipment or laboratory environment, variation in sample preparation or analysis techniques, the lack of calibration or standardization of instrumentation, worn-out apparatus, reagents that do not meet specifications, different sources of instrumentation or equipment, and material heterogeneity. The sum of all sources of testing error is unique for an individual laboratory.  
4.5 Precision data for ASTM Reference Blacks are found in Tables 1-3. These include standard reference blacks (SRB’s) Series 8, HT and INR Iodine Standards. The HT or INR Iodine standards are recommended for monitoring iodine testing. (A) The iodine adsorption number of carbon black has been shown to decrease in value as the carbon black ages. Generally, the higher the surface area the faster the rate of change. Therefore, the target or mean values given in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for using the ASTM Standard Reference Blacks2 (SRBs) and the HT and INR Iodine Number Standards to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which reference values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.  
1.2 This guide defines the environmental conditions that are required for laboratories that perform carbon black testing activities for those test methods under D24’s jurisdiction.  
1.3 This guide establishes procedures for the use of x-charts to continuously monitor those tests listed in Section 2 for within-lab precision (repeatability) and between-lab accuracy (reproducibility).  
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the reference values of the ASTM reference blacks, within the ranges given in this guide.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Sampling of bulk shipments of carbon blacks is of utmost importance since the location and number of samples taken by different laboratories can have a significant effect on the agreement of test values obtained. This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black in each compartment or in the entire hopper car or hopper truck. These samples may be used to ascertain the average quality or the uniformity of a shipment, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the sampling and data reporting of bulk shipments of carbon black in three-compartment hopper rail cars and compartmented bulk hopper trailers.  
Note 1: The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice, how many samples are taken, where they are taken, and what statistical values (if any) to report shall be determined by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. This practice gives guidance for use in developing such agreements or for use when no formal agreement exists. The specific details of each procedure are described in appropriate ASTM test methods used for testing carbon black.
Note 2: Some purchasers or manufacturers may consider Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) to be a bulk shipment. See Practice D1799 for guidance on sampling and reporting for this package.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide recommends the use of statistical x-charts to graphically monitor test data determined for the ASTM reference blacks for those test methods given in Section 2. All laboratories are encouraged to utilize statistical x-charts and ASTM reference blacks because this enables a comparison of testing precision within and between laboratories. The guide describes practices for the use of repeatability and reproducibility limits and x-charts.  
4.2 In addition to the calibration of a test method by physicochemical means, a statistical method for achieving calibration of a test method is presented (that is, normalization).  
4.3 Poor test precision can be the result of poor repeatability or poor reproducibility or both. Causes may include inadequate operator training, improperly maintained equipment or laboratory environment, variation in sample preparation or analysis techniques, the lack of calibration or standardization of instrumentation, worn-out apparatus, reagents that do not meet specifications, different sources of instrumentation or equipment, and material heterogeneity. The sum of all sources of testing error is unique for an individual laboratory.  
4.4 Precision data for ASTM Reference Blacks are found in Tables 1-3. These include standard reference blacks (SRB’s) Series 8, HT and INR Iodine Standards. The HT or INR Iodine standards are recommended for monitoring iodine testing. (A) The iodine adsorption number of carbon black has been shown to decrease in value as the carbon black ages. Generally, the higher the surface area the faster the rate of change. Therefore, the target or mean values given in Table 1A may not be obtained due to this aging effect. Iodine Number testing should be monitored using HT or INR iodine standards and their reference values found in Table 2 and Table 3. See Section 9 for additional information.    
Note 1: Preferred precision values are bolded in Tables 1-3.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for using the ASTM Standard Reference Blacks2 (SRBs) and the HT and INR Iodine Number Standards to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which reference values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.  
1.2 This guide establishes procedures for the use of x-charts to continuously monitor those tests listed in Section 2 for within-lab precision (repeatability) and between-lab accuracy (reproducibility).  
1.3 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the reference values of the ASTM reference blacks, within the ranges given in this guide.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These guidelines are intended to ensure that IRBs are evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 These guidelines are to be used to establish the average physicochemical and physical rubber properties of a lot of carbon black to be used as an IRB.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice will provide the following: (1) a statistical summary of individual production run data plotted on a control chart; (2) a statistical summary of data from multiple production runs; (3) a procedure to relate the average and variation of these data groups to specification limits, and (4) indexes for comparing different manufacturing units for projecting future capabilities or as historical reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process control of a carbon black manufacturing process; (2) a format for reporting process capability determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run, and (3) a format for reporting process performance determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run.  
