ASTM C1696-12
(Guide)Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems
Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When choosing a thermal insulation product or combination of products, physical, chemical and mechanical properties and the significance of those properties should be considered. ASTM test methods are usually performed under laboratory conditions and may not accurately represent field conditions depending on process temperature, environment, and operating conditions. Performance results obtained using ASTM test methods can be used to determine compliance of materials to specifications but do not necessarily predict installed performance. Values stated in the ASTM material standards are those that apply to the majority of materials and not to any specific product; other tested values may exist for specific material applications.
Design of thermal insulation systems requires the understanding of process requirements, temperature control, heat loss criteria, control of thermal shock, and mechanical forces on insulation generated by thermal gradients and wind environmental conditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design of piping and equipment needs to be modified to support insulation adequately and provide for insulation weatherproofing. Process requirements may dictate the control of critical temperature to prevent freezing, maintain viscosity, or minimize internal corrosion. When handling heat transfer fluids such as ethylene oxide or hot oils, the selection of insulation materials and the insulation system design becomes critical. whereby If these fluids are absorb in insulation materials, the fluid flash point could be below the fluid operating temperature. Specified heat gain or heat loss and acceptable surface temperatures could also dictate thermal design of insulation systems. Environmental corrosivity, high wind, and extreme ambient temperatures affect the selection of weatherproofing and methods of its securement. A combination of these factors plays a significant role in the selection of insulation materials and application methods to provide long-lasting tr...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulation materials, systems design, application methods, protective coverings, guarantees, inspection, testing, and maintenance of thermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in a temperature range of -320 to 1200°F (-195.5 to 648.8°C).
1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines, by applying acceptable current practice while indicating the basic principles by which new materials can be assessed and adapted for use under widely differing conditions. Design engineers, the general contractors, the fabricators, and the insulation contractors will find this guide helpful.
1.3 Although some insulation system designs can serve as fire protection, this guide does not address the criteria specific to that need. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fire protection. This guide will however address the fire properties of insulation materials.
1.4 This guide is not intended for commercial, architectural, acoustical, marine, vehicle transport, or military use.
1.5 This guide does not address insulation system design for refractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typically package units and of a proprietary insulation design.
1.6 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1696 − 12
StandardGuide for
Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulation
A167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting
materials, systems design, application methods, protective
Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip
coverings, guarantees, inspection, testing, and maintenance of
A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-
thermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in a
Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure
temperature range of -320 to 1200°F (-195.5 to 648.8°C).
Vessels and for General Applications
1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines, A653/A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated
by applying acceptable current practice while indicating the (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)
by the Hot-Dip Process
basic principles by which new materials can be assessed and
A792/A792M Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 %
adapted for use under widely differing conditions. Design
Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process
engineers, the general contractors, the fabricators, and the
B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
insulation contractors will find this guide helpful.
Sheet and Plate
1.3 Although some insulation system designs can serve as
C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of
fire protection, this guide does not address the criteria specific
Thermal Insulations
to that need. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Depressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fire
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
protection. This guide will however address the fire properties
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
of insulation materials.
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating
1.4 This guide is not intended for commercial, architectural,
Cement
acoustical, marine, vehicle transport, or military use.
C203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Proper-
ties of Block-Type Thermal Insulation
1.5 Thisguidedoesnotaddressinsulationsystemdesignfor
C209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating Board
refractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typically
C240 Test Methods of Testing Cellular Glass Insulation
package units and of a proprietary insulation design.
Block
1.6 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded
C272 Test Method for Water Absorption of Core Materials
as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information
for Structural Sandwich Constructions
only. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
C302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Pre-
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
information only.
