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ASTM D6393-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Bulk Solids Characterization by Carr Indices

Standard Test Method for Bulk Solids Characterization by Carr Indices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides measurements that can be used to describe the bulk properties of a powder or granular material.  
5.2 The measurements can be combined with practical experience to provide relative rankings of various forms of bulk handling behavior of powders and granular materials for a specific application.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing or inspection (or both) of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this standard. However, users of this standard should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this standard. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as Carr Indices.2  
1.2 This test method is suitable for free flowing and moderately cohesive powders and granular materials up to 2.0 mm in size. Materials must be able to pour through a 6.0 to 8.0-mm diameter funnel outlet when in an aerated state.  
1.3 This method consists of eight measurements and two calculations for Carr Indices as follows. Each measurement, or calculation, or combination of them, can be used to characterize the properties of bulk solids.  
1.3.1 Measurement of Carr Angle of Repose  
1.3.2 Measurement of Carr Angle of Fall  
1.3.3 Calculation of Carr Angle of Difference  
1.3.4 Measurement of Carr Loose Bulk Density  
1.3.5 Measurement of Carr Packed Bulk Density  
1.3.6 Calculation of Carr Compressibility  
1.3.7 Measurement of Carr Cohesion  
1.3.8 Measurement of Carr Uniformity  
1.3.9 Measurement of Carr Angle of Spatula  
1.3.10 Measurement of Carr Dispersibility  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives: and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2014
ICS
19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.24 - Characterization and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids
Current Stage
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6393 − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Bulk Solids Characterization by Carr Indices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
methods for engineering design.
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for
measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
2
Carr Indices. as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.2 This test method is suitable for free flowing and mod-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
erately cohesive powders and granular materials up to 2.0 mm
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in size. Materials must be able to pour through a 6.0 to 8.0-mm
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
diameter funnel outlet when in an aerated state.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.3 This method consists of eight measurements and two
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
calculations for Carr Indices as follows. Each measurement, or
calculation, or combination of them, can be used to character-
2. Referenced Documents
ize the properties of bulk solids.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3.1 Measurement of Carr Angle of Repose
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.3.2 Measurement of Carr Angle of Fall
Fluids
1.3.3 Calculation of Carr Angle of Difference
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
1.3.4 Measurement of Carr Loose Bulk Density
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1.3.5 Measurement of Carr Packed Bulk Density
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.3.6 Calculation of Carr Compressibility
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
1.3.7 Measurement of Carr Cohesion
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.3.8 Measurement of Carr Uniformity
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.3.9 Measurement of Carr Angle of Spatula
Data
1.3.10 Measurement of Carr Dispersibility
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
3. Terminology
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
3.1 Definitions of Terms:
Practice D6026.
3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this test method,
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
refer to Terminology D653.
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
4. Summary of Test Method
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
4.1 Carr Angle of Repose is determined by dropping the
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
powder specimen through a vibrating sieve and funnel above a
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
horizontalcircularplatformandmeasuringtheangleofpowder
ations for the user’s objectives: and it is common practice to
cone in relation to the edge of the circular platform.
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
4.2 CarrAngle of Fall is determined by measuring the angle
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
of powder cone in relation to the edge of a circular platform
after applying shock impacts to the powder cone. The mea-
surement is performed after completing the measurement of
1
Thistestmethodisunder the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeD18onSoiland
Carr Angle of Repose.
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization
and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
3
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6393 – 08. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D6393-14. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Carr, R.L., “Evaluating Flow Properties of Solids,” Chemical Engineering, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
January 18, 1965, pp. 163–168. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6393 − 14
4.3 Carr Angle of Difference is calculated by subtracting 6. Apparatus
Carr Angle of Fall from Carr Angle of Repose.
6.1 Powder Characteris
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6393 − 08 D6393 − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Bulk Solids Characterization by Carr Indices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as Carr
2
Indices.
1.2 This test method is suitable for free flowing and moderately cohesive powders and granular materials up to 2.0 mm in size.
Materials must be able to pour through a 6.0 to 8.0-mm diameter funnel outlet when in an aerated state.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This method consists of eight measurements and two calculations to provide ten tests for Carr Indices. Each individual test
or a combination of several tests Indices as follows. Each measurement, or calculation, or combination of them, can be used to
characterize the properties of bulk solids. These ten tests are as follows:
1.3.1 Test A—Measurement of Carr Angle of Repose
1.3.2 Test B—Measurement of Carr Angle of Fall
1.3.3 Test C—Calculation of Carr Angle of Difference
1.3.4 Test D—Measurement of Carr Loose Bulk Density
1.3.5 Test E—Measurement of Carr Packed Bulk Density
1.3.6 Test F—Calculation of Carr Compressibility
1.3.7 Test G—Measurement of Carr Cohesion
1.3.8 Test H—Measurement of Carr Uniformity
1.3.9 Test I—Measurement of Carr Angle of Spatula
1.3.10 Test J—Measurement of Carr Dispersibility
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives:
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization and
Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2014. Published October 2008November 2014. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20062008
as D6393 – 99 (2006).D6393 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D6393-08.10.1520/D6393-14.
2
Carr, R.L., “Evaluating Flow Properties of Solids,” Chemical Engineering, January 18, 1965, pp. 163–168.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6393 − 14
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 For common definitions of
...