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing process prior to storage. This practice does not apply to shipment samples taken from hopper cars or other containers or packages.  
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for those test methods given in Classification D1765 which specify target values. However, these techniques are applicable to other test methods on carbon black.  
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods of determining capability factors from an analysis of process control data.  
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data with the use of an estimated standard deviation (^σ) from the mean value of the moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capability (Cp and  Cpk) indexes can be used as historical information or to predict future performance of the process, but are only valid when the process is in a state of statistical control.  
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data using sample standard deviation(s). The calculation of the process performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical reference of a process' performance and does not require a state of statistical control.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide recommends the use of statistical x-charts to graphically monitor test data determined for the ASTM reference blacks for those test methods given in Section 2. All laboratories are encouraged to utilize statistical x-charts and ASTM reference blacks because this enables a comparison of testing precision within and between laboratories. The guide describes practices for the use of repeatability and reproducibility limits and x-charts.  
4.2 In addition to the calibration of a test method by physicochemical means, a statistical method for achieving calibration of a test method is presented (that is, normalization).  
4.3 Poor test precision can be the result of poor repeatability or poor reproducibility or both. Causes may include inadequate operator training, improperly maintained equipment or laboratory environment, variation in sample preparation or analysis techniques, the lack of calibration or standardization of instrumentation, worn-out apparatus, reagents that do not meet specifications, different sources of instrumentation or equipment, and material heterogeneity. The sum of all sources of testing error is unique for an individual laboratory.  
4.4 Precision data for ASTM Reference Blacks are found in Tables 1-3. These include standard reference blacks (SRB’s) Series 8, HT and INR Iodine Standards. The HT or INR Iodine standards are recommended for monitoring iodine testing.
Note 1: Preferred precision values are bolded in Tables 1-3.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for using the ASTM Standard Reference Blacks2 (SRBs) and the HT and INR Iodine Number Standards to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which reference values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.  
1.2 This guide establishes procedures for the use of x-charts to continuously monitor those tests listed in Section 2 for within-lab precision (repeatability) and between-lab accuracy (reproducibility).  
1.3 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the reference values of the ASTM reference blacks, within the ranges given in this guide.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several test methods for carbon black require the reduction in sample size or the blending of the test sample to reduce the variation of the measured characteristic. Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the total supply. This practice provides procedures for reducing the large sample obtained from the bag and bulk sampling practices to a convenient size for conducting a number of tests to describe the material and measure its quality in such a manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a representation of the bulk sample. Failure to follow the procedures in this practice could result in providing a nonrepresentative sample to be used in subsequent testing. Individual test methods provide for minimum amounts of material to be tested.  
4.2 Test Method A, Reduction of Sample Size, is typically used to obtain an aliquot from a large sample, splitting a black into two or more equal portions, or reducing a blended black from Test Method B to a specified sample size. The final sample is always smaller than the original sample and would not be considered to be a “well blended” sample.  
4.3 Test Method B, Blending of Carbon Black, is typically used to prepare a homogeneous sample. The homogeneous sample may be used for several tests (see Note 3) or may be reduced in size by Test Method A. The final sample size is the same as the original.  
4.4 When a sample is to be blended and reduced, the sample should be blended (Test Method B) before reduction (Test Method A). The blending and reduction must be done before the sample is dried (Test Method C).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for blending of pelleted carbon black, the procedure for the reduction of gross samples of pelleted carbon black to the appropriate size for testing and the preparation of the sample for testing. These techniques are intended to minimize variations in measured characteristics between test samples. Standard terminology relating to carbon black samples is found in Terminology D3053.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black from the packages in the shipment. These samples are used to determine the average quality or variability of the shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of packaged carbon blacks for shipment in bags, cartons, flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC), or other non-bulk packages.  
Note 1: The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice shall be determined by the producer and the consumer. The specific details of each test method are described in appropriate ASTM methods used for testing carbon black.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is intended to ensure that SRBs are produced and evaluated by a standard procedure.  
3.2 This practice is to be used to establish the average physicochemical properties of a set of carbon blacks to be used as SRBs.  
