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ASTM D4278-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Wet Ashing Procedure for Preparing Wood Samples for Inorganic Chemical Analysis

Standard Test Method for Wet Ashing Procedure for Preparing Wood Samples for Inorganic Chemical Analysis

SCOPE
1.1 This test method consists of a procedure for decomposition of wood as an initial step for analysis for the constituents arsenic, chromium, copper, phosphate, and zinc, all of which may then be analyzed according to Methods:D1033; D1035; D1326; D1627; and Test Methods D1628.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1987
ICS
79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4278-02 - Standard Practice for Wet Ashing Procedure for Preparing Wood Samples for Inorganic Chemical Analysis (Withdrawn 2006)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002

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ASTM D4278-95 - Standard Test Method for Wet Ashing Procedure for Preparing Wood Samples for Inorganic Chemical AnalysisASTM D4278-95 - Standard Test Method for Wet Ashing Procedure for Preparing Wood Samples for Inorganic Chemical Analysis
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ASTM D4278-95 - Standard Test Method for Wet Ashing Procedure for Preparing Wood Samples for Inorganic Chemical Analysis
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4278 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Wet Ashing Procedure for Preparing Wood Samples for
Inorganic Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope solutions in the absence of organic matter. This test method
provides a quantitative procedure to prepare a dilute aqueous
1.1 This test method consists of a procedure for decompo-
solution of the inorganic materials which are in wood by
sition of wood as an initial step for analysis for the constituents
simultaneously decomposing the wood sample and solubilizing
arsenic, chromium, copper, phosphate, and zinc, all of which
the inorganic materials.
may then be analyzed in accordance with Methods D 1035,
D 1326, and D 1627, and Test Methods D 1628 and D 5584.
5. Apparatus
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 For each digestion to be run simultaneously, the follow-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing apparatus is required:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1.1 Kjeldahl Flask, 800 mL, with 24/40 ground glass top.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1.2 Ground Glass Stopper, 24/40.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
5.1.3 Kjeldahl Flask Heater, rheostat-controlled.
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
5.1.4 Tubing, ⁄8-in. TFE-fluorocarbon.
2. Referenced Documents 5.1.5 Glass Beads.
5.2 For each group of digestions, the following apparatus is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
required:
D 1035 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Fluor-
5.2.1 Tube Connectors, Y-form, glass, ⁄8-in.
Chrome-Arsenate-Phenol
5.2.2 Aspirator, TFE-fluorocarbon.
D 1326 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Ammoniacal
5.3 The apparatus is assembled as shown schematically in
Copper Arsenate
Fig. 1. Up to six samples can be handled with a single aspirator.
D 1627 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Acid Copper
During digestion, clamps may be used on the tubing to balance
Chromate
the rate of aspiration between flasks. It may occasionally be
D 1628 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Chromated
2 necessary to enlarge the aspirator hole to about ⁄16 in. to
Copper Arsenate
optimize aspiration, either because of extraneous plastic in a
D 5584 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Ammonia-
2 new aspirator, or because of build-up during use.
cal Copper Quat, Type B (ACQ-B)
5.4 A syringe is also required for the introduction of acid
3. Summary of Test Method during digestion. Care should be taken to keep the bulb free of
acid oxidant and the syringe should be rinsed after use.
3.1 A small (up to 5 g) sample of chopped or ground wood
5.5 Grinding Mill.
(usually treated) is oxidized and solubilized by an initial
digestion in hot concentrated nitric acid. This is followed by
6. Reagents
further digestion after the addition of a solution of aqueous
6.1 Nitric Acid, concentrated (sp gr 1.42).
perchloric acid in concentrated sulfuric acid. The cooled
6.2 Sulfuric Acid, concentrated (sp gr 1.84).
solution of metal salts is then diluted and is suitable for
6.3 Perchloric Acid,70%.
analysis by the appropriate method.
6.4 Acid Oxidant—Add 185 volumes of perchloric acid
4. Significance and Use (70 %) to 100 volumes of distilled water and then add slowly
with mixing 270 volumes of concentrated sulfuric acid.
4.1 Many wood preservatives consist of organic materials.
These materials are often preferably analyzed in dilute aqueous
7. Safety Precautions
7.1 Although several thousand wood analyses have been
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-7 on Wood
carried out by this method without accident, the improper or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.06 on Wood Preservatives.
careless use of perchloric acid has caused violent and danger-
Current edition approved July 15, 1995. Published September 1995. Originally
published as D 4278 – 83. Last previous edition D 4278 – 88.
ous explosions. Careful adherence to all directions is essential.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 4278
FIG. 1 Schematic Sketch of Setup of Digestion Apparatus
For the safe digestion of wood, two essential precautions are cubic foot. A representative sample is then taken and ground to
vital: (1) the sample should be mixed with nitric acid and sawdust in a Wiley mill, or cut into small pieces. Increment
further reagents should be withheld until the evolution of borings may be used for determination of retentions, in which
brown fumes has subsided; (2) perchloric acid should be case the entire sample is used and the volume is determined for
diluted with sulfuric acid to form the acid-oxidant before it is calculations rather than using a weight basis.
added to the digestion mixt
...