C303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-
formed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Properties
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of Pipe Insulation
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C354 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Thermal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Insulating or Finishing Cement (Withdrawn 2002)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on Insulation Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Systems. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved May 15, 2012. Published May 2012. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
C1696–11. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1696 − 12
C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High- C1104/C1104M Test Method for Determining the Water
Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking Vapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber Insulation
Heat C1126 Specification for Faced or Unfaced Rigid Cellular
Phenolic Thermal Insulation
C411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-
C1139 Specification for Fibrous Glass Thermal Insulation
Temperature Thermal Insulation
and Sound Absorbing Blanket and Board for Military
C446 Test Method for Breaking Load and Calculated Modu-
Applications
lus of Rupture of Preformed Insulation for Pipes (With-
C1289 Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanu-
drawn 2002)
rate Thermal Insulation Board
C447 Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-
C1393 Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented Mineral
ture of Thermal Insulations
Fiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes and
C449 Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Setting
Tanks
Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement
C1559 Test Method for Determining Wicking of Fibrous
C450 Practice for Fabrication of Thermal Insulating Fitting
Glass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)
Covers for NPS Piping, and Vessel Lagging
C1729 Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for Insulation
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
D1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
Cellular Plastics
C533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe
D1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular
Thermal Insulation
Plastics
C534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cel-
D2126 Test Method for Response of Rigid Cellular Plastics
lular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
to Thermal and Humid Aging
C547 Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation
D2842 Test Method for Water Absorption of Rigid Cellular
C552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
Plastics
C553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
lation for Commercial and Industrial Applications
Building Materials
C578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
Insulation
Materials
C591 Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular
E136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical
Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation
Tube Furnace at 750°C
C592 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation and
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
Blanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (In-
E659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid
dustrial Type)
Chemicals
C610 Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block and
2.2 API Standard:
Pipe Thermal Insulation
API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring
C612 Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board
Systems
Thermal Insulation
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the 2.3 NACE Standard:
SP0198 StandardPractice—TheControlofCorrosionUnder
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
Thermal Insulation and Fireproofing Materials—A Sys-
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
tem Approach
C692 Test Method for Evaluating the Influence of Thermal
Insulations on External Stress Corrosion Cracking Ten-
2.4 NFPA Standards:
dency of Austenitic Stainless Steel
NFPA 49 Hazardous Chemicals Data
C764 Specification for Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal
NFPA90A Standard for the Installation ofAir Conditioning
Insulation
and Ventilating Systems
C795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con-
NFPA 259 Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of
tact with Austenitic Stainless Steel
Building Materials
C800 Specification for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation
2.5 Federal Standard:
(Aircraft Type)
40 CFR 60 Protection of Environment—Standards of Per-
C871 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Thermal Insu- 7
formance for New Stationary Sources
lationMaterialsforLeachableChloride,Fluoride,Silicate,
and Sodium Ions
C1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Poly-
Available from theAmerican Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW,Washington,
urethane Thermal Insulation
DC 20005-4070.
C1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that
AvailablefromtheNationalAssociationofCorrosionEngineers,1440S.Creek
Dr., Houston, TX 77084-4906.
Produce Contact Burn Injuries
Available from the National Fire ProtectionAssociation, 1 Batterymarch Park,
C1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tempera-
Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model 7
Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
and Thermesthesiometer Documents, 732 N. Capital St., NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.
C1696 − 12
3. Terminology these fluids are absorb in insulation materials, the fluid flash
pointcouldbebelowthefluidoperatingtemperature.Specified
3.1 Definitions—TerminologyC168isrecommendedtopro-
heat gain or heat loss and acceptable surface temperatures
vide definitions and information on symbols, units, and abbre-
could also dictate thermal design of insulation systems. Envi-
viationsoftermsusedinASTMstandardspertainingtothermal
ronmental corrosivity, high wind, and extreme ambient tem-
insulation materials and materials associated with them. Ter-
peratures affect the selection of weatherproofing and methods
minology E176 is recommended to provide terms and standard
of its securement. A combination of these factors plays a
definitions for fire standards. Any term used in this guide that
significant role in the selection of insulation materials and
is not defined in Terminology C168 or E176 will be defined in
application methods to provide long-lasting trouble-free ser-
the section in which the term is used.
vice.
