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ASTM B734-97(2023)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses

Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited copper coatings used for engineering purposes including surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interference shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations. This specification does not cover electrodeposited copper used as a decorative finish, as an undercoat for other decorative finishes, or for electroforming. Coatings shall be classified according to thickness. Metal parts shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and peening. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform to specified requirements as to appearance, thickness, porosity, solderability, adhesion, embrittlement relief, and packaging.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited coatings of copper used for engineering purposes. Examples include surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interferences (EMI) shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations.  
1.2 This specification is not intended for electrodeposited copper when used as a decorative finish, or as an undercoat for other decorative finishes.  
1.3 This specification is not intended for electrodeposited copper when used for electroforming.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2023
ICS
25.220.40 - Metallic coatings
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.03 - Engineering Coatings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B734-97(2018) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM B849-02(2023) - Standard Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM B832-93(2023) - Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM B571-23 - Standard Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D3951-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
01-Oct-2023
Refers
ASTM B849-02(2019) - Standard Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM B765-03(2018) - Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Refers
ASTM B571-18 - Standard Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Refers
ASTM B832-93(2018) - Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
Effective Date
01-Jun-2018
Refers
ASTM D3951-18 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM B765-03(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023

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ASTM B734-97(2023) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering UsesASTM B734-97(2023) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses
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ASTM B734-97(2023) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B734 − 97 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
1
Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
by X-Ray Spectrometry
1.1 This specification covers requirements for electrodepos-
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
ited coatings of copper used for engineering purposes. Ex-
Coatings
amples include surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as
B588 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Trans-
an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromag-
parent or Opaque Coatings by Double-Beam Interference
netic interferences (EMI) shielding in electronic circuitry, and
3
Microscope Technique (Withdrawn 2016)
in certain joining operations.
B602 Guide for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and Inor-
1.2 This specification is not intended for electrodeposited
ganic Coatings
copper when used as a decorative finish, or as an undercoat for
B678 Test Method for Solderability of Metallic-Coated
other decorative finishes.
Products
B697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection
1.3 This specification is not intended for electrodeposited
copper when used for electroforming. of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
B762 Guide of Variables Sampling of Metallic and Inorganic
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Coatings
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
B765 Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
B832 Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
2. Referenced Documents
B850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Reduc-
2
ing the Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B851 Specification for Automated Controlled Shot Peening
B320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-
of Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel,
plating
or Chromium Plating, or as Final Finish
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
B487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
F519 Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen Embrittlement
Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of
Evaluation of Plating/Coating Processes and Service En-
Cross Section
vironments
B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses
2.2 Military Standard:
by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
4
MIL-R-81841 Rotary Flap Peening of Metal Parts
Magnetic Basis Metals
4
MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts
B504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metal-
4
MIL-W-81840 Rotary Flap Peening Wheels
lic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
B507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated on
3. Terminology
Racks
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on 3.1.1 significant surfaces, n—those surfaces normally vis-
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
ible (directly or by reflection) that are essential to the appear-
B08.03 on Engineering Coatings.
ance or serviceability of the article when assembled in a normal
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as B734 – 97 (2018).
DOI: 10.1520/B0734-97R23.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
the ASTM website. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B734 − 97 (2023)
position;
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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel (Pd-Ni) coatings for engineering applications. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold over-plate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered. The classification system for the coatings covered here shall be specified by the basis metal, the thickness of the underplating, the composition type and thickness class of the palladium-nickel coating, and the grade of the gold overplating. Coatings should be sampled, tested, and conform to specified requirements as to purity, appearance, thickness, composition, adhesion, ductility, and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, porosity, and microcracks). Alloy composition shall be examined either by wet method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Auger or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), or wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). Coating adhesion shall be analyzed either by bend, heat, or cutting test.
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1.1 Composition—This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel coatings containing between 70 and 95 mass % of palladium metal. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold overplate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered.  
1.2 Properties—Palladium is the lightest and least noble of the platinum group metals. Palladium-nickel is a solid solution alloy of palladium and nickel. Electroplated palladium-nickel alloys have a density between 10 and 11.5, which is substantially less than electroplated gold (17.0 to 19.3) and comparable to electroplated pure palladium (10.5 to 11.8). This yields a greater volume or thickness of coating per unit mass and, consequently, some saving of metal weight. The hardness range of electrodeposited palladium-nickel compares favorably with electroplated noble metals and their alloys (1, 2).2  
Note 1: Electroplated deposits generally have a lower density than their wrought metal counterparts.
Approximate Hardness (HK25)  
Gold  
50–250  
Palladium  
75–600  
Platinum  
150–550  
Palladium-Nickel  
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Ruthenium  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Guide for Measurement of Thin Chromium Coatings by Spot Test

