77.040.30 - Chemical analysis of metals
ICS 77.040.30 Details
Chemical analysis of metals
Chemische Analyse von Metallen
Analyse chimique des metaux
Kemijska analiza kovin
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This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of niobium in steels.
The method is applicable to all grades of steels with niobium contents up to 1,3 % (by mass), with a lower limit of detection of 0,002 % (by mass).
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steels.
The method is primarily intended for the determination of total nitrogen in very low contents in non-alloy steels.
It can be used, however, for any low nitrogen ferrous alloy that is soluble in hydrochloric acid provided that the acid-resistant form of silicon nitride is not present. This highly resistant nitride has been found only in samples of silicon steels manufactured without aluminium addition and then only in sheet material.
The method is applicable to nitrogen contents from 0.000 5 % (by mass) to 0.005 % (by mass).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of chromium content in steels and cast irons.
The method is applicable to non-alloy and low-alloy steels and cast irons with chromium contents between 0,002 % (by mass) to 2,0 % (by mass).
The method can be adapted to lower or higher chromium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 are still met.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of niobium in steels.
The method is applicable to all grades of steels with niobium contents up to 1,3 % (by mass), with a lower limit of detection of 0,002 % (by mass).
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of chromium content in steels and cast irons.
The method is applicable to non-alloy and low-alloy steels and cast irons with chromium contents between 0,002 % (by mass) to 2,0 % (by mass).
The method can be adapted to lower or higher chromium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution factor, provided the criteria in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 are still met.
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steels.
The method is primarily intended for the determination of total nitrogen in very low contents in non-alloy steels.
It can be used, however, for any low nitrogen ferrous alloy that is soluble in hydrochloric acid provided that the acid-resistant form of silicon nitride is not present. These highly resistant nitrides have been found only in samples of silicon steels manufactured without aluminium addition and then only in sheet material.
The method is applicable to nitrogen contents from 0,000 5 % (by mass) to 0,005 % (by mass).
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the chemical composition limits of wrought aluminium and wrought
aluminium alloys and form of products.
NOTE The chemical composition limits of aluminium and aluminium alloys specified herein are completely
identical with those registered with the Aluminium Association, 1525, Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington,
VA 22209, USA, for the corresponding alloys.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and
most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons.
NOTE This document has been developed and is used by ISO/TC 17/SC 4, but can also be used by other
ISO/TC 17 subcommittees.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of rare earth content in 11 kinds of individual rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium and yttrium) and their compounds, such as oxides, carbonates, hydroxides, oxalates, chlorides and fluorides. The determination ranges for the rare earth content in mass fraction are as follows: — rare earth metal: 98,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxide: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,8 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxalate: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,8 % (mass fraction); — rare earth fluoride: 75,0 % (mass fraction) to 90,0 % (mass fraction); — other compounds (i.e. rare earth hydroxide, rare earth chloride and rare earth carbonate): 40,0 % (mass fraction) to 70,0 % (mass fraction). It does not apply to individual rare earth metals and their compounds when: a) the matrixes of the sample are erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium; b) the content of thorium or lead in the sample is greater than 0,1 % in mass fraction.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a titration method for the determination of rare earth content in 15 kinds of individual rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and yttrium) and their oxides. The determination ranges for the rare earth content in mass fraction are as follows: — rare earth metal: 98,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxide: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction). It does not apply to individual rare earth metals and their oxides when: a) the relative rare earth purity is less than 99,5 % in mass fraction; b) the total content of various (non-rare earth) metallic elements is greater than 0,5 % in mass fraction; c) the content of thorium, scandium or zinc is greater than 0,1 % in mass fraction.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) has been used for several decades as an important analytical tool for production analysis. XRF is characterised by its speed and high precision over a wide concentration range and since the technique in most cases is used as an relative method the limitations are often connected to the quality of the calibration samples. The technique is well established and most of its physical properties are well known.
- Technical report23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) has been used for several decades as an important analytical tool for production analysis. XRF is characterised by its speed and high precision over a wide concentration range and since the technique in most cases is used as an relative method the limitations are often connected to the quality of the calibration samples. The technique is well established and most of its physical properties are well known.
- Technical report23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document lists, under Clause 4, the European Standards which are currently available for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
In Clause 5, this document provides details on the range of application and gives the principle of the method described in each standard.
