ASTM E563-11(2016)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference Temperature
Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference Temperature
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is adequate for use with other ASTM standards that specify the ice point as a reference. It is also intended to be adequate for most other ice-point reference purposes.
5.2 The ice point is a common practical industrial reference point of thermometry. The ice point is relatively simple to realize and provides a readily available natural fixed-point reference temperature.
5.3 Use in Resistance Thermometry:
5.3.1 The ice point was a defining fixed point on practical temperature scales prior to 1960.
5.3.2 The ITS-90 defines W(T90) = R(T90)/R(273.16 K), the measured resistance ratio of a Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer (SPRT), in reference to the water triple point, not the ice point (1).3 In many instances, where the water triple point is not available, or when the accuracy obtainable with the water triple point is not required, reference to a properly established and maintained ice-point reference is used. For industrial-quality resistance thermometers, the resistance value is determined for 0 °C, and an uncertainty that is appropriate for the quality of the ice-point realization is assigned.
5.4 Use in Thermoelectric Thermometry:
5.4.1 In thermoelectric thermometry, the ice point is ordinarily used as the reference temperature (2).
5.4.2 Adequate thermoelectric reference requires that thermocouple junctions be well-coupled thermally to the bath, electrically isolated from each other and from the bath, and adequately immersed to avoid perturbing the reference-junction temperatures by radiation and longitudinal conduction of heat along the thermoelements (3 and 4).
5.5 Use in Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry:
5.5.1 In liquid-in-glass thermometry, the ice point is ordinarily used as the reference temperature (5).
5.5.2 The periodic recalibration of a liquid-in-glass thermometer at the ice point provides a reliable indication of the effect of gradual relaxation of residual mechanical strains in the glass that have a...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a method of preparing, maintaining, and using a temperature reference bath of a mixture of shaved ice and water, saturated with air at a pressure of 101 325 Pa (1 atm).
1.2 An industrial practice for relating values referenced to the ice point and to the water triple point on the ITS-90 is included.
1.3 Methods to promote uniformity of bath temperature by mechanical stirring or agitation are not described in detail.
1.4 Methods of approximating the ice point, as by thermostatically-controlled refrigeration, are not covered by this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E563 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E563; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions given in Terminology E344,
1.1 Thispracticecoversamethodofpreparing,maintaining,
unless otherwise defined herein, apply to terms as used in this
and using a temperature reference bath of a mixture of shaved
practice.
ice and water, saturated with air at a pressure of 101325 Pa (1
3.2 TemperaturerelationshipsgiveninGuideE1594,unless
atm).
otherwise defined herein, apply to temperature values as used
1.2 An industrial practice for relating values referenced to
in this practice.
the ice point and to the water triple point on the ITS-90 is
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
included.
3.3.1 ice-point bath, n—physical system containing ice and
1.3 Methods to promote uniformity of bath temperature by water assembled to realize the ice point as a reference
mechanical stirring or agitation are not described in detail. temperature, or to establish a constant temperature near 0°C.
1.4 Methods of approximating the ice point, as by 4. Summary of Practice
thermostatically-controlled refrigeration, are not covered by
4.1 The ice-point bath described by this practice consists of
this practice.
an intimate mixture, without voids, of pure shaved ice or ice
particles and distilled air-saturated water in a thermally insu-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lating vessel open to the atmosphere.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.2 The ice bath realization of the ice point physically
approximates, with small uncertainty, a natural fixed-point
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
temperature.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2.1 An ice-point bath prepared by rigorous application of
this practice, using distilled-water ice and air-saturated, chilled
2. Referenced Documents
distilledwater,typicallyhasatemperatureof0.000 60.002°C
2.1 ASTM Standards:
at a barometric pressure of 101,325 Pa (1 standard atmo-
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
sphere). See 8, Precision and Bias.