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4.1 The thickness of a decorative chromium coating is often critical to its performance.  
4.2 This procedure is useful for an approximate determination when the best possible accuracy is not required. For more reliable determinations, the following methods are available: Methods B504, B568, and B588.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of the spot test for the measurement of thicknesses of electrodeposited chromium coatings over nickel and stainless steel with an accuracy of about ±20 % (Section 9). It is applicable to thicknesses up to 1.2 μm.2
Note 1: Although this test can be used for coating thicknesses up to 1.2 μm, there is evidence that the results obtained by this method are high at thicknesses greater than 0.5 μm.3 In addition, for coating thicknesses above 0.5 μm, it is advisable to use a double drop of acid to prevent depletion of the test solution before completion of the test.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for chromium diffusion of metals applied by pack cementation process. The four classes of chromium diffusion coating, defined by the type of base metal, are as follows: Class I (carbon steels); Class II (low-alloy steels); Class III (stainless steels); and Class IV (nickel-based alloys). Specimens shall adhere to processing requirements such as substrate preparation, materials (masteralloys, activators, and inert fillers), loading, furnace cycle, post cleaning, post straightening, visual inspection, and marking and packaging. Specimens shall also adhere to coating requirements such as diffusion thickness, decarburization, chromium content, appearance, and mechanical properties (tensile strength, and macro- and micro-hardness).
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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium diffusion of metals by the pack cementation method. Pack diffusion employs the chemical vapor deposition of a metal which is subsequently diffused into the surface of a substrate at high temperature. The material to be coated (substrate) is immersed or suspended in a powder containing chromium (source), a halide salt (activator), and an inert diluent such as alumina (filler). When the mixture is heated, the activator reacts to produce an atmosphere of chromium halides which transfers chromium to the substrate for subsequent diffusion. The chromium-rich surface enhances corrosion, thermal stability, and wear-resistant properties.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM B765-03(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings

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4.1 Porosity tests indicate the completeness of protection or coverage offered by the coating. When a given coating is known to be protective when properly deposited, the porosity serves as a measure of the control of the process. The effects of substrate finish and preparation, plating bath, coating process, and handling, may all affect the degree of imperfection that is measured.
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1.4 Porosity test results (including those for gross defects) occur as chemical reaction end products. Some occur in situ, others on paper, or in a gel coating. Observations are made that are consistent with the test method, the items being tested, and the requirements of the purchaser. These may be visual inspection (unaided eye) or by 10× magnification (microscope). Other methods may involve enlarged photographs or photomicrographs.  
1.5 The test methods are only summarized. The individual standards must be referred to for the instructions on how to perform the tests.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 These tests are useful for production control and for acceptance testing of products.  
2.2 Interpreting the results of qualitative methods for determining the adhesion of metallic coatings is often a controversial subject. If more than one test is used, failure to pass any one test is considered unsatisfactory. In many instances, the end use of the coated article or its method of fabrication will suggest the technique that best represents functional requirements. For example, an article that is to be subsequently formed would suggest a draw or a bend test; an article that is to be soldered or otherwise exposed to heat would suggest a heat-quench test. If a part requires baking or heat treating after plating, adhesion tests should be carried out after such posttreatment as well.  
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ASTM B832-93(2023)(Guide)
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4.1 The specialized use of the electroplating process for electroforming results in the manufacture of tools and products that are unique and often impossible to make economically by traditional methods of fabrication. Current applications of nickel electroforming include: textile printing screens; components of rocket thrust chambers, nozzles, and motor cases; molds and dies for making automotive arm-rests and instrument panels; stampers for making phonograph records, video-discs, and audio compact discs; mesh products for making porous battery electrodes, filters, and razor screens; and optical parts, bellows, and radar wave guides (1-3).3  
4.2 Copper is extensively used for electroforming thin foil for the printed circuit industry. Copper foil is formed continuously by electrodeposition onto rotating drums. Copper is often used as a backing material for electroformed nickel shells and in other applications where its high thermal and electrical conductivities are required. Other metals including gold are electroformed on a smaller scale.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Measurement of Electrodeposited Metallic Coating Thicknesses by Dropping Test

