ASTM D3359-22

Standard Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In order for a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, the coating must remain adhered to the substrate. Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack thereof) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different coatings to the same substrate, is of considerable usefulness in the industry.  
5.2 This test method is limited to evaluating lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3). The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other test methods for coated substrates (for example, Test Method D2370 and Test Method D4060), and is insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. Limiting the range of rankings from 0 to 5 reflects the inability of this test method to make fine distinctions between levels of adhesion. Users shall not use intermediate values for ranking adhesion tests within this method.  
5.3 Extremes in temperatures or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.  
5.4 A given tape may not adhere equally well to different coatings due to several factors, including differences in coating composition and topology. As such, no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings. Furthermore, these test methods do not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (1, 2).6  
5.5 Operators performing these test methods must be trained and practiced in order to obtain consistent results. The accuracy and precision of the test result obtained by using these methods depends largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator's ability to perform the test in a consistent manner. Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sampl...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of relatively ductile coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.  
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use in the field while Test Method B is more suitable for use in laboratory or shop environments. Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils) unless wider spaced cuts are employed and there is an explicit agreement between the purchaser and seller.  
1.3 These test methods are used to evaluate whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is adequate for the user’s application. They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.  
1.4 This test method is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 2409.  
1.5 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2022
• ICS: 83.180 - Adhesives
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3359 − 22
Standard Test Methods for
Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
adhesion of relatively ductile coating films to metallic sub- D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
strates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
cuts made in the film. Related Coating Products
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use in the field
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
while Test Method B is more suitable for use in laboratory or
D1000 Test Methods for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-
shop environments. Also, Test Method B is not considered
Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applica-
suitable for films thicker than 125 µm (5 mils) unless wider
tions
spaced cuts are employed and there is an explicit agreement
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
between the purchaser and seller.
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
1.3 These test methods are used to evaluate whether the
D2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)
adhesion of a coating to a substrate is adequate for the user’s
Steel Surfaces for Painting (Withdrawn 2008)
application. They do not distinguish between higher levels of
D2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coat-
adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-
ings
ment are required.
D3330/D3330M Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-
1.4 This test method is similar in content (but not techni- Sensitive Tape
D3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-
cally equivalent) to ISO 2409.
tioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
1.5 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-
Materials
tween coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
substrate is not determined.
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
2.2 Other Standards:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
ISO 2409 Paint and Varnishes — Cross-cut test
only.
PSTC 101 International Standard for Peel Adhesion of
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the Pressure Sensitive Tape
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 adhesion, n—the molecular attraction and mechanical
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
bonds between a coating and its substrate.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.2 batch, n—as it pertains to tape, a unique production
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
run during manufacturing.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on the ASTM website.
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint www.astm.org.
Films. Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published July 2022. Originally approved 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D3359 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC), 1833 Centre Point
D3359-22. Circle, Suite 123, Naperville, IL 60563, http://www.pstc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3359 − 22
3.1.3 blemish, n—an obvious surface flaw, such as cracking different coatings to the same substrate, is of considerable
or discoloration of the coating. usefulness in the industry.
3.1.4 environmental conditions, n—the characteristics of the
5.2 This test method is limited to evaluating lower levels of
immediate surroundings during the tests, such as temperature,
adhesion (see 1.3). The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of
and relative humidity.
this test method is similar to other test methods for coated
substrates (for example, Test Method D2370 and Test Method
3.1.5 immersion conditions, n—the characteristics of the
D4060), and is insensitive to all but large differences in
fluid to which the test specimen was exposed, such as type of
adhesion. Limiting the range of rankings from 0 to 5 reflects
fluid, temperature of fluid and duration of immersion.
the inability of this test method to make fine distinctions
3.1.6 lap, n—one complete turn of the tape on a roll; the
between levels of adhesion. Users shall not use intermediate
outer exposed layer of tape.
values for ranking adhesion tests within this method.