3.3 The carbon black grades to be used as SRBs should be selected to give as much coverage of the typical usage range for each test and as nearly evenly spaced across the range as possible. Typically, the carbon black grades selected consist of three tread (hard) type furnace grades (designated A, B, and C), three carcass (soft) type furnace grades (designated D, E, and F), and one thermal type grade (designated G). Subcommittee D24.61 may elect to carry one or more of the existing SRBs into the next set provided there is enough remaining material at the rate of usage to last through the expected life of the next set. Limiting the choice of grades to be used means that not all tests will have an SRB set that is evenly spaced across the range of interest. All the SRB candidates are produced at approximately the same time by the various producers. They are used as a set once they are approved. The sets are consecutively numbered. Values and identification for the current set are given in Guide D4821. Any SRBs carried forward will be renumbered for the new set.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Sampling of bulk shipments of carbon blacks is of utmost importance since the location and number of samples taken by different laboratories can have a significant effect on the agreement of test values obtained. This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black in each compartment or in the entire hopper car or hopper truck. These samples may be used to ascertain the average quality or the uniformity of a shipment, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the sampling and data reporting of bulk shipments of carbon black in three-compartment hopper rail cars and compartmented bulk hopper trailers.
Note 1 - The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice, how many samples are taken, where they are taken, and what statistical values (if any) to report shall be determined by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. This practice gives guidance for use in developing such agreements or for use when no formal agreement exists. The specific details of each procedure are described in appropriate ASTM test methods used for testing carbon black.
Note 2 - Some purchasers or manufacturers may consider Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) to be a bulk shipment. See Practice D 1799 for guidance on sampling and reporting for this package.
12. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These guidelines are intended to ensure that IRBs are evaluated by a standard procedure.
These guidelines are to be used to establish the average physicochemical and physical rubber properties of a lot of carbon black to be used as an IRB.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These guidelines are intended to ensure that IRBs are evaluated by a standard procedure.
These guidelines are to be used to establish the average physicochemical and physical rubber properties of a lot of carbon black to be used as an IRB.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice will provide the following: (1) a statistical summary of individual production run data plotted on a control chart; (2) a statistical summary of data from multiple production runs; (3) a procedure to relate the average and variation of these data groups to specification limits, and (4) indexes for comparing different manufacturing units for projecting future capabilities or as historical reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process control of a carbon black manufacturing process; (2) a format for reporting process capability determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run, and (3) a format for reporting process performance determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run.
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing process prior to storage. This practice does not apply to shipment samples taken from hopper cars or other containers or packages.
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for those test methods given in Classification D 1765 which specify target values. However, these techniques are applicable to other test methods on carbon black.
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods of determining capability factors from an analysis of process control data.
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data with the use of an estimated standard deviation (ˆσ) from the mean value of the moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capability (Cp and  Cpk) indexes can be used as historical information or to predict future performance of the process, but are only valid when the process is in a state of statistical control.
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data using sample standard deviation(s). The calculation of the process performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical reference of a process' performance and does not require a state of statistical control.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black from the packages in the shipment. These samples are used to determine the average quality or variability of the shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of packaged carbon blacks for shipment in bags, cartons, flexible immediate bulk containers (FIBC), or other non-bulk packages.
Note 1—The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice shall be determined by the producer and the consumer. The specific details of each test method are described in appropriate ASTM methods used for testing carbon black.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Several test methods for carbon black require the reduction in sample size or the blending of the test sample to reduce the variation of the measured characteristic. Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the total supply. This practice provides procedures for reducing the large sample obtained from the bag and bulk sampling practices to a convenient size for conducting a number of tests to describe the material and measure its quality in such a manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a representation of the bulk sample. Failure to follow the procedures in this practice could result in providing a nonrepresentative sample to be used in subsequent testing. Individual test methods provide for minimum amounts of material to be tested.
Test Method A, Reduction of Sample Size, is typically used to obtain an aliquot from a large sample, splitting a black into two or more equal portions, or reducing a blended black from Test Method B to a specified sample size. The final sample is always smaller than the original sample and would not be considered to be a “well blended” sample.
Test Method B, Blending of Carbon Black, is typically used to prepare a homogeneous sample. The homogeneous sample may be used for several tests (see Note 3) or may be reduced in size by Test Method A. The final sample size is the same as the original.
When a sample is to be blended and reduced, the sample should be blended (Test Method B) before reduction (Test Method A). The blending and reduction must be done before the sample is dried (Test Method C).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for blending of pelleted carbon black, the procedure for the reduction of gross samples of pelleted carbon black to the appropriate size for testing and the preparation of the sample for testing. These techniques are intended to minimize variations in measured characteristics between test samples. Standard terminology relating to carbon black samples is found in Terminology D 3053.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
One of the major causes of poor test precision is the lack of calibration or standardization of instruments, apparatus, reagents, and technique among laboratories. The sum of all sources of testing error is unique for an individual laboratory. A least-squares regression of a laboratory's actual test values for reference materials to the established mean values will result in a unique least-squares regression line (and equation) for that laboratory. Generally, there are two reasons for using the SRBs in testing: (1) to monitor testing performance (see Section 4) to ensure that no systematic error or bias is affecting the test results, or (2) to establish a statistical calibration (see Section 5) when the correction of assignable causes (see Section 6) does not yield in-control test results.