E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
4.2.2 The ice-point bath is open to the atmosphere. The
etry
solubilityofairinwater,whichaffectsphasechange,isdirectly
E1594Guide for Expression of Temperature
proportional to the atmospheric pressure. The effect of baro-
metric pressure on the pure ice point is−74 nK/Pa (−7.5
mK/atm). With saturated air in solution, the effect is increased
toapproximately-0.1µK/Pa(-10mK/atm).Theinitialpressure
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE20onTemperature
Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.07 on Funda- gradient with elevation in the atmosphere is approximately
mentals in Thermometry.
-11.4 Pa/m. Accordingly, the change in the air-saturated ice-
Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally
pointtemperatureresultingfromanincreaseinelevationabove
approvedin1976.DiscontinuedFebruary1996andreinstatedin1997asE563–97.
sea level is approximately 1.1 mK/km for the first 1000 m
Last previous ediiton approved in 2011 as E563–11. DOI: 10.1520/E0563-11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
increase in altitude (0.33 mK per 1000 ft increase in altitude).
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.3 The ice-bath temperature can also be measured with an
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. accurately calibrated thermometer or compared to a water
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E563 − 11 (2016)
triple point cell and the bath temperature reported as the the bath can be enhanced by slowly stirring or agitating the
measured temperature with an uncertainty that is attributed to slush of ice and water either manually or by a powered stirring
the measurement, not to the ice point. means so that all of the ice and water in the bath come into
intimate contact.
5. Significance and Use
6.3 Ice making machines operate below 0°C. Therefore,
5.1 This practice is adequate for use with other ASTM
when excessively large ice particles are used to prepare the
standards that specify the ice point as a reference. It is also
ice-point bath, the initial temperature of the bath can briefly be
intended to be adequate for most other ice-point reference
slightlybelowtheicepoint.Also,someofthewatermayfreeze
purposes.
and bridge some of the particles. Use of the bath must be
delayed long enough to establish thermal equilibrium, and the
5.2 The ice point is a common practical industrial reference
particles shall be sufficiently small so that the bath approaches
point of thermometry. The ice point is relatively simple to
the required state of ice and air-saturated water in intimate
realize and provides a readily available natural fixed-point
contact.
reference temperature.
6.4 Cleanliness is essential as small amounts of dissolved
5.3 Use in Resistance Thermometry :
salts, and other contaminants can cause the equilibrium tem-
5.3.1 The ice point was a defining fixed point on practical
perature to be below that of the ice-point temperature.
temperature scales prior to 1960.
5.3.2 TheITS-90definesW(T )=R(T )/R(273.16K),the
90 90
7. Procedure
measured resistance ratio of a Standard Platinum Resistance
Thermometer(SPRT),inreferencetothewatertriplepoint,not
7.1 In the practical use of the ice-point bath, two objectives
the ice point (1). In many instances, where the water triple
shall be accomplished: (1) the bath shall be established and
pointisnotavailable,orwhentheaccuracyobtainablewiththe
maintained so that its temperature is a good approximation to
water triple point is not required, reference to a properly
thatoftheicepoint,and( 2)theobjectforwhichthereference
established and maintained ice-point reference is used. For
temperature is to be obtained shall be in thermal equilibrium
industrial-quality resistancethermometers,theresistancevalue
withthewater-iceequilibriumtemperature(water-iceinterface
is determined for 0 °C, and an uncertainty that is appropriate
temperature).
for the quality of the ice-point realization is assigned.
7.2 Establishing the Ice-Point :
5.4 Use in Thermoelectric Thermometry:
7.2.1 All equipment that comes in contact with the water
5.4.1 In thermoelectric thermometry, the ice point is ordi-
andiceofanice-pointbathshallbeclean.Thoroughlyrinsethe
narily used as the reference temperature (2).
equipment with tap water, then rinse with the type of water
5.4.2 Adequate thermoelectric reference requires that ther-
usedfortheice-pointbathmedium.Usecleanplasticglovesto
mocouple junctions be well-coupled thermally to the bath,
handle the ice and equipment.
electrically isolated from each other and from the bath, and
7.2.2 UsewaterofpurityequivalenttoorbetterthantypeIV
adequately immersed to avoid perturbing the reference-
reagent water, Specification D1193, for the ice-point bath
junctiontemperaturesbyradiationandlongitudinalconduction
medium. Chill a quantity of the water to near 0°C in a flask
of heat along the thermoelements (3 and 4).
and shake vigorously to aerate the water. Freeze another
5.5 Use in Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry:
portion of the water to produce ice for the bath.