3.1.7 lattice pattern, n—one series of parallel lines inter-
5.3 Extremes in temperatures or relative humidity may
sected by another set of parallel lines that are at 90° to and
affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.
centered on the first set.
5.4 A given tape may not adhere equally well to different
3.1.8 mean, n—the classification rating that is obtained by
coatings due to several factors, including differences in coating
adding together the digits of the classification ratings of the
composition and topology. As such, no single tape is likely to
tests performed and dividing by the number of tests, frequently
be suitable for testing all coatings. Furthermore, these test
rounded to the nearest whole number classification rating.
methods do not give an absolute value for the force required for
3.1.9 pressure-sensitive tape, n—tape with an adhesive that
bond rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some
requires some degree of pressure, and only pressure, to
minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (1, 2).
adequately bond to a surface.
5.5 Operators performing these test methods must be trained
3.1.10 range, n—the span of classification ratings for a set
and practiced in order to obtain consistent results. The accuracy
of tests, from minimum classification rating to maximum
and precision of the test result obtained by using these methods
classification rating.
depends largely upon the skill of the operator and the opera-
3.1.11 solvent, n—a liquid agent capable of dissolving or
tor’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner. Key
dispersing contaminants from the surface of the coating or film.
steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill
3.1.12 substrate, n—the structural foundation beneath the include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual
coating or film being tested.
assessment of the tested sample. It is not unexpected that
different operators might obtain different results (1, 2).
3.1.13 template, n—a thin, rigid plate containing evenly
distributed, parallel slits for use as a guide in generating the
5.6 The standard requires that the free end of the tape be
lattice pattern when accompanied by a single-blade cutting
removed rapidly at as close to a 180° angle as possible. When
tool.
the peel angle and rate vary, the force required to remove the
tape can change dramatically due to the rheological properties
3.1.14 test specimen, n—the object whose coatings adhesion
of the backing and adhesive. Variation in pull rate and peel
is of interest.
angle can effect large differences in test values and must be
minimized to assure reproducibility (3).
4. Summary of Test Methods
NOTE 1—These test methods have been reported being used to measure
4.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to
adhesion of organic coatings on non-metallic substrates (for example,
the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and
wood and plastic), although related precision and bias data is lacking. If
testing coatings on non-metallic substrates, either Test Method A or Test
then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on a 0 to
Method B may be more appropriate and the method employed should be
5 scale.
discussed by interested parties. Issues with plastic substrates are noted in
4.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or
Appendix X1. A similar test method, ISO 2409, permits tests on
non-metallic substrates (for example, wood and plaster). Precision and
eleven cuts in each direction is made through the film to the
bias data on the latter is lacking. Test Method D3359 was developed with
substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice
metal as the substrate and, in the absence of supporting precision and bias
pattern and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualita-
data, is so limited.
tively on a 0 to 5 scale.
4.2.1 Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the
seller, Test Method B can be used for films thicker than 125 µm TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST
(5 mils) if wider spaced cuts are employed.
6. Apparatus and Materials
5. Significance and Use
6.1 Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other
5.1 In order for a coating is to fulfill its function of fine-edged cutting device. The cutting edges shall be in good
protecting or decorating a substrate, the coating must remain condition, preferably new or newly sharpened.
adhered to the substrate. Because the substrate and its surface
preparation (or lack thereof) have a drastic effect on the
adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a 6
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of this test method.
D3359 − 22
6.2 Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge to X in a different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previous
ensure straight cuts. cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.
