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ASTM D2186-05(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Deposit-Forming Impurities in Steam (Withdrawn 2014)

Standard Test Methods for Deposit-Forming Impurities in Steam (Withdrawn 2014)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Limiting the concentration of deposit-forming impurities in steam is of significance to protect both steam generators and steam turbines from damage or degradation of performance, or both.
Steam entering superheaters and reheaters of steam generators always contains some impurities. If the concentration of impurities is sufficiently low, the impurities are dissolved in superheated steam and are carried out of the steam generator. However, if the steam contains a sufficient amount of any substance to exceed its solubility limit in steam, the substance is likely to form a deposit on the heat-transfer surface. Because heat transfer in superheaters and reheaters in fossil-fueled steam generators is controlled principally by the low heat-transfer coefficient on the gas side, the formation of steam-side deposits will have little effect on the overall heat-transfer rate. However, steam-side deposits will increase the operating temperature of the heat-transfer surface. Such temperature increases can lead to swelling and ultimately to rupture of the tubing. Also, aggressive materials can concentrate under solid deposits of porous materials, such as magnetite (Fe3O4), and can cause serious corrosion of the tubing.
As steam flows through turbines, its temperature and pressure decrease rapidly. Because the ability of steam to dissolve impurities decreases with decreasing temperature and pressure, impurities in steam may exceed their solubility limit and form deposits on the turbine. Such deposits reduce steam flow area, particularly in the high-pressure portion of the turbine where flow passages are small, and the roughness of deposits and their effect on blade contours result in losses of turbine efficiency. All of these effects lead to reduction of the plant maximum capacity, which appreciably reduces the financial return on the capital investment in the power plant. Furthermore, aggressive materials, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium chloride (NaCl), may condens...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of deposit-forming impurities in steam. Determinations are made on condensed steam samples in all test methods. Test Methods A, B, and C give a measure of the amount of total deposit-forming material present; Test Method D deals with special constituents that may be present. Special precautions and equipment, calculation procedures, and ranges of applicability are described. The following test methods are included:
  Sections Test Method A (Gravimetric or Evaporative) 6 to 12 Test Method B (Electrical Conductivity)13 to 19 Test Method C (Sodium Tracer)20 to 26 Test Method D (Silica and Metals)27 to 30
1.2 Test Method A is applicable for determining total dissolved and suspended solids in concentrations normally not less than 0.4 mg/L (ppm). It is applicable only to long-time steady-state conditions and is not applicable for transients.
1.3 Test Method B will measure minimum impurity concentrations varying from 3 mg/L (ppm) down to at least 0.005 mg/L (ppm), depending on the means for removing dissolved gases from the steam condensate. The means for removing dissolved gases also affects the storage capacity of steam condensate in the system and, thus, affects the response of the system to transients.  
1.4 Because of the high sensitivity of methods for measuring sodium in steam condensate, Test Method C provides the most sensitive measure of impurity content for samples in which sodium is an appreciable percentage of the impurities present. Concentrations as low as 4.0 μg/L (ppb) can be detected by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, 0.2 μg/L (ppb) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 0.1 μg/L (ppb) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and as low as 0.5 μg/L (ppb) by sodium ion electrode. The apparatus can be designed with low volume, and, therefore, Test Method C is the most responsive to transient conditions.
1.5 ...