5.5.1 In liquid-in-glass thermometry, the ice point is ordi-
7.2.3 Prepare finely divided ice by shaving or crushing.
narily used as the reference temperature (5).
Shaved ice resembling snow is preferred, but crushed ice is
5.5.2 The periodic recalibration of a liquid-in-glass ther-
acceptable if the particles are small (not exceeding 2 to 3 mm
mometer at the ice point provides a reliable indication of the
in diameter).
effectofgradualrelaxationofresidualmechanicalstrainsinthe
7.2.4 Prepare the bath in a clean thermally insulated vessel,
glass that have a significant effect on the volume of the bulb
preferably a wide-mouthed Dewar vacuum flask fitted with an
(5).
insulatingclosuresuchasastopper.Thevesselshouldbelarge
enough that its size does not affect the water-ice equilibrium
6. Hazards
temperature and of such diameter and depth that in thermal
equilibrium the test objects will not significantly modify the
6.1 Excess water accumulating in any region, particularly
around the reference location, can elevate the temperature in temperature of the bath over the region to which the ice point
istobeapplied.Forusualapplications,adiameterofatleast70
that vicinity above the ice point. Er
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E563 − 11 E563 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E563; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a method of preparing, maintaining, and using a temperature reference bath of a mixture of shaved ice
and water, saturated with air at a pressure of 101 325 Pa (1 atm).
1.2 An industrial practice for relating values referenced to the ice point and to the water triple point on the ITS-90 is included.
1.3 Methods to promote uniformity of bath temperature by mechanical stirring or agitation are not described in detail.
1.4 Methods of approximating the ice point, as by thermostatically-controlled refrigeration, are not covered by this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry
E1594 Guide for Expression of Temperature
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions given in Terminology E344, unless otherwise defined herein, apply to terms as used in this practice.
3.2 Temperature relationships given in Guide E1594, unless otherwise defined herein, apply to temperature values as used in
this practice.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 ice-point bath, n—physical system containing ice and water assembled to realize the ice point as a reference temperature,
or to establish a constant temperature near 0 °C.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The ice-point bath described by this practice consists of an intimate mixture, without voids, of pure shaved ice or ice
particles and distilled air-saturated water in a thermally insulating vessel open to the atmosphere.
4.2 The ice bath realization of the ice point physically approximates, with small uncertainty, a natural fixed-point temperature.
4.2.1 An ice-point bath prepared by rigorous application of this practice, using distilled-water ice and air-saturated, chilled
distilled water, typically has a temperature of 0.000 6 0.002 °C at a barometric pressure of 101,325 Pa (1 standard atmosphere).
See 8, Precision and Bias.
4.2.2 The ice-point bath is open to the atmosphere. The solubility of air in water, which affects phase change, is directly
proportional to the atmospheric pressure. The effect of barometric pressure on the pure ice point is −74 nK/Pa (−7.5 mK/atm). With
saturated air in solution, the effect is increased to approximately -0.1 μK/Pa (-10 mK/atm). The initial pressure gradient with
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.07 on Fundamentals
in Thermometry.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011May 1, 2016. Published June 2011May 2016. Originally approved in 1976. Discontinued February 1996 and reinstated in 1997 as
E563 – 97. Last previous ediiton approved in 20082011 as E563E563 – 11.–08. DOI: 10.1520/E0563-11.10.1520/E0563-11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E563 − 11 (2016)
elevation in the atmosphere is approximately -11.4 Pa/m. Accordingly, the change in the air-saturated ice-point temperature
resulting from an increase in elevation above sea level is approximately 1.1 mK/km for the first 1000 m increase in altitude (0.33
mK per 1000 ft increase in altitude).