6.3 Tape—25-mm (1.0-in.) wide transparent or semitrans- 8.4 At each day of testing, before initiation of testing,
parent pressure-sensitive tape with an adhesive peel strength
remove two complete laps of tape from the roll and discard.
between 6.34 N/cm (58 oz/in.) and 7.00 N/cm (64 oz/in.), as Remove an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked)
tested in accordance with Test Method D3330/D3330M, Test rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
Method A, (equivalent to PSTC 101) and utilizing a 90 second
8.5 Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts
dwell time on a standard steel panel.
with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller
6.3.1 Other tapes may be used by agreement between the
angles. Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the
parties involved.
incisions taking care not to entrap air under the tape. Rub
6.3.2 Due to variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-
firmly over the surface of the tape with the pressure application
batch and changes in adhesion properties of tapes over time,
device until the color is uniform in appearance. This indicates
tape from the same batch shall be used when tests are to be run
good, uniform contact between the tape’s adhesive and the
in different laboratories. When use of the same batch is not
coating surface.
followed the test method shall be used only for ranking a series
8.6 Within 90 6 30 s of application, remove the tape by
of test coatings. Refer to X1.5 for additional information
seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) back
6.4 Pressure Application Device—Although other devices
upon itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
may suffice, a rubber eraser or rubber roller is commonly used
8.7 Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the
to ensure good and uniform wetting of the coating with the
substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-
adhesive of the tape.
dance with the following scale, illustrated in Fig. 1:
6.5 Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining
whether the cuts have been made through the film to the
substrate.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 When this test method is used in the field, the specimen
is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be
evaluated.
7.2 For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to
panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is
desired to determine the adhesion.
NOTE 2—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation
methods are given in Practice D609 and Practices D1730 and D2092.
NOTE 3—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D823,
or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
NOTE 4—If desired or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected
to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion, salt spray, or high
humidity before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time of
exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon
between the purchaser and seller.
8. Procedure
8.1 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface
imperfections. The area chosen for testing shall be clean and
dry.
8.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After
immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate
solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then
dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the
purchaser and the seller.
8.2 Make two cuts in the film each about 40 mm (1.5 in.)
long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of
between 30 and 45°. When making the incisions, use the
straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one
steady motion.
8.3 Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the
metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been
penetrated. If the substrate has not been reached make another FIG. 1 Classification of Adhesion Test Results for Test Method A
D3359 − 22
10.2 Bias cannot be established for these test methods.
5A No peeling or removal,
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.) on either side,
2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) on either
TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST
side,
1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape, and
11. Apparatus and Materials
0A Removal beyond the area of the X.
8.8 Repeat the test in two other locations on the test surface. 11.1 Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or
For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between 15
adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface. and 30° that will make either a single cut or several cuts at
once. The cutting edge shall be in good condition, preferably
8.9 After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and,
new or newly sharpened.
if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading
lightly on a fine oil stone before using again. Discard cutting 11.2 Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually (as opposed
tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film. to a mechanical apparatus) a steel or other hard metal straight-
edge or template to ensure straight cuts.
9. Report
11.3 Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for
9.1 Report the substrate employed, the type of coating and
measuring individual cuts.
the method of cure, if known.
11.4 Tape, as described in 6.3.
9.2 Report the number of tests, their mean and range.
11.5 Pressure Application Device, as described in 6.4.
9.3 Report the adhesion strength of the pressure-sensitive
11.6 Illumination, as described in 6.5.
tape determined in accordance with Test Method D3330/
11.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be
D3330M, Test Method A, (equivalent to PSTC 101) and
used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.
utilizing a 90 second dwell time on a standard steel panel.
9.3.1 Where the adhesion strength of the tape has not been
12. Test Specimens
determined, report the specific product name of the tape used,
the manufacturer and the lot number, if available. 12.1 Test specimens shall be as described in Section 7. It
should be noted, however, that multitip cutters provide good
9.4 Report an estimate of the interface at which the coating
results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges
failure occurred as indicated by visible peeling or removal of
contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness
the coating. For example, between the first coat and substrate,
with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule
between the first and second coats, etc.
(11.3).
9.5 For field tests, report the type of coating (where known),
the structure or article tested, the location and the environmen-
13. Procedure
tal conditions at the time of testing.