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4.1 The thickness of a metal coating is often critical to its performance.  
4.2 This procedure is useful for an approximate determination when the best possible accuracy is not required. For more reliable determinations, the following methods are available: Test Methods B487, B499, B504, and B568.  
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1.1 This guide covers the use of the dropping test to measure the thickness of electrodeposited zinc, cadmium, copper, and tin coatings.  
Note 1: Under most circumstances this method of measuring coating thicknesses is not as reliable or as convenient to use as an appropriate coating thickness gauge (see Test Methods B499, B504, and B568).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM B650-95(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited chromium coatings (sometimes referred to as functional or hard chromium) applied to ferrous alloy substrates for engineering applications, particularly for increasing wear, abrasion, fretting, and corrosion resistance; for reducing galling or seizing, and static and kinetic friction; and for building up undersize or worn parts. Coatings shall be classified according to their thickness. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, stress relief and hydrogen embrittlement treatment, thickness (to measured either by microscopical, magnetic, coulometric, or X-ray spectrometry method), adhesion (to be assessed either by bend, file, heat and quench, or push test), porosity (to be examined either by ferroxyl, neutral salt spray, or copper sulfate test), workmanship, and packaging.
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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited chromium coatings applied to ferrous alloys for engineering applications.  
1.2 Electrodeposited engineering chromium, which is sometimes called “functional” or “hard” chromium, is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is much thicker than decorative chromium. Engineering chromium is used for the following:  
1.2.1 To increase wear and abrasion resistance,  
1.2.2 To increase fretting resistance,  
1.2.3 To reduce static and kinetic friction,  
1.2.4 To reduce galling or seizing, or both, for various metal combinations,  
1.2.5 To increase corrosion resistance, and  
1.2.6 To build up undersize or worn parts.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM B766-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals. Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance.Electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be classified on the basis of thickness as Class 25, 12, 8, and 5. The coating shall be essentially pure cadmium produced by electrodeposition usually from an alkaline cyanide solution. The basis metal shall be subjected to such cleaning procedures as necessary to ensure a surface satisfactory for subsequent electroplating. Cadmium shall be deposited directly on the basis metal part without an undercoat of another metal except when the part is either stainless steel or aluminum and its alloys. The plating shall be applied after all basis metal heat treatments and mechanical operations. The thickness of the coating everywhere on the significant surface shall conform to the requirements of the specified class. The cadmium coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the tests. The supplementary Type II chromate film shall be adherent, nonpowdery, and abrasion resistant. The thickness of electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be determined by the applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals.  
Note 1: Cadmium is deposited as a coating principally on iron and steel products. It can also be electrodeposited on aluminum, brass, beryllium copper, copper, nickel, and powder metallurgy parts.  
1.2 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 25 μm either as electrodeposited or with supplementary finishes.  
1.3 Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as-deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance. Chromating will retard or prevent the formation of white corrosion products on surfaces exposed to various environmental conditions as well as delay the appearance of corrosion from the basis metal.  
1.4 Cadmium plating is used to minimize bi-metallic corrosion between high-strength steel fasteners and aluminum in the aerospace industry. Undercutting of threads on fastener parts is not necessary as the cadmium coating has a low coefficient of friction that reduces the tightening torque required and allows repetitive dismantling.  
1.5 Cadmium-coated parts can easily be soldered without the use of corrosive fluxes. Cadmium-coated steel parts have a lower electrical contact resistance than zinc-coated steel. The lubricity of cadmium plating is used on springs for doors and latches and for weaving machinery operating in high humidity. Corrosion products formed on cadmium are tightly adherent. Unlike zinc, cadmium does not build up voluminous corrosion products on the surface. This allows for proper functioning during corrosive exposure of moving parts, threaded assemblies, valves, and delicate mechanisms without jamming with debris.  
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ASTM B842-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc Iron Alloy Deposits

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc iron alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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