4.3 The ice-bath temperature can also be measured with an accurately calibrated thermometer or compared to a water triple
point cell and the bath temperature reported as the measured temperature with an uncertainty that is attributed to the measurement,
not to the ice point.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This practice is adequate for use with other ASTM standards that specify the ice point as a reference. It is also intended to
be adequate for most other ice-point reference purposes.
5.2 The ice point is a common practical industrial reference point of thermometry. The ice point is relatively simple to realize
and provides a readily available natural fixed-point reference temperature.
5.3 Use in Resistance Thermometry :
5.3.1 The ice point was a defining fixed point on practical temperature scales prior to 1960.
5.3.2 The ITS-90 defines W(T ) = R(T )/R(273.16 K), the measured resistance ratio of a Standard Platinum Resistance
90 90
Thermometer (SPRT), in reference to the water triple point, not the ice point (1). In many instances, where the water triple point
is not available, or when the accuracy obtainable with the water triple point is not required, reference to a properly established and
maintained ice-point reference is used. For industrial-quality resistance thermometers, the resistance value is determined for 0 °C,
and an uncertainty that is appropriate for the quality of the ice-point realization is assigned.
5.4 Use in Thermoelectric Thermometry:
5.4.1 In thermoelectric thermometry, the ice point is ordinarily used as the reference temperature (2).
5.4.2 Adequate thermoelectric reference requires that thermocouple junctions be well-coupled thermally to the bath, electrically
isolated from each other and from the bath, and adequately immersed to avoid perturbing the reference-junction temperatures by
radiation and longitudinal conduction of heat along the thermoelements (3 and 4).
5.5 Use in Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry:
5.5.1 In liquid-in-glass thermometry, the ice point is ordinarily used as the reference temperature (5).
5.5.2 The periodic recalibration of a liquid-in-glass thermometer at the ice point provides a reliable indication of the effect of
gradual relaxation of residual mechanical strains in the glass that have a significant effect on the volume of the bulb (5).
6. Hazards
6.1 Excess water accumulating in any region, particularly around the reference location, can elevate the temperature in that
vicinity above the ice point. Errors, usually somewhat less than 4 °C, can occur from this cause in poorly maintained baths and
with poorly positioned test objects (3 and 4).
6.2 For a stirred bath, the temperature of the bath will depend on the heat gained by the bath, the amount of water and ice, and
the vigor of stirring. The uniformity of temperature of the bath can be enhanced by slowly stirring or agitating the slush of ice and
water either manually or by a powered stirring means so that all of the ice and water in the bath come into intimate contact.
6.3 Ice making machines operate below 0 °C. Therefore, when excessively large ice particles are used to prepare the ice-point
bath, the initial temperature of the bath can briefly be slightly below the ice point. Also, some of the water may freeze and bridge
some of the particles. Use of the bath must be delayed long enough to establish thermal equilibrium, and the particles shall be
sufficiently small so that the bath approaches the required state of ice and air-saturated water in intimate contact.
6.4 Cleanliness is essential as small amounts of dissolved salts, and other contaminants can cause the equilibrium temperature
to be below that of the ice-point temperature.
7. Procedure
7.1 In the practical use of the ice-point bath, two objectives shall be accomplished: (1) the bath shall be established and
maintained so that its temperature is a good approximation to that of the ice point, and ( 2) the object for which the reference
temperature is to be obtained shall be in thermal equilibrium with the water-ice equilibrium temperature (water-ice interface
temperature).
7.2 Establishing the Ice-Point :
7.2.1 All equipment that comes in contact with the water and ice of an ice-point bath shall be clean. Thoroughly rinse the
equipment with tap water, then rinse with the type of water used for the ice-point bath medium. Use clean plastic gloves to handle
the ice and equipment.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
E563 − 11 (2016)
7.2.2 Use water of purity equivalent to or better than type IV reagent water, Specification D1193, for the ice-point bath medium.
Chill a quantity of the water to near 0 °C in a flask and shake vigorously to aerate the water. Freeze another portion of the water
to produce ice for the bath.
7.2.3 Prepare finely divided ice by shaving or c
...
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