ASTM D4728-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.
4.2 Resonance buildups during random vibration tests are less intense than during sinusoidal resonance dwell or sweep tests. Therefore, unrealistic fatigue damage due to resonance buildup is minimized.
4.3 Random vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, confidence levels may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment effects. Refer to Practice D4169 for recommended random vibration tests. (See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for related information.)
4.4 There is no direct equivalence between random vibration tests and sinusoidal vibration tests. Equivalent tests between sine and random, in a general sense, are difficult to establish due to nonlinearities, damping and product response characteristics.
4.5 Vibration exposure affects the shipping container, its interior packing, means of closure, and contents. This test allows analysis of the interaction between these components. Design modification to one or all of these components may be used to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.
4.6 Random vibration tests may be simultaneously performed with transient or periodic data to simulate known stresses of this type, that is, rail joints, pot holes, etc.
4.7 Random vibration may be conducted in any axis (vertical or horizontal) or in any package orientation. However, different test levels may be utilized for each axis depending on the field environment that is to be simulated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Designation: D4728 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D7386Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for
Single Parcel Delivery Systems
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of
2.2 ISO Standards:
filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the
ISO 13355Packaging—Complete, filled transport packages
performanceofacontainerwithitsinteriorpackingandmeans
4
and unit loads—Vertical random vibration test
of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it
5
provides the contents when subjected to random vibration 2.3 ISTA Standards:
ISTA Procedure 1GPackaged-Products 150 lb (68 kg) or
inputs.
Less (Random Vibration)
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development
ISTA Procedure 3APackaged-Products for Parcel Delivery
and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
System Shipment 70 kg (150 lb) or Less
NOTE 1—Sources of supplementary information are listed in the
ISTA Procedure 3HProducts or Packaged-Products in Me-
2
Reference section (1-11).
chanically Handled Bulk Transport Containers
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.1 General—Definitions for the packaging and distribu-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion environments are found in Terminology D996.
Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.1 bandwidth—the difference, in Hz, between the upper
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
and lower limits of a frequency band. For the purposes of this
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
test method, the bandwidth may be considered equivalent to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the frequency resolution of a spectrum analysis.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.2.2 closed-loop—a condition of control where the input
may be modified over time by the effect of the output or
2. Referenced Documents
response of the system.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.3 decibel (dB)—ten times the base 10 logarithm of a
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
ratio of two power like quantities that is, a PSD. Two PSD
ments
levels that have a ratio of 2.0 differ by 3 dB. Two PSD levels
D4169Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
that have a ratio of 0.5 differ by −3 dB.
tainers and Systems
3.2.4 equalization—adjustment or correction of the ampli-
D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
tudecharacteristicsofanelectroniccontrolsignalthroughouta
Packaging Components for Testing
desired frequency range to maintain a desired vibration output
spectrum and level.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
3.2.5 equalizer—instrumentation used to conduct equaliza-
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping
tion.
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally
3.2.6 mean-square—the time average of the square of a
published as D-10 Proposal P186. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as
function.
D4728– 01 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/D4728-17.
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
this test method.
3 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 Abbot
the ASTM website. Road, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 48823-1900, http://www.ista.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4728 − 17
3.2
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4728 − 06 (Reapproved 2012) D4728 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the
performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it
provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
2
NOTE 1—Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-1011).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
D7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery Systems
2.2 ISO Standards:
4
ISO 13355 Packaging—Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads—Vertical random vibration test
5
2.3 ISTA Standards:
ISTA Procedure 1G Packaged-Products 150 lb (68 kg) or Less (Random Vibration)
ISTA Procedure 3A Packaged-Products for Parcel Delivery System Shipment 70 kg (150 lb) or Less
ISTA Procedure 3H Products or Packaged-Products in Mechanically Handled Bulk Transport Containers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 General—Definitions for the packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 bandwidth—the difference, in Hz, between the upper and lower limits of a frequency band. For the purposes of this test
method, the bandwidth may be considered equivalent to the frequency resolution of a spectrum analysis.
3.2.2 closed-loop—a condition of control where the input may be modified over time by the effect of the output or response of
the system.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2012Sept. 1, 2017. Published May 2012September 2017. Originally published as D-10 Proposal P 186. Last previous edition approved
in 20062012 as D4728– 01 (2006).(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D4728-06R12.10.1520/D4728-17.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
5
Available from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 Abbot Road, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 48823-1900, http://www.ista.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4728 − 17
3.2.3 decibel (dB)—ten times the base 10 logarithm of a ratio of two power like quantities that is, a PSD. Two PSD levels that
have a ratio of 2.0 diffe
...
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