Items which are under preparation as European Standards or as CEN Technical Reports by ECISS/TC 102 are available on the webpage of CEN, through the following link: https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:22:0::::FSP_ORG_ID:733643&cs=123E58BF77E3DE921F548B80C5FF2E5D4.
Annex A gives a list of other European Standards and CEN Technical Reports applicable for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
Annex B gives a list of withdrawn Euronorms, together with the corresponding replacement European Standards, if any.
Annex C shows graphical representations of the content ranges of the methods listed in this document. Figure C.1 gives the content ranges of the referee methods, Figure C.2 gives the content ranges of the routine methods and Figure C.3 represents the fields of application of all the methods described.
Annex D provides a trilingual key of the abbreviations used in the Figures given in Annex C.
NOTE Three methods applicable for the analysis of some ferro-alloys are listed in Annex A.
- Technical report37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document lists, under Clause 4, the European Standards which are currently available for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
In Clause 5, this document provides details on the range of application and gives the principle of the method described in each standard.
Items which are under preparation as European Standards or as CEN Technical Reports by ECISS/TC 102 are available on the webpage of CEN, through the following link: https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:22:0::::FSP_ORG_ID:733643&cs=123E58BF77E3DE921F548B80C5FF2E5D4.
Annex A gives a list of other European Standards and CEN Technical Reports applicable for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
Annex B gives a list of withdrawn Euronorms, together with the corresponding replacement European Standards, if any.
Annex C shows graphical representations of the content ranges of the methods listed in this document. Figure C.1 gives the content ranges of the referee methods, Figure C.2 gives the content ranges of the routine methods and Figure C.3 represents the fields of application of all the methods described.
Annex D provides a trilingual key of the abbreviations used in the Figures given in Annex C.
NOTE Three methods applicable for the analysis of some ferro-alloys are listed in Annex A.
- Technical report37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes detailed steps for dissolution and preparation of calibration solutions. The pre-ferred use is for certification and referee analysis. All instrumentation, including software used in the testing labo-ratories, are different an subject to change. Therefore, general criteria for calibration and measurement are speci-fied.
This method has to be used with primary reference materials whose mass of substance have a significant smaller uncertainty as required of the repeatability of the testing procedure.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method
(ICP-OES) for the analysis of aluminium and aluminium alloys.
This method is applicable to the determination of silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, chromium, nickel, zinc, titanium, gallium, vanadium, beryllium, bismuth, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, lithium, sodium, lead, antimony, tin, strontium and zirconium in aluminium and aluminium alloys.
The content of the elements to be determined should be at least 10 times higher than the corresponding detection limits.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of
copper in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to copper contents in the range of 0,003 % (mass fraction) to 3,0 % (mass
fraction).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass fraction).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the chemical composition limits for aluminium casting alloys and mechanical properties of separately cast test pieces for these alloys.
Annex C is included as a guide to the selection of alloys for a specific use or process.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 576, EN 1559-1, EN 1559-4, EN 1676 and EN ISO 8062-3.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for
the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass
fraction).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the classification, method of sample preparation, certification main rules and certificate content of the EURONORM-CRMs.
It also details the sample presentation of the various producers' organizations and the distributing sources.
- Technical report11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of calcium content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to calcium contents between 4 µg/g and 120 µg/g.
The method can be adapted to higher calcium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 are still met.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of nickel content in steels and cast irons.
The method is applicable to nickel contents between 0,004 % (weight percent) and 2,0 % (weight percent).
The method can be adapted to lower or higher nickel contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 are still met.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of lead content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to lead contents between 0,005 % (weight percent) and 0,5 % (weight percent).
The method can be adapted to lower or higher lead contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 are still met.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the criteria and the procedure for analysing aluminium and aluminium alloys with spark optical emission spectrometry (S-OES). The scope of this document covers the following:
- sample preparation;
- operational guidelines for an optical emission spectrometer (including maintenance);
- traceability of the analytical results to the International System of units: mass (kg);
- assessing the uncertainty associated with each analytical result.
This document refers to simultaneous spark emission spectrometers for the analysis of solid samples.