13.1 Where required or when agreed upon, subject the
9.6 If the test is performed after immersion, report immer-
specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test
sion conditions, time between immersion and testing, and
(see Note 4). After drying or testing the coating, conduct the
method of sample preparation.
tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification
D3924, unless D3924 standard temperature is required or
10. Precision and Bias
agreed.
13.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After
10.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which
immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate
operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement
solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then
on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of
dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the
adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found
purchaser and the seller.
to be 0.33 and the between-laboratories 0.44. Based on these
standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for
13.2 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface
judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence
imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the illuminated
level:
magnifier, make parallel cuts as follows:
10.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a
13.2.1 For coatings having a dry film thickness up to and
large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be
including 50 µm (2 mils) space the cuts 1 mm apart and make
considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for
eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.
two measurements.
10.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of
triplicates, obtained by different operators should be consid-
Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing
equipment for the paint industry.
ered suspect if they differ by more than 1.5 rating units.
The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known
to the committee at this time is Paul N. Gardner Co., 316 NE First St., Pompano
Beach, FL 33060. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1008. Contact ASTM Customer careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
Service at [e-mail]. you may attend.
D3359 − 22
13.2.2 For coatings having a dry film thickness between 50
µm (2 mils) and 125 µm (5 mils), space the cuts 2 mm apart and
make six cuts. For films thicker than 125 µm (5 mils
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3359 − 17 D3359 − 22
Standard Test Methods for
Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of relatively ductile coating films to metallic substrates by
applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use in the field while Test Method B is more suitable for use in laboratory or shop
environments. Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thicker than 125μm125 μm (5 mils) unless wider spaced
cuts are employed and there is an explicit agreement between the purchaser and seller.
1.3 These test methods are used to evaluate whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is adequate for the user’s application.
They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.
1.4 This test method is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 2409.
1.5 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is
not determined.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating
Products
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
D1000 Test Methods for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017July 1, 2022. Published March 2017July 2022. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20092017 as
ɛ2
D3359 – 09D3359 – 17. . DOI: 10.1520/D3359-17.10.1520/D3359-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3359 − 22
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
D2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting (Withdrawn 2008)
D2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings
D3330/D3330M Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape
D3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
2.2 Other Standard:Standards:
ISO 2409 Paint and Varnishes — Cross-cut test
PSTC 101 International Standard for Peel Adhesion of Pressure Sensitive Tape
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 adhesion, n—the molecular attraction and mechanical bonds between a coating and its substrate.
3.1.2 batch, n—as it pertains to tape, a unique production run during manufacturing.
3.1.3 blemish, n—an obvious surface flaw, such as cracking or discoloration of the coating.
3.1.4 environmental conditions, n—the characteristics of the immediate surroundings during the tests, such as temperature, and
relative humidity.
3.1.5 immersion conditions, n—the characteristics of the fluid to which the test specimen was exposed, such as type of fluid,
temperature of fluid and duration of immersion.
3.1.6 lap, n—one complete turn of the tape on a roll; the outer exposed layer of tape.
3.1.7 lattice pattern, n—one series of parallel lines intersected by another set of parallel lines that are at 90° to and centered on
the first set.
3.1.8 mean, n—the classification rating that is obtained by adding together the digits of the classification ratings of the tests
performed and dividing by the number of tests, frequently rounded to the nearest whole number classification rating.
3.1.9 pressure-sensitive tape, n—tape with an adhesive that requires some degree of pressure, and only pressure, to adequately
bond to a surface.
3.1.10 range, n—the span of classification ratings for a set of tests, from minimum classification rating to maximum classification
rating.
3.1.11 solvent, n—a liquid agent capable of dissolving or dispersing contaminants from the surface of the coating or film.
3.1.12 substrate, n—the structural foundation beneath the coating or film being tested.
3.1.13 template, n—a thin, rigid plate containing evenly distributed, parallel slits for use as a guide in generating the lattice pattern
when accompanied by a single-blade cutting tool.