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5.1 This test method provides measurements that can be used to describe the bulk properties of a powder or granular material.  
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1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as Carr Indices.2  
1.2 This test method is suitable for free flowing and moderately cohesive powders and granular materials up to 2.0 mm [1/16 in.] in size. Materials must be able to pour through a 6.0 to 8.0-mm [1/4 to 5/16 in.] diameter funnel outlet when in an aerated state.  
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1.3.1 Measurement of Carr Angle of Repose  
1.3.2 Measurement of Carr Angle of Fall  
1.3.3 Calculation of Carr Angle of Difference  
1.3.4 Measurement of Carr Loose Bulk Density  
1.3.5 Measurement of Carr Packed Bulk Density  
1.3.6 Calculation of Carr Compressibility  
1.3.7 Measurement of Carr Cohesion  
1.3.8 Measurement of Carr Uniformity  
1.3.9 Measurement of Carr Angle of Spatula  
1.3.10 Measurement of Carr Dispersibility  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives: and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
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1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this docum...

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ASTM
ASTM D6941-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Fluidization Segregation Tendencies of Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluidization segregation can cause vertical segregation within bins used to hold and transport powders. This can affect product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
5.2 By measuring a powder's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other powders with known history, or determine if the given powder may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.  
5.3 Fine powders generally have a lower permeability than coarse bulk solids and therefore tend to retain air longer. Thus, when a bin is filled with a fluidizable powder, the coarser particles settle or are driven into the bed while the finer particles remain fluidized near the surface.  
5.4 Fluidization, which serves as a driving force for this mechanism of segregation, is likely to occur when fine powders are pneumatically conveyed into a bin, the bin is filled or discharged at high rates, or if sufficient air flow counter to the flow of powder is present within the bin.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for creating several specimens of a powder sample that, if the powder is one that segregates by the fluidization mechanism, should be different from one another.  
1.2 A powder sample is fluidized then, after the fluidizing gas is turned off, it is separated into three or more specimens that can be analyzed for parameters of interest. The difference in these parameters between the specimens is an indication of the segregation potential of the powder.  
1.3 Powders must be capable of being fluidized in order to be tested by this practice.  
1.4 Temperature- and moisture-sensitive powders may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
1.5 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while fluidization is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many fine powders, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6940 covers another common mechanism: sifting.  
1.6 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the powder and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consid...