In addition to the calibration of a test method by physicochemical means, a statistical method for achieving calibration of a test method is presented.
This guide outlines the use of control charts to graphically present calibration test data determined for the ASTM SRBs for those test methods given in Section 2. All laboratories are encouraged to utilize statistical control charts and the SRBs because this allows a comparison of testing precision within a laboratory to the “industry average” values found in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 3.
The techniques of this guide can be used to continuously monitor testing execution and precision for other tests that are not listed in Section 2 or for materials that fall outside the range of the SRBs for those tests listed in Section 2. In these cases, each laboratory will have to establish the applicable mean and control limit values for the “local reference.” The monitoring will then consist of a comparison of present test results for the “local reference” to past performance within that laboratory instead of to “industry average” values.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure for using ASTM Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs) to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which standard values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.
1.2 This guide establishes the x-chart control limits to be used when continuously monitoring those tests listed in Section 2. Alternatively, these control limits may be used as a basis for comparison to testing precision computed within a laboratory.
1.3 This guide uses statistical control chart methodology as discussed in MNL7 to determine if a laboratory's test results differ significantly from the accepted values of the SRBs.
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the standard values of the ASTM SRBs, within the ranges given in the precision statement of the test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure for using ASTM Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs) to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which standard values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.
1.2 This guide establishes the x-chart control limits to be used when continuously monitoring those tests listed in Section . Alternatively, these control limits may be used as a basis for comparison to testing precision computed within a laboratory.
1.3 This guide uses statistical control chart methodology as discussed in STP-15-D to determine if a laboratory's test results differ significantly from the accepted values of the SRBs.
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the standard values of the ASTM SRBs, within the ranges given in the precision statement of the test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to ensure that SRBs are produced and evaluated by a standard procedure.
This practice is to be used to establish the average physicochemical properties of a set of carbon blacks to be used as SRBs.
The carbon black grades to be used as SRBs should be selected to give as much coverage of the typical usage range for each test and as nearly evenly spaced across the range as possible. Typically, the carbon black grades selected consist of three tread (hard) type furnace grades (designated A, B, and C), three carcass (soft) type furnace grades (designated D, E, and F), and one thermal type grade (designated G). Subcommittee D24.61 may elect to carry one or more of the existing SRBs into the next set provided there is enough remaining material at the rate of usage to last through the expected life of the next set. Limiting the choice of grades to be used means that not all tests will have an SRB set that is evenly spaced across the range of interest. All the SRB candidates are produced at approximately the same time by the various producers. They are used as a set once they are approved. The sets are consecutively numbered. Values and identification for the current set are given in Guide D 4821. Any SRBs carried forward will be renumbered for the new set.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure for using ASTM Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs) to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which standard values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.
1.2 This guide establishes the x-chart control limits to be used when continuously monitoring those tests listed in Section . Alternatively, these control limits may be used as a basis for comparison to testing precision computed within a laboratory.
1.3 This guide uses statistical control chart methodology as discussed in STP-15-D to determine if a laboratory's test results differ significantly from the accepted values of the SRBs.
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the standard values of the ASTM SRBs, within the ranges given in the precision statement of the test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These guidelines are intended to ensure that IRBs are evaluated by a standard procedure.
These guidelines are to be used to establish the average physicochemical and physical rubber properties of a lot of carbon black to be used as an IRB.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Sampling of bulk shipments of carbon blacks is of utmost importance since the location and number of samples taken by different laboratories can have a significant effect on the agreement of test values obtained. This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black in each compartment or in the entire hopper car or hopper truck. These samples may be used to ascertain the average quality or the uniformity of a shipment, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the sampling and data reporting of bulk shipments of carbon black in three-compartment hopper rail cars and compartmented bulk hopper trailers.
Note 1 - The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice, how many samples are taken, where they are taken, and what statistical values (if any) to report shall be determined by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. This practice gives guidance for use in developing such agreements or for use when no formal agreement exists. The specific details of each procedure are described in appropriate ASTM test methods used for testing carbon black.
Note 2 - Some purchasers or manufacturers may consider Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) to be a bulk shipment. See Practice D 1799 for guidance on sampling and reporting for this package.
12. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure for using ASTM Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs) to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which standard values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.