3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations:
4.3 Application methods are generally defined by the pur-
3.2.1 ACM—asbestos-containing materials
chaser’s specifications. However, some specialty insulation
3.2.2 ACT—autoignition temperature
systems, such as prefabricated insulation panels for ductwork,
3.2.3 ASJ—all service jacket
precipitators, and tanks, will also have supplemental installa-
3.2.4 CPVC—chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
tion requirements specified by the insulation system manufac-
3.2.5 DFT—dry film thickness
turer. defined by the specification of the manufacturer.
3.2.6 EPA—Environmental Protection Agency
4.4 In any application of thermal insulation, the insulation
3.2.7 FRP—fiberglass-reinforced plastic
requires protection of some type, be it protection from the
3.2.8 FS/SD—flame spread/smoke density
elements such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, ultraviolet solar
3.2.9 MSDS—material safety data sheet
radiation, protection from external forces that can cause
3.2.10 NAIMA—North American Insulation Manufacturers
mechanical damage, vapor passage, fire, chemical attack, or
Association
any combination of these. This protection can be provided in
3.2.11 NDT—nondestructive testing
by metal, plastic, coated or laminated composites or both,
3.2.12 NFPA—National Fire Protection Association
masticcoatings,oracombinationoftheabovedependingupon
3.2.13 OSHA—Occupational Safety and HealthAdministra-
the application, service, and economic requirements. Consid-
tion
ering the enormous overall cost of a new facility, and compar-
3.2.14 PVC—polyvinyl chloride
ingtheinitialcostoftheinsulatedportionasasmallpercentage
3.2.15 QA/QC—quality assurance/quality control
of that overall cost with the substantially increased operating
3.2.16 SS—stainless steel
costasaresultofinefficientinsulationprotection,itiscommon
3.2.17 UV—ultraviolet
sense to provide only the best insulation system available and
3.2.18 WVT—water vapor transmission
the best protection for that long-term investment consistent
with the appropriate design and economic requirements. Usu-
4. Significance and Use
ally a new facility is very expensive and the initial cost of the
4.1 When choosing a thermal insulation product or combi-
insulation portion is a small percentage of that overall cost.
nation of products, physical, chemical and mechanical proper-
However, increased operating costs can result from inefficient
ties and the significance of those properties should be consid-
protection.
ered. ASTM test methods are usually performed under
4.5 Bid invitations should contain information necessary to
laboratory conditions and may not accurately represent field
determine how guarantees of materials and application will be
conditions depending on process temperature, environment,
resolved.
and operating conditions. Performance results obtained using
4.6 It is recommended that the purchaser provide a quality
ASTM test methods can be used to determine compliance of
assurance program that defines the inspection of all materials,
materials to specifications but do not necessarily predict
material safety data sheets (MSDS), and specific application
installed performance. Values stated in the ASTM material
procedures before and during progress of the insulation work.
standards are those that apply to the majority of materials and
not to any specific product; other tested values may exist for
4.7 During contract negotiations, the contractor and pur-
specific material applications.
chasershoulddiscussandagreetotheprocedurestobeadopted
for suitable periodic inspection and maintenance of the insu-
4.2 Design of thermal insulation systems requires the un-
lation systems to ensure that the initial performance of the
derstanding of process requirements, temperature control, heat
material will be maintained. And, where applicable, they
loss criteria, control of thermal shock, and mechanical forces
should agree to the methods of repair and replacement to be
on insulation generated by thermal gradients and wind envi-
adopted in case damage occurs during service or overhaul.
ronmental conditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design of
piping and equipment needs to be modified to support insula-
5. Significant Physical Properties of Thermal Insulation
tion adequately and provide for insulation weatherproofing.
Materials
Process requirements may dictate the control of critical tem-
perature to prevent freezi
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