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ASTM D1083-91(1998)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates (Withdrawn 2001)

Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates (Withdrawn 2001)

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of large shipping cases and unitized loads as well as the ability of the contents to endure normal handling. Not all of the methods are applicable to all products, containers, and loads. The test methods described are applicable to common means of material handling including: forklift, pull pack, clamp truck, crane, and spade lift type handling systems as follows:
1.1.1 Drop Test -For measuring the ability of the case or unitized load to withstand rough handling and provide information useful in improving the design of the container (see 9.1.2 and 10.1).
1.1.2 Spade Lift Test -For lifting by spade lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this method (see 9.2).
1.1.3 Clamp Lift Test -For lifting by hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the case or shipping unit, to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated side compressions and lifting (see 9.3).
1.1.4 Push-Pull Handling Test -For testing the ability of the slip sheet tab to withstand repeated pulls by the gripper jaws without tearing (see 9.4).
1.1.5 Grabhook Test -For lifting by grabhooks to determine the ability of the case or unitized load to withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks (see 10.2).
1.1.6 Sling Test -For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the case or unitized load to withstand the compression of slings (see 10.3).
1.1.7 Tip Test -For determining the ability of tall or top heavy cases or crates to resist tipping over (see Section 11).
1.1.8 Tipover Test -For determining the ability of filled large shipping containers to resist the impacts associated with tipover hazards, and for determining the ability of the packaging and packing methods to provide protection to the contents, when the pack is tipped over (see Section 12).  Note 1-This test method fulfills the requirements of International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 8768. The ISO standard may not meet the requirements for this test method.>
1.1.9 Rolling Test -For determining the ability of a complete, filled transport package to withstand the effects of rolling (see Section 13).  Note 2-This test method fulfills the requirements of International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 2876. The ISO standard may not meet the requirements for this test method.>
1.2 Additional Test Procedures:  
1.2.1 Additional tests that apply to mechanical handling of unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D880 and horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D4003. Test Method D4003 includes a special pallet marshalling test and Test Method D1185 provides test methods for pallets and related structures.
1.2.2 Test Method D4169 provides a series of options for selecting and running performance tests on all types of shipping containers and systems.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Apr-1998
Withdrawal Date
09-Apr-2001
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1083-91(1998) - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates (Withdrawn 2001)ASTM D1083-91(1998) - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates (Withdrawn 2001)
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ASTM D1083-91(1998) - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates (Withdrawn 2001)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 1083 – 91 (Reapproved 1998)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Methods for
Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping
1
Cases and Crates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1083; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.1.9 Rolling Test—For determining the ability of a com-
plete, filled transport package to withstand the effects of rolling
1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity
(see Section 13).
of large shipping cases and unitized loads as well as the ability
of the contents to endure normal handling. Not all of the
NOTE 2—This test method fulfills the requirements of International
methods are applicable to all products, containers, and loads.
Organization for Standardization standard ISO 2876. The ISO standard
may not meet the requirements for this test method.
The test methods described are applicable to common means of
material handling including: forklift, pull pack, clamp truck,
1.2 Additional Test Procedures:
crane, and spade lift type handling systems as follows:
1.2.1 Additional tests that apply to mechanical handling of
1.1.1 Drop Test—For measuring the ability of the case or
unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact
unitized load to withstand rough handling and provide infor-
tests, described in Test Method D 880 and horizontal impact
mation useful in improving the design of the container (see
tests, described in Test Method D 4003. Test Method D 4003
9.1.2 and 10.1).
includes a special pallet marshalling test and Test Method
1.1.2 Spade Lift Test—For lifting by spade lift attachment to
D 1185 provides test methods for pallets and related structures.
determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or
1.2.2 Test Method D 4169 provides a series of options for
shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this
selecting and running performance tests on all types of
method (see 9.2).
shipping containers and systems.
1.1.3 Clamp Lift Test—For lifting by hydraulic clamp at-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tachment, to determine the ability of the case or shipping unit,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
side compressions and lifting (see 9.3).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1.4 Push-Pull Handling Test—For testing the ability of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the slip sheet tab to withstand repeated pulls by the gripper
2. Referenced Documents
jaws without tearing (see 9.4).
1.1.5 Grabhook Test—For lifting by grabhooks to determine
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
the ability of the case or unitized load to withstand the
D 775 Test Method for Drop Test for Loaded Boxes
horizontal pressures of grabhooks (see 10.2).