1.2 This guide establishes the x-chart control limits to be used when continuously monitoring those tests listed in Section . Alternatively, these control limits may be used as a basis for comparison to testing precision computed within a laboratory.
1.3 This guide uses statistical control chart methodology as discussed in STP-15-D to determine if a laboratory's test results differ significantly from the accepted values of the SRBs.
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the standard values of the ASTM SRBs, within the ranges given in the precision statement of the test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice offers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice offers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice offers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a lot of carbon black to be used as an Industry Reference Black (IRB).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the production and testing for uniformity of a set of carbon blacks to be used as Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure for using ASTM Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs) to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which standard values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.
1.2 This guide establishes the x-chart control limits to be used when continuously monitoring those tests listed in Section 2. Alternatively, these control limits may be used as a basis for comparison to testing precision computed within a laboratory.
1.3 This guide uses statistical control chart methodology as discussed in STP-15-D to determine if a laboratory's test results differ significantly from the accepted values of the SRBs.
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the standard values of the ASTM SRBs, within the ranges given in the precision statement of the test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice will provide the following: (1) a statistical summary of individual production run data plotted on a control chart; (2) a statistical summary of data from multiple production runs; (3) a procedure to relate the average and variation of these data groups to specification limits, and (4) indexes for comparing different manufacturing units for projecting future capabilities or as historical reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process control of a carbon black manufacturing process; (2) a format for reporting process capability determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run, and (3) a format for reporting process performance determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run.
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing process prior to storage. This practice does not apply to shipment samples taken from hopper cars or other containers or packages.
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for those test methods given in Classification D 1765 which specify target values. However, these techniques are applicable to other test methods on carbon black.
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods of determining capability factors from an analysis of process control data.
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data with the use of an estimated standard deviation (σ) from the mean value of the moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capability (Cp and Cpk) indexes can be used as historical information or to predict future performance of the process, but are only valid when the process is in a state of statistical control.
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data using sample standard deviation(s). The calculation of the process performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical reference of a process' performance and does not require a state of statistical control.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Several test methods for carbon black require the reduction in sample size or the blending of the test sample to reduce the variation of the measured characteristic. Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the total supply. This practice provides procedures for reducing the large sample obtained from the bag and bulk sampling practices to a convenient size for conducting a number of tests to describe the material and measure its quality in such a manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a representation of the bulk sample. Failure to follow the procedures in this practice could result in providing a nonrepresentative sample to be used in subsequent testing. Individual test methods provide for minimum amounts of material to be tested.
Test Method A, Reduction of Sample Size, is typically used to obtain an aliquot from a large sample, splitting a black into two or more equal portions, or reducing a blended black from Test Method B to a specified sample size. The final sample is always smaller than the original sample and would not be considered to be a “well blended” sample.
Test Method B, Blending of Carbon Black, is typically used to prepare a homogeneous sample. The homogeneous sample may be used for several tests (see Note 3) or may be reduced in size by Test Method A. The final sample size is the same as the original.
When a sample is to be blended and reduced, the sample should be blended (Test Method B) before reduction (Test Method A). The blending and reduction must be done before the sample is dried (Test Method C).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for blending of pelleted carbon black, the procedure for the reduction of gross samples of pelleted carbon black to the appropriate size for testing and the preparation of the sample for testing. These techniques are intended to minimize variations in measured characteristics between test samples. Standard terminology relating to carbon black samples is found in Terminology D 3053.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure for using ASTM Standard Reference Blacks (SRBs) to continuously monitor the precision of those carbon black test methods for which standard values have been established. It also offers guidelines for troubleshooting various test methods.
1.2 This guide establishes the x-chart control limits to be used when continuously monitoring those tests listed in Section 2. Alternatively, these control limits may be used as a basis for comparison to testing precision computed within a laboratory.
1.3 This guide uses statistical control chart methodology as discussed in STP-15-D to determine if a laboratory's test results differ significantly from the accepted values of the SRBs.
1.4 This guide provides a statistical procedure for improving test reproducibility when a laboratory cannot physically calibrate its apparatus to obtain the standard values of the ASTM SRBs, within the ranges given in the precision statement of the test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for use in obtaining representative samples of carbon black from the packages in the shipment. These samples are used to determine the average quality or variability of the shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of packaged carbon blacks for shipment in bags, cartons, flexible immediate bulk containers (FIBC), or other non-bulk packages.
Note 1—The tests to be made on the samples obtained by this practice shall be determined by the producer and the consumer. The specific details of each test method are described in appropriate ASTM methods used for testing carbon black.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.