It applies to the determination of silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, chromium, nickel, zinc, titanium, boron, gallium, vanadium, beryllium, bismuth, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, lithium, sodium, phosphorus, lead, antimony, tin, strontium and zirconium in aluminium and aluminium alloys.
Elements other than those listed above may be analysed on the condition that:
a) suitable reference materials are available; and
b) the instrument is suitably calibrated and equipped.
In the case of determining mercury, for compliance purposes an alternate method with a limit of quantification < 0,000 1 % is recommended as its detection is compromised by intense iron interference at 253,65 nm.
The test result obtained from a spark optical emission spectrometer generally concerns an amount of less than one milligram per spark spot. The result can be used to refer to the laboratory test sample, to the aluminium or aluminium alloy melt or to the cast product.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of lead content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to lead contents between 0,005 % and 0,5 %.
The method can be adapted to lower or higher lead contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 are still met.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of calcium content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to calcium contents between 0,000 4 % and 0,012 %.
The method can be adapted to higher calcium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 are still met.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of nickel content in steels and cast irons.
The method is applicable to nickel contents between 0,004 % and 2,0 %.
The method can be adapted to lower or higher nickel contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 are still met.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the criteria and operation procedure for carrying out spark optical emission spectrometry (S-OES) on metal samples. The scope of this standard covers the following:
- sample preparation;
- operational guidelines for an optical emission spectrometer (including self-maintenance);
- traceability of the analytical results to the international base units — mass (kg);
- assessing the uncertainty associated with each analytical result.
This document refers to simultaneous spark emission spectrometers for the analysis of solid samples.
It applies to the determination of silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, chromium, nickel, zinc, titanium, boron, gallium, vanadium, beryllium, bismuth, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, lithium, sodium, phosphorus, lead, antimony, tin, strontium and zirconium in aluminium and aluminium alloys.
Elements other than those listed above may be analysed on the condition that:
a) suitable reference materials are available; and
b) the instrument is suitably calibrated and equipped.
In the case of determining mercury, for compliance purposes an alternate method with a limit of quantification < 0,000 1 % is recommended as its detection is compromised by intense iron interference at 253,65 nm.
The test result obtained from a spark optical emission spectrometer generally uses a sampling mass of less than one milligram per spark spot. The result can be used to refer to the laboratory test sample, to the aluminium or aluminium alloy melt or to the cast product.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steel.
The method is applicable to the determination of nitrogen mass fraction between 0,000 6 % and
0,050 % in low alloy steels and between 0,010 % and 0,050 % in high alloy steels.
The method does not apply to samples containing silicon nitrides or having silicon contents higher
than 0,6 %.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The present Technical Report gives guidance regarding the chemical composition controls of steels (except chrome plated products) and cast irons in respect of the European legislation, namely Directives 2011/65/EU (RoHS) [1], repealing 2002/95/EU, the Commission Delegated Directive EU 2015/863 amending Annex II to Directive 2011/65/EU [10] and 2000/53/EC (ELV) [2].
These Directives require the characterization of these materials for Cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and the four phthalates DEHP, BBP DBP and DIBP. Nevertheless, the Directives do not reflect the correspondence between these elements/compounds and the normal composition of each material concerned. In other words, for every material there is an obligation to determine all the compounds listed, independently of the relevance of such controls.
- Technical report7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The present Technical Report gives guidance regarding the chemical composition controls of steels (except chrome plated products) and cast irons in respect of the European legislation, namely Directives 2011/65/EU (RoHS) [1], repealing 2002/95/EU, the Commission Delegated Directive EU 2015/863 amending Annex II to Directive 2011/65/EU [10] and 2000/53/EC (ELV) [2].
These Directives require the characterization of these materials for Cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and the four phthalates DEHP, BBP DBP and DIBP. Nevertheless, the Directives do not reflect the correspondence between these elements/compounds and the normal composition of each material concerned. In other words, for every material there is an obligation to determine all the compounds listed, independently of the relevance of such controls.
- Technical report7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of total silicon in steel and
cast iron using reduced molybdosilicate.
The method is applicable to the determination of silicon mass fraction between 0,05 % and 1,0 %.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 4829-2:2016 specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of total silicon in steels using reduced molybdosilicate.
The method is applicable to silicon contents between 0,01 % and 0,05 % (mass fraction) in steels.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 4938:2016 specifies a method for the determination of nickel in steel and iron by gravimetry or titrimetry.