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
30-Apr-2009
Withdrawal Date
17-Sep-2014
ICS
13.060.50 - Examination of water for chemical substances
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.03 - Sampling Water and Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water
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ASTM D2186-05(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Deposit-Forming Impurities in Steam (Withdrawn 2014)ASTM D2186-05(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Deposit-Forming Impurities in Steam (Withdrawn 2014)
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ASTM D2186-05(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Deposit-Forming Impurities in Steam (Withdrawn 2014)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2186 − 05(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Deposit-Forming Impurities in Steam
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 Test Method D covers the determination of silica and
metals in steam, which are not included in Test Methods B and
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
C and are not individually determined using Test Method A.
amountofdeposit-formingimpuritiesinsteam.Determinations
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
are made on condensed steam samples in all test methods. Test
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
Methods A, B, and C give a measure of the amount of total
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
deposit-forming material present; Test Method D deals with
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
special constituents that may be present. Special precautions
limitations prior to use.
and equipment, calculation procedures, and ranges of applica-
bility are described. The following test methods are included:
2. Referenced Documents
Sections
Test Method A (Gravimetric or Evaporative) 6 to 12 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Test Method B (Electrical Conductivity) 13 to 19
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
Test Method C (Sodium Tracer) 20 to 26
Test Method D (Silica and Metals) 27 to 30
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
D857 Test Method for Aluminum in Water
1.2 Test Method A is applicable for determining total
D859 Test Method for Silica in Water
dissolved and suspended solids in concentrations normally not
D1066 Practice for Sampling Steam
less than 0.4 mg/L (ppm). It is applicable only to long-time
D1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
steady-state conditions and is not applicable for transients.
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
1.3 Test Method B will measure minimum impurity concen-
tivity of Water
trations varying from 3 mg/L (ppm) down to at least 0.005
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
mg/L (ppm), depending on the means for removing dissolved
D1687 Test Methods for Chromium in Water
gases from the steam condensate. The means for removing
D1688 Test Methods for Copper in Water
dissolved gases also affects the storage capacity of steam
D1886 Test Methods for Nickel in Water
condensate in the system and, thus, affects the response of the
D1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-
system to transients.
Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
1.4 Because of the high sensitivity of methods for measur-
D2791 Test Method for On-line Determination of Sodium in
ing sodium in steam condensate, Test Method C provides the
Water
most sensitive measure of impurity content for samples in
D3082 Test Method for Boron in Water
which sodium is an appreciable percentage of the impurities
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
present. Concentrations as low as 4.0 µg/L (ppb) can be
D3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water
detected by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission
D4191 Test Method for Sodium inWater byAtomicAbsorp-
spectroscopy, 0.2 µg/L (ppb) by atomic absorption
tion Spectrophotometry
spectrophotometry, 0.1 µg/L (ppb) by graphite furnace atomic
D5542 Test Methods for Trace Anions in High Purity Water
absorption spectroscopy, and as low as 0.5 µg/L (ppb) by
by Ion Chromatography
sodium ion electrode. The apparatus can be designed with low
D5907 Test Methods for Filterable Matter (Total Dissolved
volume, and, therefore, Test Method C is the most responsive
Solids) and Nonfilterable Matter (Total Suspended Solids)
to transient conditions.
in Water
D6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on
Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water
and Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process
2
Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D2186 – 05. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D2186-05R09. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
...

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Note 1: This test method has been used to characterize TTPC in real world water samples with success and similar recoveries as shown in Table 8.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of (Tri-n-butyl)-n-tetradecylphosphonium chloride (TTPC) in water by dilution with acetone, filtration and analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. This test method is not amenable for the analysis of isomeric mixtures of Tributyl-tetradecylphosphonium chloride. TTPC is a biocide that strongly adsorbs to soils.2 The water samples are prepared in a solution of 75 % acetone and 25 % water because TTPC has an affinity for surfaces and particles. The reporting range for this method is from 100 ng/L to 4000 ng/L. This analyte is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This test method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry.  
1.2 A full collaborative study to meet the requirements of Practice D2777 has not been completed. This test method contains single-operator precision and bias based on single-operator data. Publication of standards that have not been fully validated is done to make the current technology accessible to users of standards, and to solicit additional input from the user community.  
1.3 The Method Detection Limit3 (MDL) and Reporting Range4 for the target analyte are listed in Table 1.      
1.3.1 The reporting limit in this test method is the minimum value below which data are documented as non-detects. Analyte detections between the method detection limit and the reporting limit are estimated concentrations and are not reported following this test method. The reporting limit is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 4 for TTPC after taking into account a 2.5 mL water sample volume and a final diluted sample volume of 10 mL (75 % acetone/25 % water). The final solution volume is 10 mL because a 7.5 mL volume of acetone is added to each 2.5 mL water sample which is shaken and filtered.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8478-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for N-Hexane Recoverable Total Oil and Grease and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water by ATR-Infrared Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence and concentration of oil and grease in domestic and industrial wastewater is of concern to the public because of its deleterious aesthetic effect and its impact on aquatic life.  
5.2 Regulations and standards have been established that require monitoring of TOG and TPH in produced water and wastewater.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total oil and grease, and total petroleum hydrocarbons in produced water and wastewater by an infrared (IR) determination of n-hexane extractable substances from the sample. Included in this estimation of total oil and grease are any other compounds soluble in the n-hexane.  
1.2 This test method defines total oil and grease in produced water and wastewater as that which is extractable in the test method and measured by IR absorption from 3.34 µm to 3.54 µm (2825 cm-1 to 2994 cm-1). Similarly, this test method defines total petroleum hydrocarbons in produced water and wastewater as that oil and grease which is not adsorbed by silica gel in the test method, and is measured by IR absorption from 3.34 µm to 3.54 µm (2825 cm-1 to 2994 cm-1). Alternative methods for total oil and grease or total petroleum hydrocarbons, or both, can produce differing results.  
1.3 This method covers the range of 5 mg/L to 175 mg/L for total oil and grease and the range of 5 mg/L to 50 mg/L for total petroleum hydrocarbons. The range may be extended to a lower or higher level by extraction of a larger or smaller sample volume collected separately.  
1.4 This test method uses horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) with a cubic zirconia crystal.  
1.5 This test method is intended as a field test only and should be treated as such. This method is not intended to replace laboratory-based regulatory methods currently in use.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Guide D3856 for more information.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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