D 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-
2
1.1.6 Sling Test—For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven
tainers and Systems
fiber slings to determine the ability of the case or unitized load
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
2
to withstand the compression of slings (see 10.3).
ments
1.1.7 Tip Test—For determining the ability of tall or top
D 1185 Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures
2
heavy cases or crates to resist tipping over (see Section 11).
Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping
1.1.8 Tipover Test—For determining the ability of filled
D 3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of
2
large shipping containers to resist the impacts associated with
Products, Using Shock Machines
tipover hazards, and for determining the ability of the packag-
D 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
2
ing and packing methods to provide protection to the contents,
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
when the pack is tipped over (see Section 12).
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
2
tainers and Systems
NOTE 1—This test method fulfills the requirements of International
D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
Organization for Standardization standard ISO 8768. The ISO standard
2
may not meet the requirements for this test method. Packaging Components for Testing
E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-
2
1
tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
...

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This guide identifies the key information required to ensure that selected packaging will pass the United Nations (UN) packaging certification at the level that is appropriate for its intended use. This guide covers test procedures for transportation of hazardous material packagings for net masses except those used for infectious substances, radioactive materials, cylinders, and other receptacles for gases and does not replace domestic or international requlatory requirements for hazardous material packagings. The UN performance tests are based on the degree of hazard posed by the proposed materials to be packaged which are also assigned to a specific packing group. Only packaging designs that meet the UN performance standards are to be marked with a UN mark. Tests include drop test, leakproofness test, stack test, vibration test, pressure differential test, hydrostatic pressure test, and cobb water absorption test.
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4.3 Only packaging designs that have been successfully tested to the UN performance standards as defined in 3.8.2 may have the UN specification mark applied to the outer packaging. Hazardous Materials may not be transported in a packaging that does not bear the appropriate UN specification markings unless otherwise authorized by the applicable competent authority.  
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1.1 This guide identifies the key information required for United Nations (UN) packaging certification to ensure the selected packaging will be certified to the appropriate level for its intended use and provides guidance for locating relevant sections of the United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Consult with a regulatory specialist whenever needed.  
1.2 This guide provides assistance in determining the appropriate performance tests required to certify packaging designs to the United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations performance oriented packaging standards based on the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods..  
1.3 This guide covers the testing for transportation of hazardous materials (dangerous goods) packagings for net masses not exceeding 400 kg (880 lb) or capacities not exceeding 450 L (119 gal), excepting packagings for infectious substances, radioactive materials, cylinders and other receptacles for gases.  
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1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Regulations prescribing the test procedures for hazardous materials packaging allow for the substitution of non-hazardous fill materials for packaging performance tests with certain limitations prescribed and guidance offered (see 49 CFR 178.602(c)). This regulatory guidance has proven to be flexible enough, in common industry practice, to produce variations in the selection of fill materials for package performance tests sufficient to cause inconsistent and non-repeatable test results. This variation creates significant problems in product liability, packaging selection and regulatory enforcement in this highly regulated industry. Use of this guide should enhance uniformity in test procedures.  
5.2 Consistent and repeatable test results coupled with clear test fill product descriptions will enhance transportation safety by simplifying packaging selection. This will also increase the general level of confidence that package testing, manufacture, and use are being guided by sound, generally accepted engineering principles. It also aids in clarifying expectations between the packaging industry and the regulatory authorities.  
5.3 The guide will be used by packaging manufacturers and packaging test labs to create packaging test plans that meet customer needs and conform to the HMR. In addition, for the user of a packaging, certain information about the type and physical characteristics of the material used to test the packaging must be available in the test report and/or notification instruction to allow evaluation of whether a particular packaging was tested with a substitute material appropriate for the hazardous material to be shipped.
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1.1 The purpose of this guide is to clarify the selection, use, and description criteria of non-hazardous particulate solid substitutes used to replace hazardous materials for the purpose of performance testing packagings. This includes identification of the physical parameters of substitute non-hazardous solid test fill materials that may affect packaging performance and test results and should be considered when selecting and describing a test fill material that conforms to the requirements of the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). This guide is intended for use with package testing procedures for particulate solid materials that have flow characteristics. It is not intended for use with hazardous articles.  
1.2 This guide provides information to assist packaging users, manufacturers, and performance testing service suppliers regarding the types of physical properties that should be considered when selecting substitute filling substances for the testing, certification and manufacture of packagings under the United Nations packaging protocols (UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods-Model Regulations) as adopted by US DOT in 49 CFR HMR.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the packaging and distribution environments. Terms that are generally understood or adequately found in other readily available sources are not included.  