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ASTM D2555-17a(2024)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,  
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and  
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1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of various strength and related properties of wood by testing small clear specimens.  
1.1.1 These test methods represent procedures for evaluating the different mechanical and physical properties, controlling factors such as specimen size, moisture content, temperature, and rate of loading.  
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Control of Moisture Content and Temperature  
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Static Bending  
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Compression Parallel to Grain  
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Tension Parallel to Grain  
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5.1 This test method is useful as a screening procedure for selecting fungicides or formulations for more rigorous field evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This (laboratory) test method is used for determining the minimum concentration of fungicide, or formulation of fungicides, that is effective in preventing biodeterioration by sapstain fungi and molds in selected species of wood under optimum laboratory conditions.  
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4.1 This practice covers procedures of sampling for obtaining small, clear wood specimens which, when tested in accordance with Test Methods D143 and, in conjunction with full-size product tests, will provide mechanical properties for use in deriving design properties for lumber, panels, poles, house logs, and other products.  
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SCOPE
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1.2 This test method is a fire-test-response standard.  
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6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:  
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Standard Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number Generator in Lumber and Wood Products Simulation

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4.1 Computer simulation is known to be a very powerful analytical tool for both practitioners and researchers in the area of wood products and their applications in structural engineering. Complex structural systems can be analyzed by computer with the computer generating the system components, given the probability distribution of each component. Frequently the components are single boards for which a compatible set of strength and stiffness properties are needed. However, the entire structural simulation process is dependent upon the adequacy of the standard uniform number generator required to generate random observations from prescribed probability distribution functions.  
4.2 The technological capabilities and wide availability of microcomputers has encouraged their increased use for simulation studies. Tests of random number generators in commonly available microcomputers have disclosed serious deficiencies (1).3 Adequacy may be a function of intended end-use. This practice is concerned with generation of sets of random numbers, as may be required for simulations of large populations of material properties for simulation of complex structures. For more demanding applications, the use of packaged and pretested random number generators is encouraged.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.  
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.  
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See specific warning statement in 5.5.3.  
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ASTM D3200-74(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification and Test Method for Establishing Recommended Design Stresses for Round Timber Construction Poles

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics of round timber construction poles to be used either treated or untreated.  
1.2 This test method covers basic principles for establishing recommended design stress values for round timber construction poles that are applicable to the quality described.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:  
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1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.  
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.  
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

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5.1 Density and specific gravity are cornerstone terms that help define many useful properties of wood and wood-based materials. These terms designate concepts that have distinct definitions though they relate to the same characteristic (mass in a unit volume). Generally, in the US and Canada, density of wood is measured in terms of specific gravity, or relative density. In the wood-based composites industry and internationally the term density is often preferred.  
5.2 The basic density and basic specific gravity of wood are used in the forestry industry for calculating the oven-dry weight of wood fiber contained in a known wood volume of various wood species. Thus, it serves as an indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material or its shipping weight. This information is referenced in various resources, including Wood Handbook.5 Note that specific gravity varies within a tree, between trees, and between species. Since the specific gravity of wood cell wall substance is practically constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity value is indicative of the amount of wood cell wall substance present. It affords a rapid and valuable test method for selection of wood for specific uses. In US and Canadian building codes, the oven-dry specific gravity is correlated to various strength characteristics of wood products (for example, compression perpendicular to grain, shear strength and fastener holding capacity).  
5.3 It is often desirable to know the density or specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. Therefore, it is possible that specimens will be large or small, regular or irregular in shape, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of density and specific gr...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the density and specific gravity (relative density) of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The test method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.    
Section  
Test Method A—Volume by Measurement  
8  
Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion  
9  
Test Method C—Flotation Tube  
10  
Test Method D—Forstner Bit  
11  
Test Method E—Increment Core  
12  
Test Method F—Chips  
13  
Test Method G—Full-Size Members  
14  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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