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ASTM
ASTM D6683-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids as Function of Compressive Stress

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulk density of materials in bins and hoppers and for material handling applications such as feeders.  
5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sample selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to select a representative sample of the particulate solid with respect to moisture (water) content, particle-size distribution and temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be available, and fresh material should be used for each individual test specimen.  
5.3 Initial bulk density, (ρb)initial, may or may not be used as the minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being tested. For example, the two are often close to the same for coarse (most particles larger than about 6 mm), free-flowing bulk solids, but not for fine, aeratable powders.  
5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the magnitude of the applied mass increments. Traditionally, the applied mass is doubled for each increment resulting in an applied mass increment ratio of 1. Smaller than standard increment ratios may be desirable for materials that are highly sensitive to the applied mass increment ratio. An example of the latter is a material whose bulk density increases 10% or more with each increase in applied mass.  
5.5 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the duration of each applied mass. Traditionally, the duration is the same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials, the rate of compression is such that complete compression (no change in volume with time at a given applied compressive stress) will require significantly more than 15 s.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedure for determining a range of bulk densities of powders and other bulk solids as a function of compressive stress.  
1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1140-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).  
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).  
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.  
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.  
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.  
1.3.2 Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standa...

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ASTM
ASTM D5519-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Riprap Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Riprap is commonly used to prevent erosion of underlying materials due to the effects of rain runoff, wind, flowing water, or wave action. The particle size distribution (mass of particles) is an important physical characteristic of riprap, as discussed in Guide D6825. These test methods provide a gradation of the material graphically represented as percent finer than the particle mass. If a gradation can be established or accepted on the basis of only maximum and minimum particle sizes, then it may not be necessary to establish the complete gradation in accordance with these test methods.  
5.2 These test methods can be used during evaluation of a potential source, as a means of product acceptance, or for assessment of existing installations. Method D is not recommended as a means of product acceptance.  
5.3 Other characteristics of interest, such as particle shape, particle angularity, or visually evident rock durability characteristics may be determined during the performance of these test methods.  
5.4 Interpretation of test results must consider the representativeness of the sample.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the particle size and mass analysis of natural and man-made riprap and related materials, including filter stone or coarse bedding materials.  
1.2 These test methods are generally intended for riprap and related materials. They are applicable for mixtures of stones screened from natural deposits, blast rock, processed materials from quarried rock, or recycled concrete. They are applicable for sizes 3 in. (75 mm) and above, with the upper size limited only by equipment available for handling and determining the mass of the individual particles.  
1.3 Four alternate procedures are provided. There is a wide range in the level of effort and the precision of the test procedures. It is important for specifiers to indicate the test procedure. Test reports should clearly indicate which procedure was used.
Note 1: While conducting these test methods, it may be convenient to collect data on other attributes, such as the amount of slab pieces and deleterious materials.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.4.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.  
1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Th...

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ASTM
ASTM D7891-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test can be used to evaluate the following:  
5.1.1 Classification or Comparison of Powders—There are several parameters that can be used to classify powders relative to each other, the most useful being the measured shear stresses, cohesion, flow function and angle of internal friction.  
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis—The shear cell can be used to evaluate the relative effects of a range of powder properties and/or environmental parameters such as (but not limited to) humidity, particle size and size distribution, particle shape and shape distribution, moisture content and temperature.  
5.1.3 Quality Control—The test can, in some circumstances, be used to assess the flow properties of a raw material, intermediate or product against pre-determined acceptance criteria.  
5.1.4 Storage Vessel Design—Mathematical models exist for the determination of storage vessel design parameters which are based on the flow properties of powders as generated by shear cell testing, requiring shear testing at a range of consolidating stresses as well as the measurement of the wall friction angle with respect to the material of construction of the storage vessel. The methods are detailed in Refs. (1-3).2
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors (4).
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method shou...
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the incipient failure properties of a powder as a function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).  
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used for the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.  
1.3 The apparatus is suitable for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is possible to test powders which have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but they should be present in the bulk sample as no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Units—Th...

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