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4.1 Many materials from which containers and packages are made, especially cellulosic materials, undergo changes in physical properties as the temperature and the relative humidity (RH) to which they are exposed are varied. Therefore, the package should be placed and kept in a specified atmosphere for a length of time such that subsequent measurements of physical properties will be meaningful and reproducible.  
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SCOPE
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4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
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SCOPE
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4.1 Packages are often marked with handling instructions in the language of the country of origin. While this may safeguard the consignment to some extent, it is of little value for goods consigned to, or through, countries using different languages, and of no value at all if people unloading the packages are illiterate. Pictorial symbols offer the most likely means of conveying the consignor’s intention and their adoption will, therefore, undoubtedly reduce loss and damage through incorrect handling. The use of pictorial symbols does not provide any guarantee of satisfactory handling; proper protective packaging is therefore of primary importance.
SCOPE
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4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide direction for uniform conditioning methodology when conducting special preparations of plastic packagings as prescribed for conducting United Nations (UN) drop test. This guide provides a uniform approach for conditioning of plastic packaging intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods).  
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4.4 A 24-hour conditioning period may not be sufficient time for the packaging and contents to reach the required temperature.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for special preparation conditioning of drop test samples being subjected to United Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certification as required by United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).  
1.2 This guide provides guidance on conditioning test samples for drop testing plastic Non-Bulk Packaging, Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC), and Large Packaging designs intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods) as required by 49 CFR §178.603(c)(1), §178.810(b)(4), and §178.965(c), respectively. This guide also provides the minimum information that should be documented when conducting special preparation conditioning.  
1.3 The user of this guide shall be trained in accordance with 49 CFR §172.700 and other applicable hazardous materials regulations including: the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations.  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
4.2 These test methods provide a measure of a packaged product's ability to withstand the various levels of shipping environment hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.  
4.3 Test Method A is intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment. Refer to Methods D5277 for simulating the standard draft gear portion of that environment.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to determine the ability of a package or product to withstand laboratory simulated horizontal impact forces.  
1.2 The horizontal impacts used in these test methods are programmed shock inputs that represent the hazards as they occur in the shipping and handling environments. The environmental hazards may include rail switching impacts, lift truck marshalling impacts, and so forth. The following test methods apply:  
1.2.1 Method A, Rail Car Switching Impact—This test method simulates the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail car switching, with the use of a rigid bulkhead on the leading edge of the test carriage, to simulate the end wall of a railcar and shock programming devices to produce representative shock pulses. With the use of backloading, this test method may also be used to simulate compressive forces experienced by lading loads during rail car switching. It is suitable for tests of individual containers or systems as they are shipped in rail cars. It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pallet patterns to determine the effect of interaction between containers during rail switching operation impacts.  
1.2.2 Method B, Marshalling Impact Tests of Unit Loads—This test method assesses the ability of unit loads to withstand the forces encountered during marshalling or loading operations.  
1.3 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode on shipping and handling used for the item under test.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D3951-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, packing (exterior container), unitization, and marking for supplies and equipment. It provides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, and storage periods of a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities without degradation or damage to the product within the container. It also provides for package quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking. Planned storage that exceeds one year requires more than minimum requirements for physical and mechanical protection.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to Department of Defense shipments for:  
4.2.1 Items intended for immediate use;  
4.2.2 Items for not-mission-capable supply;  
4.2.3 Items intended for depot operational consumption;  
4.2.4 Small parcel shipments (CONUS), not-for-stock; and  
4.2.5 Direct vendor deliveries (CONUS ONLY).  
4.3 All other Department of Defense shipments shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-2073–1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammunition, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4728-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
4.2 Resonance buildups during random vibration tests are less intense than during sinusoidal resonance dwell or sweep tests. Therefore, unrealistic fatigue damage due to resonance buildup is minimized.  
4.3 Random vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, confidence levels may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment effects. Refer to Practice D4169 for recommended random vibration tests. (See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for related information.)  
4.4 There is no direct equivalence between random vibration tests and sinusoidal vibration tests. Equivalent tests between sine and random, in a general sense, are difficult to establish due to nonlinearities, damping and product response characteristics.  
4.5 Vibration exposure affects the shipping container, its interior packing, means of closure, and contents. This test allows analysis of the interaction between these components. Design modification to one or all of these components may be used to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.  
4.6 Random vibration tests may be simultaneously performed with transient or periodic data to simulate known stresses of this type, that is, rail joints, pot holes, etc.  
4.7 Random vibration may be conducted in any axis (vertical or horizontal) or in any package orientation. However, different test levels may be utilized for each axis depending on the field environment that is to be simulated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    English language
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