3.1.14 test specimen, n—the object whose coatings adhesion is of interest.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then
removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on a 0 to 5 scale.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC), 1833 Centre Point Circle, Suite 123, Naperville, IL 60563, http://www.pstc.org.
D3359 − 22
4.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made through the film to the substrate,
pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice pattern and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on a 0 to 5 scale.
4.2.1 Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils)
if wider spaced cuts are employed.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 In order for a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, the coating must remain adhered to the
substrate. Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack thereof) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a
method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different coatings to the same substrate,
is of considerable usefulness in the industry.
5.2 This test method is limited to evaluating lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3). The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of this
test method is similar to other test methods for coated substrates (for example, Test Method D2370 and Test Method D4060), and
is insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. Limiting the range of rankings from 0 to 5 reflects the inability of this test
method to make fine distinctions between levels of adhesion. Users shall not use intermediate values for ranking adhesion tests
within this method.
5.3 Extremes in temperatures or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.
5.4 A given tape may not adhere equally well to different coatings due to several factors, including differences in coating
composition and topology. As such, no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings. Furthermore, these test methods
do not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value
for bond strength was met or exceeded (1, 2).
5.5 Operators performing these test methods must be trained and practiced in order to obtain consistent results. The accuracy and
precision of the test result obtained by using these methods depends largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability
to perform the test in a consistent manner. Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate
of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample. It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different
results (1, 2).
5.6 The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180° angle as possible. When the peel
angle and rate vary, the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically due to the rheological properties of the backing
and adhesive. Variation in pull rate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values and must be minimized to assure
reproducibility (3).
NOTE 1—These test methods have been reported being used to measure adhesion of organic coatings on non-metallic substrates (for example, wood and
plastic), although related precision and bias data is lacking. If testing coatings on non-metallic substrates, either Test Method A or Test Method B may
be more appropriate and the method employed should be discussed by interested parties. Issues with plastic substrates are noted in Appendix X1. A similar
test method, ISO 2409, permits tests on non-metallic substrates (for example, wood and plaster). Precision and bias data on the latter is lacking. Test
Method D3359 was developed with metal as the substrate and, in the absence of supporting precision and bias data, is so limited.
TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other fine-edged cutting device. The cutting edges shall be in good condition,
preferably new or newly sharpened.
6.2 Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.
D3359 − 22
6.3 Tape—25-mm (1.0-in.) wide transparent or semitransparent pressure-sensitive tape with an adhesive peel strength between
6.34 N/cm (58 oz/in.) and 7.00 N/cm (64 oz/in.), as tested in accordance with Test Method D3330/D3330M, Test Method A,
(equivalent to PSTC 101) and utilizing a 90 second dwell time on a standard steel panel.
6.3.1 Other tapes may be used by agreement between the parties involved.
6.3.2 Due to variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and changes in adhesion properties of tapes over time, tape from
the same batch shall be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories. When use of the same batch is not followed the test
method shall be used only for ranking a series of test coatings. Refer to X1.5 for additional information
6.4 Pressure Application Device—Although other devices may suffice, a rubber eraser or rubber roller is commonly used to ensure
good and uniform wetting of the coating with the adhesive of the tape.
6.5 Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the film to the substrate.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 When this test method is used in the field, the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be
evaluated.
7.2 For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired
to determine the adhesion.
NOTE 2—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D609 and Practices D1730 and D2092.
NOTE 3—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D823, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
NOTE 4—If desired or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion, salt spray, or high humidity
before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon between the
purchaser and seller.
8. Procedure
8.1 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections. The area chosen for testing shall be clean and dry.
8.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which
will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the
seller.
8.2 Make two cuts in the film each about 40 mm (1.5 in.) long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between
30 and 45°. When making the incisions, use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.
8.3 Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been penetrated. If
the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may
affect adhesion along the incision.
8.4 At each day of testing, before initiation of testing, remove two complete laps of tape from the roll and discard. Remove an
additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
8.5 Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles.
Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the incisions taking care not to entrap air under the tape. Rub firmly over the
surface of the tape with the pressure application device until the color is uniform in appearance. This indicates good, uniform
contact between the tape’s adhesive and the coating surface.
D3359 − 22
8.6 Within 90 6 30 s of application, remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) back upon itself
at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
8.7 Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accordance with
the following scale:scale, illustrated in Fig. 1:
5A No peeling or removal,
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.) on either side,
2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) on either
side,
1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape, and
0A Removal beyond the area of the X.
8.8 Repeat the test in two other locations on the test surface. For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion
evaluation is representative of the whole surface.
8.9 After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly
on a fine oil stone before using again. Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.
FIG. 1 Classification of Adhesion Test Results for Test Method A
D3359 − 22
9. Report
9.1 Report the substrate employed, the type of coating and the method of cure, if known.
9.2 Report the number of tests, their mean and range.
9.3 Report the adhesion strength of the pressure-sensitive tape determined in accordance with Test Method D3330/D3330M, Test
Method A, (equivalent to PSTC 101) and utilizing a 90 second dwell time on a standard steel panel.
9.3.1 Where the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined, report the specific product name of the tape used, the
manufacturer and the lot number, if available.
9.4 Report an estimate of the interface at which the coating failure occurred as indicated by visible peeling or removal of the
coating. For example, between the first coat and substrate, between the first and second coats, etc.
9.5 For field tests, report the type of coating (where known), the structure or article tested, the location and the environmental
conditions at the time of testing.
9.6 If the test is performed after immersion, report immersion conditions, time between immersion and testing, and method of
sample preparation.
10. Precision and Bias
10.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three
panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be 0.33
and the between-laboratories 0.44. Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the
acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:
10.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be
considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for two measurements.
10.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of triplicates, obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if
they differ by more than 1.5 rating units.
10.2 Bias cannot be established for these test methods.
TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST
11. Apparatus and Materials
11.1 Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between 15 and 30° that
will make either a single cut or several cuts at once. The cutting edge shall be in good condition, preferably new or newly
sharpened.
11.2 Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually (as opposed to a mechanical apparatus) a steel or other hard metal straightedge
or template to ensure straight cuts.
11.3 Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for measuring individual cuts.
11.4 Tape, as described in 6.3.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1008. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at [e-mail].
Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry.
D3359 − 22
11.5 Pressure Application Device, as described in 6.4.
11.6 Illumination, as described in 6.5.
11.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.
12. Test Specimens
12.1 Test specimens shall be as described in Section 7. It should be noted, however, that multitip cutters provide good results only
on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness with a straight edge
such as that of the tempered steel rule (11.3).
13. Procedure
13.1 Where required or when agreed upon, subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note
4). After drying or testing the coating, conduct the tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification D3924, unless D3924
standard temperature is required or agreed.
13.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which
will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the
seller.
13.2 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the illuminated magnifier,
make parallel cuts as follows:
13.2.1 For coatings having a dry film thickness up to and including 50 μm (2 mils) space the cuts 1 mm apart and make eleven
cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.
13.2.2 For coatings having a dry film thickness between 50 μm (2 mils) and 125 μm (5 mils), space the cuts 2 mm apart and make
six cuts. For films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils), it is generally recommended to use Test Method A. Subject to agreement between
the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils) if wider spaced cuts are employed.
13.2.3 Make all cuts about 20 mm ( ⁄4 in.) long. Cut through the film to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient
pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate. When making successive single cuts with the aid of a
guide, place the guide on the uncut area.
13.3 After making the required cuts brush the film lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detached flakes or ribbons of
coatings.
13.4 Examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil stone. Make
the additional number of cuts at 90° to and centered on the original cuts.
13.5 Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the substrate. If the metal has not been reached
make another grid in a different location.
13.6 At each day of testing, before initiation of testing, remove two complete laps of tape from the roll and discard. Remove an
additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
13.7 Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid. Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the
The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces kno
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