The method is applicable to nickel contents from 1 % to 30 % (mass fraction).
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method for the determination of nickel content (mass fraction) between 5,0 % and 25,0 % in alloyed steels.
The method does not apply to alloyed steels having niobium and/or tungsten contents higher than 0,1 %.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of nickel in steel and iron by
gravimetry or titrimetry.
The method is applicable to nickel contents from 1 % to 30 % (mass fraction).
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of ISO 4829 specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of total silicon in
steels using reduced molybdosilicate.
The method is applicable to silicon contents between 0,01 % and 0,05 % (mass fraction) in steels.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method for the determination of nickel content (mass fraction) between 5,0 % (m/m) and 25,0 % (m/m) in alloyed steels.
The method doesn't apply to alloyed steels having Niobium and/or Tungsten contents higher than 0,1 %.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a routine method for the analysis of copper and copper alloys by spark source optical emission spectrometry (S-OES). The method is applicable to all elements except copper commonly present in copper and copper alloys present as impurities or minor or main constituents, and detectable by S-OES.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of the manganese content of copper and copper alloys in the form of unwrought, wrought and cast products.
The method is applicable to products having manganese mass fractions between 0,001 0 % and 6,0 %.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a routine method for the analysis of copper and copper alloys by spark source optical emission spectrometry (S-OES). The method is applicable to all elements except copper commonly present in copper and copper alloys present as impurities or minor or main constituents, and detectable by S-OES.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of the manganese content of copper and copper alloys in the form of unwrought, wrought and cast products.
The method is applicable to products having manganese mass fractions between 0,001 0 % and 6,0 %.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report specifies an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of selenium in steels.
The method is applicable to selenium contents between 0,000 4 % (m/m) and 0,02 % (m/m).
- Technical report19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report specifies an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of selenium in steels.
The method is applicable to selenium contents between 0,000 4 % (m/m) and 0,02 % (m/m).
- Technical report19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of titanium in steels and cast irons. The method is applicable to non-alloyed and alloyed steels and cast irons with titanium contents of 0,01 % to 1,0 % (m/m).
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of titanium in steels and cast irons. The method is applicable to non-alloyed and alloyed steels and cast irons with titanium contents of 0,01 % to 1,0 % (m/m).
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry routine method for the analysis of unalloyed and low alloyed steels, whose iron content shall be at least 95 %. This standard differs from the similar standard EN 10351:2011 in that it is optimised for the determination of silicon.
This method is applicable to the elements listed in Table 1 within the ranges shown.
The sample preparation described may not completely dissolve samples having a combination of high chromium and substantial carbon. Incomplete dissolution may also affect the determination of manganese and molybdenum in these samples. For this reason, the scope of the method is limited to chromium contents = 0,9 %, whereas the scope of EN 10351 covers a range of up to 1,6 % chromium.
Table 1 - Application ranges
Element Mass fraction %
min. max.
Si 0,020 0,45
Mn 0,005 1,40
P 0,005 0,10
Cu 0,005 0,60
Ni 0,010 2,00
Cr 0,010 0,90
Mo 0,005 0,60
Sn 0,010 0,10
NOTE For tin, see NOTE 2 under Clause 11.
In all cases, the ranges specified can be extended or adapted (after validation) for the determination of other mass fractions, provided that the iron content in the samples under concern is above 95 %.
Other elements may be included. However such elements and their mass fractions should be carefully checked, taking into account the possible interferences, the sensitivity, the resolution and the linearity criteria of each instrument and each wavelength.
Depending also on the sensitivity of each instrument, suitable dilutions of the calibration and the test sample solutions may be necessary.
Moreover, even if the method described is "multi elemental", it is not absolutely necessary to carry out the determination of all the elements of its scope simultaneously. The measurement conditions have to be optimised by each laboratory, depending on the performances of each apparatus available.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard specifies methods for preparing a sample from one or more sintered parts to be analysed for free or total carbon content. Combined carbon is determined as the difference between total and free carbon. This standard covers the preparation of samples for the determination of carbon by a chemical method, i.e. combustion in oxygen and measurement of the carbon dioxide produced, in accordance with ISO 437. It does not cover the preparation of samples for carbon determination by physical methods, such as metallography or spectroscopy.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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