ASTM E3097-23

Standard Test Method for Uniaxial Constant Force Thermal Cycling of Shape Memory Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Constant force thermal cycling tests determine the effect of stress on the transformation temperatures, recovered strain and residual strain of a shape memory alloy. The tests may be for one thermal cycle. A standard test method for force controlled repeated thermal cycling of shape memory alloys is currently under development.  
5.2 Measurement of the specimen's thermomechanical behavior closely parallels many shape memory applications and provides a result that is applicable to the function of the material.  
5.3 This test method may be used for, but is not limited to, wire, round tube, or strip samples. Thus it is able to provide an assessment of the product in its semi-finished form.  
5.4 This test method provides a simple method for determining transformation temperatures by heating and cooling specimens through their full thermal transformation under force.  
5.5 This test method can be used on trained and processed material in a semi-finished form to measure Two Way Shape Memory Effect by comparing the strain in the austenite state and martensite states with no minimal applied stress. The force is set to a minimum value not to exceed a corresponding stress of 7 MPa (in accordance Test Method F2516).  
5.6 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.  
5.7 Transformation temperatures derived from this test method may not agree with those obtained by other test methods due to the effects of strain and stress on the transformation.  
5.8 Components such as springs or other semi-finished parts can be tested using this method as agreed upon by the customer and supplier. Units of stress and strain can be replaced with force and displacement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines procedures for thermomechanical cycling of shape memory alloy (SMA) material and components under constant force. This method characterizes the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation strain and residual strain, when a SMA is thermally cycled through the phase transformation under a constant applied force. This test is done to provide data for the selection of SMA materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Jun-2023
• ICS: 77.120.99 - Other non-ferrous metals and their alloys
• Technical Committee: E08 - Fatigue and Fracture
• Drafting Committee: E08.05 - Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3097 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Uniaxial Constant Force Thermal Cycling of Shape Memory
1
Alloys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
rials at Room Temperature
1.1 This test method defines procedures for thermomechani-
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of
cal cycling of shape memory alloy (SMA) material and
Metallic Materials
components under constant force. This method characterizes
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
the transformation properties such as transformation
someter Systems
temperatures, actuation strain and residual strain, when a SMA
E209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at
is thermally cycled through the phase transformation under a
Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heat-
constant applied force. This test is done to provide data for the
ing Rates and Strain Rates
selection of SMA materials, quality control, design allowables
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
and actuator design.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
E1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical
standard.
Fatigue Testing
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
F2004 Test Method for Transformation Temperature of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Nickel-Titanium Alloys by Thermal Analysis
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
F2005 Terminology for Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- Alloys
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
F2516 Test Method for Tension Testing of Nickel-Titanium
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- Superelastic Materials
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
2.2 Other Standards:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric
2
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Practice
3
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ASQ C1 general Requirements for a Quality program
4
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems—Requirements
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Specific technical terms used in this test method are
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
found in Terminology F2005.
ing Machines
3.2 Definitions:
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
3.2.1 actuation strain (e )—The full strain recovery ob-
act
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
tained when heating from LCT to UCT at a specified stress. It
terials
includes the thermal expansions of martensite and austenite as
well the phase transformation strain. e 5e 2e
act LCT UCT
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue
3.2.2 austenite 50 % (A )—Temperature at which the trans-
50
and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.05 on Cyclic
formation from martensite to austenite is 50 % completed.
Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation.
Current edition approved June 15, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally
approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E3097–17. DOI:
3
10.1520/E3097–17 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3097 − 23
A 5 A 1 A ⁄2. M 5 M 1 M ⁄2.
~ ! ~ !
50 s f 50 s f
3.2.3 austenite finish strain (e
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3097 − 17 E3097 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Mechanical Uniaxial Constant Force Thermal Cycling of
1
Shape Memory Alloys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method defines procedures for determining the transformation temperatures, the related strains and the residual strain
when a shape memory alloy thermomechanical cycling of shape memory alloy (SMA) material and components under constant
force. This method characterizes the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation strain and residual
strain, when a SMA is thermally cycled under an applied axial stress. through the phase transformation under a constant applied
force. This test is done to provide data for the design and selection of shape memory alloy thermoelastic actuators.selection of SMA
materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring Instruments
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates
and Strain Rates
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.05 on Cyclic
Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017June 15, 2023. Published March 2018July 2023. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E3097–17.
DOI: 10.1520/E3097–17
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3097 − 23
E1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical Fatigue Testing
F2004 Test Method for Transformation Temperature of Nickel-Titanium Alloys by Thermal Analysis
F2005 Terminology for Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys
F2063 Specification for Wrought Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys for Medical Devices and Surgical Implants
F2082 Test Method for Determination of Transformation Temperature of Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys by Bend and
Free Recovery
F2516 Test Method for Tension Testing of Nickel-Titanium Superelastic Materials
2.2 Other Standards:
2
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric Practice
3
ASQ C1 general Requirements for a Quality program
4
ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems—Requirements
3. Terminology
3.1 Specific technical terms used in this test method are found in Terminology F2005.
3.2 Defini
...